Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - What are the impacts of tourism activities on the culture of the tourist hosting place?
What are the impacts of tourism activities on the culture of the tourist hosting place?
In addition, the huge economic and social benefits brought about by the development of tourism, on the one hand, make the tourist areas to give priority to the development of tourism, the land, resources and so on to the tourist investors; on the other hand, by the influence of the lifestyle of the tourists, some people in the tourist areas of life began to be corrupted, eating, drinking and having fun into the wind, the formation of the tourism economy is overly dependent on the formation of the "neo-colonialism" tendency. The new colonialism" tendency.
Therefore, we must absorb the essence of tourism culture and take a two-sided view of things.
Tourism in the social economy to bring great economic benefits at the same time, but also to our ecological environment has brought a lot of pressure, at present, Yunnan tourism environmental problems are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1, a considerable part of the hot spot tourist areas are seriously polluted. Mainly manifested in water pollution, air quality decline, local ecological environment has been damaged, tourism resources have been damaged; 2, poor environmental health conditions in the tourist area, the area of garbage randomly thrown pile up, sewage, dirt everywhere; 3, some of the hot spots in the tourist area to receive tourists on an excessive scale, the tourist area overcrowded, overcrowded, the loss of tourism atmosphere; 4, tourism development and construction projects and the overall environment of the tourist area is not coordinated.
These projects are not in harmony with the overall environment of the tourist areas.
The causes of environmental damage in tourist areas, environmental quality decline is multi-faceted, in summary, there are several:
First, human economic behavior of improper destruction of the tourism environment. Human economic activities on the tourist area of environmental impact and damage can be divided into three aspects: (1) in the process of economic development, industrial production emissions of waste and noise pollution of the natural environment of the tourist area, disturbing the tourist area should be quiet. As a result, on the one hand, the tourist area has lost the fresh air, transparent water and quiet atmosphere; on the other hand, the tourists' interest in visiting the area has been reduced due to environmental pollution. (2) Unreasonable resource utilization and agricultural production methods destroy the natural ecological balance of the tourist area, and tourist resources are directly affected, such as deforestation, over-exploitation of groundwater, mountain blasting and other activities resulting in soil erosion, declining water level of the tourist water bodies, and the destruction of the wondrous mountains and beautiful scenery, and so on. (3) In the economic structure, productivity layout, urban development planning, ignoring the existence of tourism resources, so that the type of regional economic structure, productivity layout, the direction of urban development and the tourism industry normal, sustainable development of environmental conditions are not compatible with the requirements. Such as the construction of large-scale cement factories in the Yunnan Shilin tourist area.
Second, tourism activities on the environmental impact of tourism areas .
The impact of tourism activities on the environment of the tourist areas mainly lies in the process of tourism generated by the garbage on the environmental pollution of the attractions as well as tourism activities itself on the attractions of the natural ecological balance and the impact of tourism mood. Due to the imperfection of the facilities in the tourist areas and the low quality of the tourists, with the expansion of the scale of the tourist activities, the amount of garbage discarded in the attractions is increasing. A large amount of garbage in the tourist area is randomly thrown and piled up, destroying the natural landscape, polluting the water body of the attraction, and eutrophication of the water body of the tourist area. Many tourist areas in Yunnan water bodies have been contaminated to varying degrees, a considerable part of the tourist water transparency, color, smell and other indicators are more than the national standard for tourist water bodies, floating, suspended, oil pollutants have been affecting the tourists' senses, so that their tourism interest is reduced.
Third, more than the capacity of the attractions of the scale of reception destroyed the balance of the natural ecosystem of the tourist area.
Constituting the natural landscape of the ecosystem of tourism activities itself there is a certain carrying capacity, the carrying capacity of the ecosystem by the structure of the determination, more than the carrying capacity of tourism activities will make the ecosystem structure of the tourist area changes in the tourist area, the tourist area of the loss of tourism function. Mainly manifested in a large number of tourists will be the tourism area land tread, so that soil condensation, tree death; a large number of tourists in the mountain climbing climbing, destroying the natural conditions of the long-term formation of stable deciduous layer and humus layer, resulting in soil erosion, tree roots exposed, the mountain grass fall, so that the ecosystem of the tourism area to bring harm to the ......
The problems caused by improper tourism activities themselves are serious, and ignoring such impacts, focusing only on short-term benefits, blindly expanding the scale, and receiving tourists without limitations will bring serious damage to the future sustainable development of tourism.
