What are the architectural characteristics and history of functionalist architecture?

What are the architectural characteristics of functionalist architecture? What are the historical evolution phenomena? Please see the article edited by Zhongda Consulting.

Functionalist architecture is a school of architecture that believes that the form of a building should be subordinate to its function. Since ancient times many buildings have focused on function, but in the late nineteenth century, some architects in Europe and the United States in order to oppose the academy's pursuit of form, not the design of functional ideas, to explore the road to a new building, and then the building's functional role prominently emphasized.

Architectural features

In the 1880s and 1890s, Sullivan, a Chicago School architect, preached the slogan of "form follows function", believing that "if the function remains unchanged, the form remains unchanged". Sullivan according to the functional characteristics of his design of high-rise office buildings into three sections: the ground floor and the second floor of a similar function for a section, the upper floors are offices for a section, the top of the equipment layer for a section, which became a typical high-rise office building.

Sullivan believed that architectural design should be from the inside out, and must reflect the consistency of architectural form and function. This is completely different from the academics at the time advocating the traditional style without regard to the functional characteristics of the design ideas. Later, the representative figures of modernist architecture, such as Le Corbusier, emphasized that meeting the functional requirements is the primary task of architectural design.

History

With the development of the modernist architectural movement, functionalism was popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Originally, emphasizing the function of buildings was one of the important points of view of the modernist architectural movement, but later some people took it as an absolute creed and were called "functionalists". They believe that not only the form of the building must reflect the function, performance function, building layout and space combination must be based on function, and all the different functions of the components should also be expressed separately.

For example, columns and sorghums as building structures should be made visible, both inside and outside the building, clearly showing the function of the frame to support the floor and roof.

Functionalists celebrated the aesthetics of the machine. They saw the machine as an "organism" that, unlike other geometric forms, contained an inherent function and reflected the beauty of its time. Thus, some compare buildings to automobiles and airplanes, arguing that a functional building is a beautiful building, whose geometric forms show up beautifully in the sunlight. They have decided that functionalism automatically produces the most beautiful forms.

Another type of functionalist emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, mainly builders and engineers. They believed that an economically "affordable" building was a functional building, which automatically produced beautiful forms. These extreme ideas rejected the artistic laws of architecture itself, and only caused confusion for functionalism itself.

After the 1950s, functionalism gradually disappeared, and even Le Corbusier, who emphasized the functionality of architecture, separated from the functionalists. But there is no doubt that functionalism played an important role in the development of modern architecture.

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