Noun Explanation:Agriculture

Agriculture (Agriculture) is an industry that utilizes the laws of growth and development of plants and animals to obtain products through artificial cultivation. Agriculture is a primary industry, and the science of agriculture is agronomy. The object of agricultural labor is living plants and animals, and the products obtained are the plants and animals themselves. Agriculture is a basic industry that provides support for the construction and development of the national economy.

Agriculture refers to an important industrial sector of the national economy, a sector that takes land resources as its object of production, and it is an industry that produces foodstuffs and industrial raw materials by cultivating the products of plants and animals and thus producing them. Agriculture belongs to the primary sector. The sector that utilizes land resources for cultivation production is plantation, the sector that utilizes water space on land for aquaculture is aquaculture, also called fishery, the sector that utilizes land resources to cultivate and harvest trees is forestry, and the sector that utilizes land resources to cultivate or directly utilize grassland to develop livestock is animal husbandry. The small-scale processing or production of these products is the secondary sector, and they are all integral parts of agriculture. The development and display of these landscapes or the resources of the region where they are located is tourism agriculture, also known as leisure agriculture, which is the new period of time with the surplus of people's spare time and the emergence of new forms of agriculture.

Agriculture in the broad sense refers to the five forms of industry, including planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, and sideline; agriculture in the narrow sense refers to planting. It includes the production of food crops, cash crops, fodder crops and green manure and other crops production activities.

Agriculture distribution is very vast. Almost all of the Earth's surface, except the poles and deserts, can be used for agricultural production. Of the nearly 131 million square kilometers of actual land area, about 11 percent is arable land and perennial crops, 24 percent is grassland and pasture, and 31 percent is forest and woodland. The sea and inland waters are used for aquaculture production. The distribution of natural resources for agriculture is very uneven. Arable land is concentrated in Asia, Europe and North America. The economically developed countries of North America, Europe and Oceania have 0.56 hectares, while the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America have only 0.22 hectares, including only 0.16 hectares in Asia (1984). Forests have a larger distribution area in Europe and Latin America; grassland area is the largest in Africa, followed by Asia; there are also great differences between different countries and regions. The basic trend and feature of contemporary world agricultural development is the high degree of commercialization, capitalization, scale, specialization, regionalization, factory, knowledge, socialization, and internationalization are intertwined, which greatly improves the land output rate, agricultural labor productivity, commodity rate of agricultural products, and the competitiveness of the international market.

Classification

Based on the nature and condition of productive forces, agriculture can be divided into primitive agriculture, ancient agriculture, modern agriculture and modern agriculture. Modern agriculture refers to the transformation of hand tools and animal farming tools to mechanized farming tools, from the direct experience of workers to modern science and technology, and from self-sufficient production to commercialized production. Modern agriculture refers to socialized agriculture that makes extensive use of modern science and technology, the means of production provided by modern industry and modern production management methods. The fundamental characteristics of agriculture are that economic reproduction is intertwined with natural reproduction, subject to the laws of growth and reproduction of organisms and the constraints of natural conditions, with strong seasonality and territoriality; the production time is not consistent with the labor time; the production cycle is long, and the turnover of capital is slow; most of the products are fresh and live and are inconvenient for transportation and storage, and the value of the unit of the product is low.

China's vast territory, from south to north across the tropics, subtropics, temperate and cold temperate zone, crop types and crop cultivation system are different, from three seasons a year, two seasons a year to one season a year, the inter-regional differences are very significant. According to geography, climatic conditions and cultivation system, can be divided into tropical agriculture, subtropical agriculture, temperate agriculture and cold temperate agriculture; from the southeast coast to the northwest plateau, with the changes in natural conditions and resource types, can be divided into agriculture, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral agriculture and pastoral agriculture. Agriculture is the source of the basic means of subsistence on which human society depends, the prerequisite for the division of labor in society and for other sectors of the national economy to become independent productive sectors and the basis for further development, as well as the basis for the existence and development of all non-productive sectors. The scale and speed of development of other sectors of the national economy are constrained by the level of development of agricultural productivity and the level of agricultural labor productivity.