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Tourism in today's society has become a way of life, and the wave of mass tourism is sweeping every corner of the world, and the tourism industry is developing rapidly with unprecedented momentum. The development of tourism has brought great economic benefits to the tourist places, and at the same time, it has also produced a series of subtle influence on the local society and culture.
The tourist place (i.e., tourist reception place or tourist destination) is the place where tourists arrive and visit, and also the place where the main activities of tourism and hospitality are carried out. It can be a country, region or city, or it can refer to a specific region. The social culture of a tourist destination is the result of the collision, intermingling and integration of the heterogeneous culture carried by tourists and the local culture. The positive impacts of mass tourism on the social culture of tourist destinations, such as promoting the foreign cultural exchanges of tourist destinations, facilitating the protection and revival of the traditional national culture of tourist destinations, facilitating the social culture and scientific and technological progress of tourist destinations, and being able to provide a large number of direct or indirect employment opportunities in tourist hosting destinations, which helps to alleviate the pressure of employment in the society, etc., have already been generally recognized by people. However, there are two sides to everything, and tourism is also a "double-edged sword". At present, the development of tourism in many areas mainly focuses on the economic benefits it generates, while the negative impact of the wave of "mass tourism" to the local society and culture is not enough attention to the sustainable development of the tourism industry in the region to bring hidden problems.
The author believes that the negative impact of the flourishing "mass tourism" on the social culture of the tourism area is mainly manifested in the following five aspects:
Firstly, the historical and cultural heritage of the tourism area has suffered varying degrees of destruction, and the "cultural ecological environment" has gradually deteriorated.
Firstly, the historical and cultural heritage of tourist destinations has been damaged to varying degrees, and the "cultural ecological environment" has gradually deteriorated. Due to the tourists unique material intake of psychological and indiscreet behavior makes the flock of tourists to each place, often destroy the treasures they took the trouble to come to see: some secretly lifted off a piece of tile of the ancient temple, more people will be the cliff stone carving stroked smooth and no trace, or in the excursion point randomly engraved on the "so-and-so to this trip". ...... The more common and problematic issue is the objective damage caused by the development of tourism. For example, the Dunhuang Grottoes currently receive more than 600,000 tourists a year, a figure that alarms heritage experts. Tourists flocking to the grottoes during the peak tourist season make the grottoes filled with a large amount of carbon dioxide and humidity and heat emitted by the human body, so that the mural paintings on the rise of the same thing as the skin of an egg. This thing from the inside out bulging, a touch on the broken into powder, known as the murals of the "cancer". Some experts have done experiments, so that 40 people in the cave to stay in 37 minutes, the air temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide content will exceed the normal content of 6 times! Dunhuang murals are 100 times faster than in ancient times to death. The ink inscription in Cave 156 of the Tang Dynasty, Mogao Grottoes, which was still visible in the 1960s, is now blurred. People can't help but worry: a hundred years from now, where will Dunhuang be?
Secondly, the cultural traditions of tourist destinations have been impacted and assimilated by the strong culture of other places, and the uniqueness of local culture is gradually disappearing. The uniqueness of the culture is closely linked to the geographic closure, while the development of tourism is closely related to the accessibility of the local. With the improvement of transportation, the geographical closure is broken, and the uniqueness of the culture of the tourist places is bound to be impacted. A country, a region of people in the long history of the formation of the mode of production, way of life and way of thinking, if not affected by the outside world, the region's culture will be able to retain its intrinsic characteristics for a long time, without substantial changes. the late 20's, the American biologist Dr. Locke has repeatedly come to the known as the "daughter of the country," known as Dr. Rock, an American biologist, came to the shore of Lugu Lake in northwest Yunnan several times, from collecting animal and plant specimens to researching Mosuo culture, and wrote "The Mosuo Kingdom in Southwest China". His visit alone did not bring about any changes in the lives and concepts of the Mosuo people. But today, the constant influx of tourists wearing, hand carrying, vividly to the local people to show how "wonderful" the outside world! In the villagers' homes by the fire, in the entertainment for tourists and held every night on the bonfire party, tourists and villagers ask each other, exchanging their lifestyles and moral concepts. In Guilin Guanyan scenic performance of the Mosuo girls, after the show, most of the traditional dress off, they dress modern, appearance and general city girls have not much difference. Mosuo girl Yang Erche Naum break into the world, the Mosuo people are household names, enjoyable to talk about. Under the impact of foreign culture, Mosuo culture has entered the fastest period of change in history. Locke's book recorded a large number of Mosuo folklore, today some have been difficult to see. Yang Er Che Naum lamented: "If you think that foreign, all the fresh things are the best, all unselective absorption, then, do not a few years of work, in Lugu Lake will no longer see the real Mosuo people, to put it more seriously, can only see some dressed in Mosuo clothing waiter. However, if we do not absorb foreign civilization, there will always be poor and backward. How can we find our own way?" This phenomenon and confusion is very common in the western minority areas. Some minority cultures will have more and more vivid components under the impact of modern civilization, which is a welcome aspect. However, at the same time, the uniqueness of their national culture will be weakened, and certain components that are attractive to outsiders will be reduced, which is undoubtedly an irreversible loss from the point of view of national cultural tourism resources. In the western ethnic minority areas, due to the constraints of history, economy, society and other comprehensive factors, many places are relatively closed, transportation is not developed, and the development of the national economy is obviously lagging behind. Under the impact of heterogeneous culture carried by tourists, the changes in the local simple traditional culture are much more drastic than in the more economically developed open areas. As some articles have pointed out, "once tourism is developed to wherever, the traditional face of the place will undergo a drastic change, from clothing, architecture to lifestyle are quickly converged with outsiders".
