Is it a short reward for the ancient emperors to give their surnames?

In ancient China, surnames were not only a simple symbol, but also a symbol of blood, family and even social status, which had special social and political significance. Giving surnames is one of the main sources of surnames, which appeared as early as the myth and legend era of clan society. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the phenomenon of giving surnames has become more and more common, and the scale and scope of the Tang and Five Dynasties are rare. Great changes have taken place in the content and form of the system of giving surname in this historical period.

Giving surnames is one of the means for ancient rulers to maintain and strengthen their rule. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, emperors gave subjects with different surnames royal surnames or their own surnames, which was used to praise contributions, encourage diligence and win people's hearts, and had important political connotations. However, it is different from the feudal nature of the system of giving surnames in the pre-Qin period and only belongs to the category of spiritual reward. While directly inheriting the tradition of giving surnames in the Northern Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty developed. It is not only wide in scope and large in scale, but also more complex in form, and has obvious characteristics of the times compared with the previous generation. The five dynasties period continued this system in the Tang dynasty, and the scale was even worse. According to the way, purpose and scope of giving surnames in this historical period, it is discussed as follows:

(1) gives the last name of the country.

In the feudal hierarchical society, surnames are also high and low, and the noblest surname is of course the surname of the emperor, which is regarded as the national surname. Giving the country's surname is the emperor's highest spiritual reward to his subjects, and only those who have made great contributions to the country can get this honor. Those who are given surnames will belong to the royal family, become imperial families, and be managed by Zongzheng Temple, which is a great courtesy of the emperor to his servants. As the Wu Zetian period of the Tang Dynasty is a special period, which has always been regarded by historians as the continuation and development of the Tang Dynasty and an integral part of the Tang Dynasty, the Wu family given at that time is also regarded as the national surname in this paper.

1, appease the surrenders

Giving surnames prevailed in troubled times, especially at the beginning of the dynasty, when important political leaders and military generals from the previous generation joined in, emperors often gave surnames as a consolation. The period of Wude in the early Tang Dynasty was a small climax of giving surnames, which was determined by the situation at that time. At the end of sui dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and the heroes rose together. The regime of the Tang Dynasty was a pioneer, eager to unify the world. The royal family of Li Tang gave the leaders of all kinds of "smoke and dust" a national name, or maybe a senior official. For example, Li Shiji, the old general of Wagang, Luo Yi, the "general manager" of Youzhou, Shi Zhou, the "thief handsome", Jianghuai Du, Hebei Gaokai Road, Dou Jiande General Hu Daen, Yulin Guo and others were all given the surname Li. Giving surnames contributed greatly to the rapid, stable and consolidation of the regime in the early Tang Dynasty and won the hearts of the people.

After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, in order to quell the rebellion, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty adopted this method again, especially in the later period of the counterinsurgency war. If the Anshi Department returns Zhang Zhongzhi to China, it will "give him the name of Li" (Biography of Li in Old Tang Dynasty (volume 142). In the second year of Gan Yuan, the thief camp was returned to Li Guangbi, and Li was given as a loyal minister (Biography of Li in Old Tang Dynasty (145)). Correcting the name of these traitors who have contributed to the country has played a positive role in ending the war as soon as possible and restoring social stability.

During the Five Dynasties, the late Tang Dynasty was the most representative, and Zhuang Zong of the late Tang Dynasty named the old general of Hou Liang many times. For example, Zhu is, Zhang Congchu is Li Shaowen, Li Shaochong, Duan Ning is Li Shaoqin, Kang is Li, Yuan Xiangxian is Li Shaoan, Huo is Li, Fang Wenzhi is Li Shaoying, and Du Yanqiu is Li Shaoqian. Not only have they been given national surnames, but some have also been regarded as fake sons. Although it is said to be "combination of interests and common capital", it has played a bloodless role.

2. netting the outside world.

