Wheat want high yield need to pay attention to what? Which fertilizer to use to increase yield effect is better

1. The types and properties of potash fertilizers used in the base of guayule

The potash fertilizers commonly used in production are potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and grass ash, etc., and their main properties are shown in Table 9-3 . The ash remaining after the burning of plant residues is called grass ash. For a long time, most of the vast rural areas in China use straw, fallen leaves and dead branches as fuel, so grass ash is an important source of fertilizer in agricultural production. The composition of grass ash is extremely complex, containing a variety of ash elements in the plant body, which contains potassium, calcium is more, followed by phosphorus, so it is usually regarded as potash fertilizer, in fact, it plays a variety of elements of nutritional role. The main form of potassium present in grass ash is potassium carbonate, followed by potassium sulfate and least potassium chloride. About 90% of the potassium in grass ash is soluble in water, which is highly effective and is a quick-acting potash fertilizer. Since grass ash contains K2CO3, its aqueous solution is alkaline, and it is an alkaline fertilizer. Grass wood ash due to different combustion temperatures, its color and effectiveness of potassium are also different, combustion temperature is too high, potassium and silicate to form a lower solubility of K2SiO3, off-white, poor fertilizer effectiveness. Low-temperature combustion of grass ash, generally black-gray, high fertilizer efficiency.

2. The transformation of potassium fertilizer in the soil of Psidium guajava base

After potassium sulfate and potassium chloride are applied to the soil, potassium is in an ionic state, part of which is absorbed and utilized by the plant, and the other part is adsorbed by the colloid. In neutral and calcareous soils, Ca2+ is replaced by CaSO4 and CaCl2, which are microsoluble substances, and are deposited after water loss for a certain distance, blocking the pores and causing soil crusting, while CaCl2 is water-soluble and is easily lost in water, resulting in the loss of Ca2+ and the same soil crusting. In arid and semi-arid areas, it will increase the content of soil water-soluble salts. Therefore, long-term application of potassium sulphate and potassium chloride on neutral and calcareous soils should be combined with the application of organic fertilizers. In acidic soils, both of them substitute H+ to produce H2SO4 and HCl, which increase the acidity of acidic soils, and should be used in conjunction with the application of lime and organic fertilizers.

3. Reasonable distribution and effective application of potash fertilizer in Psidium guajava base

The potash fertilizer efficiency depends on the nature of the soil, crop type, fertilizer coordination, climatic conditions, etc. Therefore, to economically and reasonably distribute and apply potash fertilizer, it is necessary to understand the relevant conditions affecting potash fertilizer efficiency.

(1) Soil conditions and effective application of potash fertilizer

Soil potassium supply level, mechanical composition of the soil and soil aeration is the main soil conditions affecting potash fertilizer efficiency.

Soil potassium supply level: Soil quick-acting potassium level is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of potash fertilizer, and the index value of quick-acting potassium varies slightly according to the different conditions of soil, climate and crops in different parts of the world. In Liaoning Province, through multi-point test, the quick-acting potassium (K) 90mg∕kg (equivalent to K2O108 mg∕kg) was taken as the critical value of soil potassium abundance and deficiency. When the quick-acting K content was less than 90 mg∕kg, the effect of potash fertilization was obvious; when the quick-acting K content was 91 mg∕kg-150 mg∕kg, the effect of potash fertilization was unstable, depending on the crop type, the soil slow-acting K content, and the cooperation with other fertilizers; when the quick-acting K content was more than 150 mg∕kg, the effect of potash fertilization was ineffective. It should be pointed out that, for the fast-acting potassium is also low, and the amount of slow-acting potassium is very different from the soil, from the fast-acting potassium alone to determine the level of potassium supply is not enough, must be considered at the same time the slow-acting potassium storage, in order to be able to accurately estimate the level of potassium supply.

Mechanical composition of the soil: The mechanical composition of the soil is related to the potassium content. In general, the finer the mechanical composition, the higher the potassium content, and vice versa. Different soil texture also affects the soil's ability to supply potassium, so some people put forward the critical index of potassium deficiency for different soil textures: sandy soil - sandy loam for K2O85mg∕kg, sandy loam - loam for 100mg∕kg, and clay soil for mg∕kg. so the effect of potassium fertilizer application on the sandy soil with coarser texture is higher than that of clay, and it is better to prioritize the distribution of potassium fertilizer on sandy soils that are deficient in potassium.

Soil aeration: Soil aeration mainly affects potassium absorption by influencing plant root respiration, so that the soil itself is not deficient in potassium, but the crop shows the symptoms of potassium deficiency, so in the production practice, it is necessary to analyze the specific situation of potassium deficiency of the crop, and for the existence of the problem, to take corresponding measures in order to improve the absorption of potassium by the crop.

(2) Guayule base conditions and effective application of potassium fertilizer

The various types of crops due to their biological characteristics are different, the need for potassium and potassium absorption capacity is also different, so the response to potassium fertilizer is also different. Where more sugar-containing crops such as guavas, potatoes, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, sugar beets, watermelon, fruit trees, tobacco and other large potassium needs, these potassium crops should be more potassium fertilizer, both to improve yield, but also to improve the quality of the same soil conditions should be given priority to arrange for potash fertilizer in the potassium crops. In addition, the application of potassium fertilizer to leguminous crops and oilseed crops also has obvious and stable effect of yield increase. Of course, on potassium-deficient soils, potash fertilizer has a good effect on a variety of crops, but in the potash medium or richer soils, only the potassium-loving crops are better fertilized.