Thirdly, the folk culture of tourist places has been stage-managed, commercialized and even vulgarized, losing its original meaning, value and characteristics. Modern tourism is a kind of mass social life culture, is also a mass cultural consumption. The so-called "mass" is a historical category, the full development of the market economy has led to the emergence of a new social group - the masses. The masses are no longer the same as the masses in the past, but refer to the average group of people living in the city, whose desires, thoughts and lifestyles are basically similar. "We enjoy ourselves as the common people enjoy themselves; we read and judge literature and art as the common people read them; we read and judge them as the common people judge them; and we are angry at what the common people are angry at".
Thus, the cultural consumption of the masses embodies more of a "class" of universal consumption rather than an individual's special consumption. The masses are generally educated, able to carry out basic cultural consumption, but the education received by the masses is limited, basic, and does not have a high level of cultural cultivation, do not have the opportunity to carry out special connoisseurship training, and can not accept the special requirements of the recipient of the "elegant culture". The characteristics of the modern public determine that the culture they need for tourism or other "diversions" from their private time must be one that meets the basic needs of the public, tends to be sensual, relaxing and stimulating. In order to develop tourism, host destinations actively attract tourism investors and sometimes deliberately cater to the tastes of tourists. As some scholars have said, many tourists do not care about the real meaning of the cultural characteristics of the host country, but only for the sake of curiosity. This makes the host culture in the development of tourism in the process of improper staging, commercialization and then vulgarization of the possibility. Some local cultural characteristics have been transplanted and imitated, and it seems that the basis of their existence is not the local social life, but the demand of tourists. For example, "cave marriage" is a love custom of Guizhou Yao (Qing Yao). After a girl is 14 years old, her parents let her live alone in a small hut, with a small hole cut in the wall and door, and the hole is facing the girl's pillow. At night, the young man to their own adoration of the girl outside the door, with a thin stick through the love hole to the girl to poke awake, across the door or across the wall to talk about the heart to the song, if talk together, can open the door to invite into the home, the parents do not interfere with, the family also shunned. Talking together, the girl can pretend to sleep, the young man will be interested to leave and find someone else. Local saying: "one night can talk about five, life only to a person." It can be seen that although the Yao people have greater freedom in the choice of marriage, the way of love is also more open, but they are very serious about the issue of marriage. In order to solicit business, some local tourist attractions even engage in pornographic services in the name of displaying ethnic marriage tourism, which eventually provoked the anger of the ethnic group, who issued a warning to tourist attractions engaging in such activities: if they don't change again, they will send out the "musket brigade" to solve the problem by force; furthermore, in the folk villages open to tourists all over the world, there is a great tendency to stage ethnic minority customs. The tendency to stage ethnic minority customs is very obvious. Although the performers' clothes are a hundred times more beautiful than the real ones in life, they lack the original flavor of the national costumes and give people a false feeling. In addition, similar "bamboo pole dance" from Hainan's Li jump to Yunnan's Dai, from Guizhou's Miao jump to Guangxi's Dong, was laughingly referred to as ethnic minority folk dance performances of the "jumping bamboo pole" phenomenon; "back Bride" in many folk villages, folk style parks and even in irrelevant cave attractions also abound, teasing and luring tourists into the trap, forced to ask for tips and other unpleasant events have been reported; some backward things such as ghost culture, divination culture, etc. was deliberately rendered, crude ghost caves, ghost towns, netherworld, such as vulgar and low-grade; all kinds of, not enough. Like this, even the wedding customs of ethnic minorities, religious rituals can be based on "tourism needs" at any time, anywhere "flexible" to carry out, that there is how much of the original significance and value of folk culture? This kind of cultural performance that accommodates tourists' "expectations" is also a cultural distortion that is extremely harmful to the natural development of the culture of the tourist hosting place, and the tourists are unable to comprehensively and effectively come into contact with and discover the living culture of the hosting place, but rather accept a kind of packaged Instead, they receive a kind of packaged "pseudo-culture" and "pseudo-folklore", and the inherent culture of the hosting place will gradually lose its characteristics. From a long-term perspective, the development of folk culture tourism is tantamount to "killing the chicken to get the eggs".