Modern agriculture:

Precision agriculture is supported by information technology according to spatial variation, positioning, timing, quantitative implementation of a complete set of modern farming operation technology and management system, the basic meaning of which is to grow crops according to the soil traits, regulating the The basic meaning is to adjust the inputs to crops according to the soil properties of crop growth, that is, on the one hand, to find out the spatial variability of soil properties and productivity within the field, on the other hand, to determine the production target of crops, to carry out the positioning of the "systematic diagnosis, optimization of formulas, technological assembling and scientific management", to mobilize the productivity of the soil, to achieve the same or higher income with the least or the most frugal inputs, and to It also improves the environment, efficiently utilizes various agricultural resources, and achieves economic and environmental benefits. It consists of ten systems respectively, i.e. Global Positioning System (GPS), Farmland Information Acquisition System (FIAS), Farmland Remote Sensing Monitoring System (FSRMS), Farmland Geographic Information System (GIS), Agricultural Expert System (AES), Intelligent Farming Equipment System (IFES), Environmental Monitoring System (EMS), System Integration (SI), Networked Management System (NMS) and Training System (TS). Its core is to establish a perfect farmland geographic information system, can be said to be information technology and agricultural production comprehensive combination of a new type of agriculture.

Organic agriculture (Organic Agriculture) refers to the production of completely or basically do not use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock and poultry feed additives, and the use of organic fertilizers to meet the nutrient needs of crops in the planting industry, or the use of organic feed to meet the nutrient needs of livestock and poultry in the farming industry. Organic agriculture compared with agriculture, has the following characteristics: (a) can provide the community with non-polluting, good taste, safe to eat environmentally friendly food, is conducive to protect the health of the people, do not worry about the food is harmful, reduce the occurrence of disease. (ii) It can reduce environmental pollution and restore ecological balance. (iii) It is favorable to improve the competitiveness of China's agricultural products in the international arena and increase foreign exchange earnings. (d) It is conducive to increasing rural employment and farmers' income, and improving the level of agricultural production. The development of organic agriculture in China began in the eighties, in 1984, China Agricultural University began to carry out ecological agriculture and organic food research and development, in 1988, the State Environmental Protection Administration of the Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences began to carry out scientific research on organic food, and become a member of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. 1994 October the State Environmental Protection Administration of the official establishment of the Organic Food Development Center, the development of China's organic food to formalize. Towards formalization. China has developed a large number of organic food bases throughout the country, in the three northeastern provinces and Yunnan, Jiangxi and other remote mountainous areas of organic agriculture development is relatively fast, in recent years there have been a number of foreign trade companies joint production bases for the development of a variety of products, such as organic beans, peanuts, tea, sunflower seeds, honey and so on. The vast majority of organic food has been exported to Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries.

Prospects: From the overall situation, China's organic food production is still in its infancy, the production scale is small, and basically for the international market, the domestic market is almost zero. The development of organic agriculture in China has many advantages and broad prospects for development. First of all, China has a long history of traditional agriculture, in the intensive farming, with the combination of nutrition, land force is always new, agriculture and animal husbandry, etc. have accumulated a wealth of experience, which is also the essence of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on traditional agriculture, relying on modern scientific knowledge, in biology, ecology, soil science principles under the guidance of the new use of traditional agriculture after reflection. Secondly, China has its geographical advantages, diverse agro-ecological landscapes, different production conditions, although the main body of Chinese agriculture is still conventional agriculture relies on a large number of chemicals, but there are still many places, mostly concentrated in remote mountainous areas or poor areas, farmers rarely or completely do not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which also provides a favorable basis for the development of organic agriculture development. Third, the production of organic agriculture is a labor-intensive industry, China's rural labor force, which is conducive to the development of organic food. At the same time can also solve a large number of rural surplus labor. Fourth, with China's accession to the WTO approaching, China's exports of agricultural products will be subject to green non-trade barriers to restrictions on the development of organic food can be in line with international standards, you can open up the international market. At the same time with the Chinese people's living standards and environmental awareness, the domestic market for organic food in recent years will have greater development, so organic food at home and abroad will have broad prospects for development. Domestic also appeared a number of organic food production with China's own intellectual property rights, such as Wuyi bacterin (Shandong Weifang Wansheng Biological Pesticide Co., Ltd. production) to supply the 2008 Olympic Games delegation of food safety.