Ethnic issues have always been a prominent issue in the Tang and Five Dynasties. In order to expand the frontier and appease the political needs of Fanbang, Li Tang often gave surnames to its minority dignitaries, which made giving surnames an important means to implement the policy of national imprisonment in the Tang Dynasty. During the Wude period, the Tang Dynasty began to give surnames to the rich and powerful people of Fan nationality. According to Mr. Ma Chi's textual research, Seymour, an agent of the East Turkic Khan Sect, met his great-grandfather in August of the seventh year of Wude, and was given the surname Li, which is the earliest record of the wealthy and powerful Fan clan in the Tang Dynasty. Since then, it has become more and more popular to give surnames to ethnic chiefs. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Khitan Tusi Kuge, Tusi Kedu, Mohong Tusi Land Foundation and Heishui Tusi Nishuliji were subordinate to their ministries, all of which took Li as their surname. Since then, the Tangut chieftain of the Qiang nationality has led the public to resign, saying that "the governor of Xirong Prefecture was resigned from the deficit and Li was given" (Old Tang Book 198 Xirong). In the fourth year of Xian Zongyuan, King Xi joined in and "gave it to Li" (Book House Yuan Gui, volume 976, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, praising the different three). Giving the name of the country to the Tibetan rich and powerful people who led the masses to join shows that they are not regarded as dissidents, but also crowned as imperial clan, which undoubtedly gives a reassurance to the newly attached and suspicious ministries. At the same time, this practice has also played a good role in attracting those ethnic minorities who hold a wait-and-see attitude. This is precisely the cleverness and correctness of the ethnic policy of the Tang Dynasty, and it is also an important condition for the long-term survival and glory of the ethnic groups within the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty Empire and its surrounding areas. For example, in the Tang Yizong era, "the humble cage department was dedicated to the Tang Dynasty ... the court gave the surname Li, except for the secretariat." Wang Po, deputy director of Zhenla, came to pay tribute and gave him the name Li, which is proof.

After the mid-Tang Dynasty, given surnames are often accompanied by given names, such as (Ben Abs, the leader of Tiele Tongluo Department), Li Chongxin (the secret king), Li (the adult of the East Turkistan Department, who left Gefang), (the real name is Sinoro, the Tubo Supi Prince), and Li Zhedian. Another example is that in the second year of Huichang, Wen Weisi and his brothers Alezhizhi, Sibusip and Urro were all surnamed Li, and their names were loyalty, chastity, righteousness and propriety (Zi Jian, Volume 246). In addition to giving family names to chiefs of ethnic minorities, their families often suffer "favors". For example, the wife of Juwentai, the king of Gaochang, said, "Invited to join the clan, given the surname Li, and sealed Princess Changle". ("Tang Yao Hui" Volume 95 "Gaochang") During the reign of Wu Zetian, his wife, the wife of Qi, the governor of Helan and Lintao County were given the surname Wu Shi. (Inscription of the whole Tang Dynasty (Volume 187) "General Zuo of the Town Army and Governor He Lanzhou boarded the pillar of the country, the country and the government").

The troubled times of the Five Dynasties are not the same as those of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Dealing with foreigners is more tiring, and the role of giving surnames is more obvious. For example, in the later Tang Dynasty, Li Weiwei was given the surname of Wang (Zi Jian, Volume 28 1). Mingzong gave an example to Qidan Dongdan Wang, who wanted to be surnamed Li and Zanhua.

3. Praise meritorious service.

Commending meritorious service is one of the main functions of giving surnames, which can often achieve the effect that material rewards such as high officials and generous salaries can not achieve. Giving a surname for merit is the main part of giving a surname. For example, Xue Chongjian and Princess Taiping, who helped Li Longji (Xuanzong) in Linzi to launch a palace coup in the Tang Dynasty, and Sun Dezhao, who wanted to help Zhaozong anyway, were given surnames because of their great contributions. "It turned out that Li surnamed Song was also a famous Wentong ... Zhu Mei rebelled, and Tang Xizong was lucky. Wentong was in charge of Shannan, and his work was the first ... In view of his surname, he was famous." (History of the Old Five Dynasties (volume 132)), he was given a surname for his meritorious service in escorting drivers. There are even generals who are given their surnames by meritorious military service, such as Li Huaiguang (Bohai people, surnamed Ru), Li (formerly known as Cao), Li (formerly known as Luo Yuanguang), Li Maoxun (from Uighur Abs family), Li Quanlue (formerly known as Wang Rijian) and (formerly known as An, from Hexi).

During the Five Dynasties, the struggle for the world became more intense. "The son of heaven in this world, Ma Zhuang and Qiang Bing are the ears." There are also many examples of military service giving surnames. For example, during the Tang and Zhuang Dynasties, Yuan and Xia were named Li Shaorong and Li Shaoqi for their bravery. There are many such examples, so I won't list them one by one. Giving a surname by virtue is the best embodiment of the function of giving a surname.

