Introduce the information of ancient philosophers in China in English.

Urgent, an introduction to ancient philosophers in China written in English! ! ! !

Otherwise, it's ok to translate the following things. ......................., this is our holiday homework. Thank you. You must help! !

Laozi

Thinker and founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period. Lao Dan, Bo Yang, was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang, Guxian County, Chu (now Lu Yidong). He was a "historian in charge of books" in the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius once asked him for a gift, and then retired and wrote Laozi. When I say Lao Tzu, I mean Tai Shiyun or Lao Laizi. Whether Laozi was written by Laozi has always been controversial. Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". "The way of heaven, the loss is more than enough, but the way of man is not, and the loss is not enough"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its contents are mainly found in Laozi.

Confucius was convinced

Thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. He used to be an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty. Less "poor", longer, once served as "Commissioner" (accountant) and "farm" (animal husbandry) and so on. Learn from an ordinary teacher. According to legend, Li was invited, learned the truth of being a man from Changhong, and learned the piano from this teacher. Gather disciples to give lectures and engage in political activities. At the age of 50, he was promoted as a shepherd by the governor of Lu, and took photos of the incident. Later, he traveled around Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Qi, Chu and other countries, claiming, "If you are useful to me, what about the Eastern Zhou Dynasty?" Finally, it is useful. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient literature such as poems and books, and edited the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Lu historians, which became China's first chronological historical work. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples, including more than 70 famous (sages). His thought is centered on "benevolence", which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The existing book The Analects of Confucius records the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, which is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.

zhuangzhou

Philosophers in the Warring States Period. Mingzhou. Song Guo Meng (now the northeast of Shangqiu, Henan) was born. He used to be a paint garden official in Monti. Born in a poor family, he borrowed millet from Jianhe Hou (official name), but was refused employment with thick coins. He inherited and developed Laozi's viewpoint of "Taoism is natural" and emphasized the spontaneous development of things. He believes that Tao is naturally produced, originated from itself, and was sealed before the beginning of Tao (that is, Tao is unbounded), thus achieving "all things are the same" (that is, all things are the same). He also believes that everything is "motionless, motionless." "The world is nothing more than late autumn, and the mountains are small; The devil hurt the child, and Peng Zu died "("Zhuangzi? The Theory of Everything) advocates the unity of things and me, the unity of right and wrong, the unity of size, the unity of life and death, and the unity of nobility and inferiority, and advocates the spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything and me are one", which is peaceful and worry-free. For me, Yang imagined beauty. He is the author of Zhuangzi.

Laozi

Thinker of Spring and Autumn Annals, founder of Taoism. Said an old Dan, surnamed Li, the name from the ear, the word Bai Yang, Chu from the county (now slightly east of Henan Province) Quxiang, the Zhou Dynasty did the "History of Shoucang Room" (the management book of the historical museum), Confucius once asked him for a gift, and after retirement, he got the "Lao Zi", which I said was Taishi Danzhou, or Lao Er Levin. Whether the book I was written by me has always been controversial. Laozi explains the evolution of all things in the universe with Tao, and holds that Tao gives birth to one, and secondly, gives birth to three things, while Tao is a kind of "subduing evil eyes (eyes) and being natural", so "human law, heaven law, heaven law and Tao law are natural". "Tao" is the objective law of nature, and it also has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, but not dangerous" "I" contains a lot of simple views in dialectics, such as that everything has positive and negative sides. "Tao-move", and from the opposition to the transformation, "it is strange, good for god", "disaster depends on blessing, blessing by blessing". The world thinks that things are the unity of "yes" and "no", and based on "no", "everything is born, not born." "Heaven's way can't make up for the loss, but business is not, and the loss is not abundant", "The hunger of the people is counted by the tax on their food" and "the light of the dead is thick"; "Min not wes,', the fear of death? . "His theory had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's philosophy, mainly in Laozi.

Confucius Confucius

Thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Venturi name, the word Zhong Ni. A native of Jiaocheng (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province). Shi Xian sang a song for the nobility. Less "poor", and long-term as "appointed officials" (secretary accounting) and "Dian Tian" (livestock), and other things. The teacher is impermanent. It is said that when Lao Dan speaks, happiness grows yellow and Xiang Xueqin is the teacher. Paulie is just giving a speech and engaging in political activities. , 50, since the slaughter of Lu, promoted to sheep herder, taken his things. Later, he traveled to Chen, Cai, Qi, Chu and other countries, and once claimed that "if I use it, I will be the east?" See the end. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorting out ancient documents such as Poems and Books, and was edited into Chunqiu by Lu Xiu History Museum, which became the first series in the history of China. Legend has it that it has 3000 disciples, including more than 70 celebrities (wisdom). His thought-"core", namely "benevolence" and "love". Put forward the idea of "don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you", "give courtesy, and people will do something wrong" and so on, and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be "handled" as a norm: "self-denial and courtesy". Yanzhou people, on the other hand, are convinced of the religious belief of ghosts and are skeptical, thinking that "unknown life is a disguise of ghosts" and "I don't know life without it, and I think it's a gentleman." It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "no thinking is useless, no thinking is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". The ethos of giving lectures in private means teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teaching without discrimination", "elegance without elegance, benefiting others without living", and emphasizing that "a gentleman's wife is good, and a villain is easy to learn". The political idea of "correcting the name" holds that "Jun Jun, Morrison Hill, father, father, son and son" and his deputy should be the real "correcting the name" and "but inequality is not a problem, poverty and anxiety are not a problem". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the orthodox culture of feudal society for more than 2,000 years, with great influence. The existing Analects of Confucius, which records Confucius' door and questions and answers, is the key data for studying Confucius' theory.

the Zhuangs

Philosopher in the Warring States Period. A week. Song Meng (now northeast of Shangqiu, Henan) was born. Former Mongolian Chatham Park official. Due to the lack of money, the supervisor had to be Su Hehou (official name), but declined Chu Houbi. He inherited and developed Laozi's theory of self-nature and self-thing, and thought that "Tao" was "the first world", "the root of self-nature", "nothing" and "Tao is closed to the world" ("Tao" is different), and took "all things are one" (that is, all things are non-discriminatory). And think that things are "insensitive and stereotyped, sometimes there is no", "in the world, it is too late, but too small; Imaginary war, and romantic suicide between pang "("Zhuangzi? I advocate qi, qi right and wrong, qi smallness, qi death, qi loftiness and qi nobleness, and advocate the spiritual realm of "heaven and earth are born with me, and everything is one with me", and I am happy and content when I am in prosperity. From the flood, imagine Ili. The book Zhuangzi.