Fourth, the tourist places "cultural restrictions" loose, social and moral concepts distorted, the crime rate is on the rise. Any local culture in contact with foreign culture, usually selectively accept and absorb those with their own cultural values compatible with the content, and exclude those who are incompatible with their own cultural values, that is, after the so-called "cultural limits" filter. However, under the stimulus of economic interests, the "cultural limits" of tourist destinations are more relaxed than in general. In order to attract tourists, tourist destinations accept, against their will, certain things in foreign cultures that are very different from the moral concepts and values of local cultures. Some scholars refer to this as "acceptance", that is, the local community does not intend or is not willing to let some elements of foreign culture, especially with its own cultural values contradictory part of the erosion or integration of local culture, but for economic efficiency considerations, or consciously turn a blind eye, close a blind eye to make concessions, and even take the initiative to cater to the needs of tourists. The needs of tourists are even actively catered to. In the past few years, Thailand vigorously promoted certain unhealthy tourism products, such as "siren" performances and pornographic performances, and so on, which indeed catered to the needs of a small number of tourists, and brought the country a huge amount of foreign exchange. However, according to official information released by Thailand, from 1984 to the present, Thai people have been infected with AIDS, re-infected and spreading at a rapid rate, and 140,000 people have died of this persistent disease, where the main way of contracting AIDS is through sex. The resulting decline in the image of tourism has now led to a downturn in Thailand's tourism industry. The above cases show that in the process of developing tourism in developing countries or regions, it is sometimes inevitable to be influenced by the way of life and ideology of Western societies, which in turn may fracture and distort the traditional moral values of the local community. Although the statement that "pornography, alcoholism and robbery are all caused by tourism" is one-sided, it should be recognized that tourism is inextricably linked to the emergence and spread of some social problems. Under the temptation of "modernized" consumption patterns of overseas tourists, and stimulated by the objective fact that there is a huge difference in living standards between tourists and tourist destinations, it is very easy for some of the local residents to lose their original pure and simple virtues, and fall into the quagmire of sin, with pornography proliferating, gambling rampant, and the divorce rate on the rise, which seriously affects the stability of the social order, and worsens the local social atmosphere.
In addition, some domestic scenic spots, due to the lack of organization and coordination of the local residents of the business activities, balance the interests of all parties, resulting in a number of psychological imbalance, extortion of tourists to raise prices, and even threaten the personal safety of tourists tourism crime cases occur from time to time. This is both for the local tourism industry and social culture, is like adding insult to injury.