4. Show grace

Whether or not to give a surname is entirely determined by the will of the emperor, so courtiers who are particularly favored by the emperor are often given a national surname. For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, he was close to Gao Zu Li Yuan and was given the surname Li; Because of his relationship with Taizong, Bird gave his surname Li. At the same time, some flattering and opportunistic villains often enjoy the privilege of giving surnames because they can please the emperor, thus greatly reducing the sanctity and authority of giving surnames. When Wu Zetian was in power, "Wei Shifang, a native of Songshan, misled the public with evil words ... The Queen Mother trusted her very much and changed her surname to Wu." (History as a Mirror, Volume 205) Fu Youyi, Cen Changqian, You Yu's avant-garde general Zhang, Sargingo's general Qiu, and the imperial envoy Lai were also given Wu Shi by Wu Zetian. During this period, even some people in the royal family changed their surnames to Wu, so-called imperial clan chaos. "(But) Princess Qianjin still has her charm, and since she invited the Queen Mother, she still changed her surname to Wu." (Zi Tong Zhi Jian (Volume 204) is even more absurd in the Five Dynasties. "Li Cunru, secretariat, whose real name is Yang, is a famous woman. She was fortunate enough to be the King of Jin ... the King of Jin gave her a name "(Zi Jian (Volume 27 1)). Eunuch Ma was favored and given the surname Li.

(2) Give him a surname

A remarkable feature of giving surnames in Tang and Five Dynasties is its various forms. In addition to giving a national surname, there are also cases where his surname is given. This is a major development of the system of giving surnames, which is very different from other historical times. For example, Wu Dezhong said, "(Shi Danai) set out from Chang 'an to (Gonggeng), and ... gave his surname history". During the Zhenguan period, "Ashina was loyal to General Zuo Tunwei, a female magistrate of Dingxiang County, and was still an imperial clan, so she began to write her surname alone", so she claimed to be a historian of ten thousand years. (Book of the New Tang Dynasty 1 10)) In the second year of Wu's reign, he "gave the Uighur countries love each other and hate each other, not their surname, but their name". (Zi Jian (Volume 246)) Replacing the compound surnames of ethnic minorities with single surnames in Chinese characters is one of the forms of changing surnames in ancient times. During the Tianbao period, Xuanzong gave his surname to Ashilanda, king of Ningyuan, who was called Dou. (The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 22 1) In Godsend, Sun Shao, the 17th generation of Gaigujia, was appointed as Zuosi, and his surname was yuanshi county County. "At the beginning of the Dragon, Huan" gave her surname Webster and made her the same queen ". (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (Volume 9 1)) "(Empress Dowager) was a monk, and Huaiyi was not a nobleman, so she changed her surname to Xue and married Xue Shao, the son of Princess Taiping." (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty (volume 183)) The two surnames given to Dou and Wei above are the surnames of consorts in the Tang Dynasty. Once given, they are related to the spouse. However, Yuan and Xue were the surnames of dignitaries at that time, with high social status and were valued by the world. Therefore, it is a great honor to give these surnames, which is no different from the meaning and effect of giving national surnames.

During the period, Cheng Ling changed his surname to Zhou because of taboo. In the later Tang Dynasty, it was given that "Di Huaihui was named General Fan, and the great kindness was named Bone, which was originally known as relic, and the bone was named the battle of creation, which helped Wang Zhiyi to be named the end of his life." (The History of the Old Five Dynasties (Volume 42)) has practical significance such as gratitude and obedience.

(3) Give a bad surname

The emperor's surname is not all positive, but also derogatory, that is, giving a bad surname is giving a surname with bad words. This surname is often full of strong feelings and personal attacks. Giving a bad surname is to use political power to force others to change their surnames. Just like the death penalty, it is an extremely severe punishment, which is often related to people and things that endanger the ruling interests, or comes from the feelings of the emperor.

Giving evil surnames in the Tang Dynasty mainly appeared in the era of Wu Zetian. After Wu Zetian won the queen's position, she changed the original queen king and her favorite concubine Xiao Liangdi into pythons and owls respectively. Python means poisonous snake, and owl means beheading. During the period of hanging arch, the imperial clan, King Langya, and the King of Yue, Li Zhen, rose up against Wu's autocratic rule, but they were suppressed. Wu Zetian named all the kings, descendants and princesses of Li "Qiu", which means poisonous snake. Wu Zetian even spared her people. "In the first year of Ganfeng, he was punished and changed his surname to Miao". ("Zi Jian" Volume 20 1) "Miao" means poisonous snake. In addition, after the rebellion of Princess Taiping was put down by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Dou Huaizhen was renamed poison and Li (Zi Jian, Volume 2 10). Poison is poison, and Li means evil ghost. This also belongs to the category of giving evil surnames.

Giving a bad surname is not only a great insult to oneself, but also a bad reputation for his descendants. Although family name has always been cherished by people as a family emblem, it has become so insignificant and fragile under the arrogance of imperial power, which shows the power of authoritarian system.

(4) Other types of surnames

Other kinds of surname can be roughly divided into the following situations: First, the surname is inherited. Inheriting the clan will always be a patriarchal society. However, due to the exclusiveness of the clan, different surnames need to be changed when they enter the clan, so the imperial power intervened and gave the surnames to the heirs. For example, after Wu Zetian killed her half-brother and his cousin, she found that this branch had no heir, so she took advantage of the imperial power to change her surname. "Take my sister Helan as the heir of the scholar, attack Zhou Wang and change her surname to Wu." (History as a Mirror, Volume 202) Wu Zetian, after the Zhou Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, did not want to return to the Lee government, so she successively took the Prince and Li Dan as heirs and gave her surname Wu. During the reign, after Li Ciming (Zi Jian, Volume 233), the imperial edict was given to Li who was pregnant with light, in order to commemorate Li Huaiguang's meritorious service as the successor.

Secondly, I asked to change my surname. Giving the surname is the emperor's initiative, which embodies the authority of imperial power. However, after the mid-Tang Dynasty, the vassal towns supported their troops with self-respect and were arrogant to their ministers. In the Tang Dynasty, the importance of the interior was more important than that of the exterior, which can also be reflected in the act of giving surnames, that is, ministers began to ask the emperor to give them surnames on their own initiative, often with compulsion. Due to various reasons, some Jieshuai buffer regions asked to change their surnames, but the court was wary of them and generally accommodated their demands. For example, Dai Zong, our envoy of Dongchuan, Li Shuming, took a new surname. "At the end of the Dali period, Yan, the son of Langzhou, called him a foreign surname. His uncle knew his ugliness and refused to favor him. He gave it to Zong and sent people to make a promise on behalf of Zong." (Book of Old Tang Dynasty 122) I named Li Baoyu, whose real name is Ann, as "Ben's great grandson". Because he is ashamed of the surname An Lushan, please change his surname. "Give him a plum and call him Baoyu." (Book of Old Tang Dynasty (volume 132))

Last name posthumously again. A posthumous gift is an additional honor for courtiers after their death. In the Tang dynasty, giving the surname was also listed as one of the gifts after death. Li Junxian, for example, was punished and granted by heaven. Wu Zetian pursued Wu's title and wrote a letter to his rank. It can be seen that it is indeed a high honor to give me my last name.

There are also examples of being named because of their specialties. In this case, Guangwa wrote Nineteen Books, compiled by Jixian Hall at the end of Kaiyuan, and later given the surname Qi (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, volume 59). Li Yanjue, a famous craftsman in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is good at making ink, which is called "the first since the Song Dynasty" in history. His real name is Xi, which was given to him by the owner of Nantang. (Annals of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period, Volume 32)

Finally, I gave my last name because I was disgusted. In this case, the emperor often thought that the surname of the courtiers was unlucky, so he changed it. For example, in the Five Dynasties, Wei Quanfeng in Jiangxi was defeated by Yang W, and the dangerous children in Xinzhou advocated going to Wang Qian Liu. However, the Qian family is biased, thinking that the surname advocated by the fierce boy is unlucky and that his surname is Yuanshi County. Ai Yu was an official in the Southern Tang Dynasty. When the emperor congratulated him, he thought the word "AI" was unlucky, so he changed his surname to Zhong Shi.