Fifthly, the "servant" culture of tourist destinations is aggravated, and the pandering or xenophobia of the residents directly affects the healthy development of the local culture. In the relatively economically backward tourist destinations, the strong culture held by groups of tourists makes the local residents of the national (regional) inferiority complex and pandering to foreign ideas, such as "servant" culture gradually aggravated. On the one hand, the residents of the tourist areas on the one hand, the behavior of the tourists' behavior, dress, lifestyle and so on to cater to, pursuit and imitation, and ultimately make the people of the local social and cultural traditions and so on began to doubt, abandon or even rebel, so as to the reception of the intrinsic social culture of the place to produce a strong corrosive effect, inducing the emergence of national nihilism. On the other hand, in the case of the limited comprehensive reception capacity of the hosting place, the influx of tourists may cause the normal life of local residents to be hindered and interfered with, resulting in xenophobia. The attitude of local residents towards tourists may change from the initial friendly enthusiasm to dissatisfaction or even resentment. The world-famous tourist city of Paris, the city traffic is seriously blocked during the peak tourist season, people are full of grievances, so the residents of some attractions organized themselves to prevent buses full of tourists from entering the city; in Venice, Italy, souvenir stores crowded out many stores serving the locals, the prices of coffee shops and restaurants soared beyond the affordability of the public, and the bustling tourists made the locals The city's population has plummeted from 150,000 in the 1940s to less than 80,000 today. In addition, the arrogant attitude of some tourists who arbitrarily disparage and criticize other cultures has led to resentment and rejection by the residents of the hosting places, resulting in tensions in interpersonal relations between the tourists and the local residents, and aggravating the phenomenon of "ripping off" that is more common in the self-employed in the tourism industry, etc. In addition, the huge economic benefits brought about by the development of tourism has made it difficult for local residents to afford it. In addition, the huge economic and social benefits brought about by the development of tourism have, on the one hand, made the tourist destinations give priority to the development of tourism, and give up their land and resources to the tourist investors; on the other hand, under the influence of the lifestyles of the tourists, some people in the tourist destinations have begun to corrupt their lives, and it has become a trend of eating, drinking and having fun, which has led to the formation of the neo-colonialist tendency, such as the over-dependence on the tourism economy. The "neo-colonialism" tendency. Some scholars, including some scholars in the West, when criticizing the "neo-colonialism" pursued by some developed countries, often regard tourism as one of its manifestations, only that "the cannon policy of the past has been replaced by today's 'international tourism blackmail policy'", and "the international tourism blackmail policy has been replaced by today's 'international tourism blackmail policy'", as well as "the international tourism blackmail policy". The developed world is exporting its way of life to Third World countries through tourism". While these views may be politically charged, they are not empty. Some Western anthropologists say that groups of tourists use other people's countryside as a "tourist site", taking pictures and playing without fear, and then bringing home curious local specialties to show off, all of which has a clear "colonization tendency". The government's response to the issue was a major step forward," he said.
Culture is the soul of a nation and the soul of sustainable tourism development. Tourism is the need of modern people, but also the need of future people. Tourism development depends more on the natural ecological environment and human heritage, modern civilization and other cultural ecological environment, tourism activities will bring a profound impact on the natural ecology and social culture. How to enhance the awareness of cultural ecology, protect, organize and rescue the dying national cultural heritage; how to maintain the tradition of the local culture and keep the tourism attraction of the hosting place; how to take precautionary measures to suppress the homogenization of the national culture; how to make use of certain forms and contents of foreign cultures, to graft on and transform the national culture or to give foreign cultures national characteristics; how to strengthen the important values in the local culture, to guide and inspire the people; and how to strengthen the How to strengthen the important values of local culture and guide and inspire the public's cultural consciousness; how to seek a so-called "new concept tourism" ...... that can maximize the income of the host society and protect the ecological environment and cultural diversity, all these are issues that deserve our deep thoughts and further investigation. These are all issues worth pondering and exploring further.
Positive
-Can meet the trend of modern tourism development and promote the rapid development of tourism. From the perspective of the development trend and prospect of domestic and foreign tourism demand, with the increase of people's discretionary income, the increase of leisure time, the improvement of the level of education and the enhancement of cultural tastes, the motivation of travelers to go out will gradually change from purely natural sightseeing tourism to more knowledgeable, cultural and entertaining cultural tourism, and will be interested in tourism activities with rich historical and cultural connotations. Therefore, the development of tourism, will cater to this trend and trend, become popular as a high-level tourism activities.
--Can enrich the connotation, structure and type of tourism products. Each historical and cultural city is formed under specific natural environment and social conditions, and its culture is a distinctive culture. All kinds of tourism products from the famous historical and cultural cities are more or less with the cultural flavor of a particular city, which becomes the unique tourism selling point of the famous historical and cultural cities. Therefore, the further development of tourism resources, can casting tourism product characteristics, expanding the cultural connotation of tourism products, and at the same time can improve the structure of tourism products, add the type of tourism products.
--City tourism image can be set up to enhance the status of tourism. Historical and cultural city is a halo of the city, combined with its history and culture, the city's tourism image will be more lofty and brilliant; at the same time, the historical and cultural city has rich cultural deposits and high cultural degree. Civilized city means economic prosperity, social stability, simple people, no matter investment, tourism, cultural exchanges, people are happy to come, with a huge source market. And modern tourism is to expand around the city as the center, many historical and cultural cities after the development of recent years, has become the region or the country's tourist destinations and distribution centers, become the growth pole of tourism development, and bring a certain centripetal effect and diffusion effect to the region. It can be seen that with the further development of tourism resources, will be able to drive the further development of the city's tourism industry, thus enhancing the status of the tourism industry in the local area and fully able to become the core of the region and the commander-in-chief.
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