two

Throughout the Tang and Five Dynasties, the surname system has undergone several significant changes. The first is to expand the scope of giving surnames. In addition to bureaucrats and nobles, there are cold-blooded martial artists. Remarkably, a large number of ethnic leaders or chiefs participated in it, thus greatly expanding the scope of giving surnames in this historical period. Secondly, there are various forms of giving surnames. There are donor countries' surnames, his surnames and evil surnames. It is a characteristic of the Tang and Five Dynasties that the corps commander took the initiative to seek the surname, which greatly changed the phenomenon of giving the surname in the past. Thirdly, the purpose of giving a surname is different. Or appease the network, or praise meritorious service, or show kindness, or vent their anger. Finally, surnames are associated with first names. This phenomenon has gradually increased since the middle Tang Dynasty. In fact, the appearance of the given surname and the given surname at the same time is nothing more than expanding the extension of the given surname, but its connotation is the same, that is, its function and function are not essentially different from those of the simple given surname.

There is also a very obvious feature of the system of giving surnames in this period, which is that there is serious instability. Giving the surname is the embodiment of the emperor's will and a political means to control his men. Although it is an honor to give a surname, once a courtier is convicted, the given surname will be deprived and the original surname will be restored. Cutting off the surname determines the instability of the surname. For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, Luo Yi joined the Party and was given the surname of Li Wei, but when Emperor Taizong rebelled, he was given the surname of Roche (Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 56). Li Ji was given a surname in the early Tang Dynasty. When he arrived at Wu Zetian, his grandson stood up against Wu. After being suppressed, he was given the surname Xu. After Helan was given the surname Wu, he quickly offended. "Go to Leizhou and return to his original surname." (History as a Mirror, Volume 202)

Another phenomenon worthy of attention is that after the middle Tang Dynasty, some generals with military power began to ask for surnames. For example, after the Anshi Rebellion, Zhang Zhongzhi gave Li his surname, and during the Dali period, "Chengde asked Li to ask for Zhang's surname and allow it." The following year, "given more surnames, and ... given the surname Li". (Zi Zhi Tong Jian (Volume 225) is still lonely, and Yu Chao loves his courage, playing the fish surname (Emperor) ... After Chao En's death, he was given the surname Li and Jia Xun, but in the "four years of Jian 'an", his name is still repeated. (Book of Old Tang Dynasty (volume 144)) Li Keyong and Li were deprived of their official titles and titles, and then recovered. After the accession to the throne in the later Tang Dynasty, the generals with the same name as Guang Chao, such as Huo, Chang Congjian, Fang, Du, Xia, Mi, Li Yanchao, etc. Go to the table and ask for repeated names. Mingzong is allowed to play. This is not only an unstable manifestation of the system of giving surnames, but also an inevitable phenomenon that the central government has been weakened.

The prevalence of surnames in Tang and Five Dynasties has both ancient traditions and profound background of the times. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the surname culture has appeared new contents that are different from ordinary people and attach importance to surnames, and has become the mainstream political culture. Surnames have become the masters of the times, scholars and Confucianism contend, and genealogy has flourished, from which Jiupin official law has played a role in fueling the situation. The wind of advocating surnames and hope has had a far-reaching impact on China society for hundreds of years. After the reunification of the whole country in the Tang Dynasty, the surnames of the old gentry no longer occupied the dominant position, but were replaced by the aristocratic ruling group of Guan Longjun. They take the Han nationality in Hu Hua as the main body, and they are martial and good at fighting, which is quite different from the old gentry in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but they are completely consistent in attaching importance to the value of studying in the county. For example, he claimed to be a native of Longxi, with his second child as his ancestor and Liang Wang as his near ancestor. The purpose is obvious. Emperor Taizong compiled the genealogy, collected the genealogy of the gentry all over the country, and determined the genealogy, so as to improve the surname level of Guanlong Group headed by the royal family from the system. Since then, Wu Zetian came to power and revised the records of surnames, so that all the officials in the dynasty became scholars, which was a manifestation of the wind of "respecting surnames". In order to improve the social status of Li surname and its heroes, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty adopted measures such as giving surname. In addition to its special political function, the custom of giving surnames also creates people's longing for national surnames in the subconscious, and creates ecstasy and fame and fortune for those who give surnames. Deprivation of the given surname is also a declaration of the dignity of the national surname to the world, which invisibly raises the status of the national surname, which can be said to kill several birds with one stone. But despite this, the long-standing concept of surnames is still deeply rooted. Until the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the declining old gentry still held their fame, so much so that Tang Wenzong lamented: "Civil servants' marriage, regardless of official goods, went to the valve to read, and my son of heaven for two hundred years, also neglected Cui and Lu?" (Book of the New Tang Dynasty 172)) On the surface, this is a struggle around surnames, but in fact it reflects a kind of consciousness and atmosphere of "respecting surnames" from the emperor down to the common people. This shows the status of surnames in people's minds at that time.

So what influence did giving the surname bring to the society of Tang and Five Dynasties? Generally speaking, there are mainly the following aspects:

First of all, the naturalization of surnames helps to maintain the rule of the Tang and Five Dynasties. For example, Li is a traitor. When he returned to China, he got a surname. In the first year of Yongtai, Tubo invaded Guanzhong and sent troops to various places. However, "many channels sent troops from time to time", and Li and his generals played a side ball, obtained the imperial edict, and ordered them to rule. The generals asked for a date, and the loyal minister said angrily, "Parents are in a hurry, how can they save evil if they choose a date!" Let's go now. (Zi Jian, Volume 223) Even so, the effect of giving a surname can be seen. Zhu Xie, chief of Shatuo, was given a surname, and Zhu Xie's nobles not only took Li as their surname for generations, but also pretended to be heirs. Li, who founded the later Tang Dynasty, took Gaozu, Taizong, Zhaozong and their great-grandfathers, grandfathers and fathers as seven halls, and took Li as the surname of the country. Its meaning is clear. They have regarded themselves as Li's royal family. This shows the charm of giving the surname Lian Zong.

Secondly, giving surnames promotes national integration. China has always been a multi-ethnic country, with diverse regional cultures as well as diverse national cultures. The Tang and Five Dynasties inherited and consolidated the achievements of national integration since Qin and Han Dynasties, especially since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and set off another peak of national integration. During this period, all ethnic groups frequently exchanged and influenced each other with the Han nationality as the center, and all ethnic groups continued to assimilate. Some ancient ethnic minorities have disappeared and merged into the big family of the Chinese nation. Surnames play an important role in ethnic integration and are a yardstick to measure the process of ethnic integration. In history, there has also been a phenomenon of changing surnames to promote national integration. The most famous is the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which changed more than 100 Xianbei surnames into Han surnames. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, ethnic integration was dominated by the sinicization of ethnic minorities. Judging from the change of surnames, it is mainly the sinicization of minority surnames. A considerable number of surnames in the Tang and Five Dynasties were given to the dignitaries of ethnic minorities, covering the Turkic, Uighur, Xi, Qidan, Mohong, Tubo, Tangut, Shatuo, Central Asia and other ethnic groups in the Western Region. These ethnic groups live with the Han nationality in vast areas, and they "like China". They often change their surnames from Han because of the surnames given by tribal chiefs, and even change their surnames with their families, which accelerates the process of ethnic integration to a certain extent. Therefore, it can be said that the degree of sinicization of surnames also reflects the result of ethnic integration.

Finally, the influence of giving surname on later generations and abroad. Giving surnames in the Tang and Five Dynasties had a far-reaching impact on later generations. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the combination of given surname and fake son incorporated more family elements. Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the given surname was still prosperous and continued to be used, which shows the long-standing charm of the given surname, but the scale of the given surname in later generations was not as good as that in the Tang and Five Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty once conquered Sanhan, and set up a capital protection center for it to rule. Therefore, Korean history is deeply influenced by China culture, including the system of giving surnames. According to historical records, in the spring of nine years, Wang Gai Liu Bu, the third generation of Silla, took his surname. It can be seen that the given surname is still very influential in countries with deep sinicization. In the eleventh year of Tang Yuanhe, "Nanzhao (the Lord) advised Lide to discuss the summit and gave him the Montessori" (Zi Tongzhi Jian, Volume 239).

In a word, the Tang and Five Dynasties is an important period for the development of giving surnames in ancient China, and it is a summary of giving surnames in previous generations, especially since the Han Dynasty, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations. People attach importance to surnames, which highlights the deep-rooted patriarchal concept and family thought formed in ancient people's thoughts for a long time. In the national sense, surnames also reflect a trend of national integration movement and national identity psychology. All these can be well reflected in the naming of surnames in Tang and Five Dynasties.