(3) Nature of fertilizers and effective application of potash in Psidium guajava

There are differences in the type and nature of fertilizers and their application methods.

Potassium sulfate can be used as base fertilizer, follow-up fertilizer, seed fertilizer and extra-root follow-up fertilizer, while potassium chloride cannot be used as seed fertilizer. Potassium sulphate is suitable for a wide range of soils and crops, and is especially effective on potassium-loving but chlorine-avoiding crops and sulphur-loving crops such as crucifers. Potassium chloride is suitable for hemp, cotton and other fiber crops, can improve the content and quality of fiber, when applied on paddy fields can also prevent the black root of rice, should not be used in chlorine-avoidant crops and poorly drained low-lying land and saline land.

Grasswood ash is suitable for base fertilizer, fertilizer and cover seed fertilizer, as base fertilizer, can be applied to the furrow or hole, depth of about 250px, mulching after application. As fertilizer, can be spread on the foliage, not only can supply nutrients, but also to a certain extent to reduce or prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases and hazards. Because of the dark color of grass ash and contains a certain amount of carbon, heat absorption and warming fast, the texture is easy, so it is most suitable for rice, vegetable seedling cover seeding fertilizer, not only to supply nutrients, but also help to improve the ground temperature, to prevent rotting seedlings. Grass wood ash can also be used to do outside the root of fertilizer, general crops with 1% water immersion solution, fruit trees can be sprayed 2% -3% water immersion solution, wheat growth late, can be sprayed 5% -10% water immersion solution. Grass ash is a kind of alkaline fertilizer, so it can't be mixed with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, rotting organic fertilizer, and it can't be poured in the pigsty, toilet storage, so as not to cause ammonia volatilization loss. Grass ash in a variety of soils on a variety of crops have a good response, especially acidic soils applied to legume crops, the effect of yield increase is very obvious.

(4) Guayule base potash fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus fertilizer with the application of

Crops on the N, P, K needs a certain proportion, and thus potash fertilizer efficiency and nitrogen, phosphorus supply level. When the soil N, P content is low, the effect of single application of potash fertilizer is often not obvious, with the increase in the amount of N, P, the application of potash fertilizer in order to obtain an increase in yield, and the interactive effect of N, P, K (role) can also make the N, P to promote the crop on the absorption of K to improve the utilization rate of potash fertilizer.

(5) The application technology of potassium fertilizer in Psidium guajava base

Potassium fertilizer should be applied y and intensively: Potassium is easy to be fixed by clay minerals in the soil, especially 2:1 type clay minerals, and applying potash fertilizer y can reduce this lattice fixation caused by frequent alternation of dryness and wetness in the surface soil and improve the utilization rate of potash fertilizer. Potassium is also an element with small mobility in the soil, therefore, the concentrated application of potash fertilizer can reduce the contact area between potassium and soil and reduce the fixation, improve the diffusion rate of potassium, which is conducive to the absorption of potassium by crops.

Potassium fertilizer should be applied early: usually potash fertilizer to do base fertilizer, seed fertilizer proportion is larger, if the potash fertilizer used as fertilizer, should be applied early as appropriate. Because most of the crops in the critical period of potassium nutrition are in the early crop fertility, crop potassium absorption in the middle and early fierce, the late significant reduction, and even in the maturity of part of the potassium overflow from the roots. Cereal crops require more potassium at the tillering and nodulation stages, accounting for 60%-70% of the total potassium requirement. Cotton requires the largest amount of K at the stage of bud-bell formation, and vegetables such as eggplant and fruits require the largest amount of K at the stage of flower buds and radish at the stage of fleshy root expansion. As for perennial fruit trees, according to the characteristics of fruit trees, choose the appropriate fertilization period, such as pear in the fruit development period, grapes in the berry coloring in the early stage is the largest period of potassium demand. Sandy soil, potash fertilizer should not be applied too much, should be applied in small amounts, that is, should follow the principle of a small amount of time, in order to prevent the loss of potassium. Clay soil can be used as a base fertilizer or a larger amount of each application.

Potassium fertilizer dosage: Potassium fertilizer dosage should be based on the effective potassium content of the soil, crop potassium demand and the mutual balance of the nutrient elements. Generally per mu of potassium oxide, corn is 6kg-9kg, rice is 5kg-8kg appropriate. For potassium-loving crops can be increased.

Four, trace element fertilizer

Trace element fertilizer refers to the chemical fertilizer containing B, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cu, Fe and other trace elements. In recent years, agricultural production, the lack of trace elements is becoming increasingly serious, many crops have appeared in trace element deficiencies, such as corn, rice deficiency of zinc, fruit trees lack of iron, boron deficiency, boron deficiency in oilseed rape and so on. Application of micronutrient fertilizers, has gained significant yield increases and economic benefits, agricultural departments across the country have successively put the application of micronutrient fertilizers into the agenda.

1. boron fertilizer

(1) the main types and nature of boron fertilizer used in the base of piper betel

At present, the production of boron fertilizer commonly used types of boron fertilizer borax, boric acid, boron containing calcium superphosphate, boron and magnesium fertilizer, etc., which is most commonly used is boric acid and boric acid, and their main components and properties are shown in Table 9-4.

(2) boron fertilizer application of piper betel base

Crop species and boron fertilizer application: different crop species, different boron needs. China is currently showing a boron shortage of obvious crops are rape, sugar beet, cotton, cabbage, kale, radish, celery, greenhouse cucumbers, soybeans, apples, pears, peaches, etc.; boron medium need of corn, grains, potatoes, carrots, onions, peppers, peanuts, tomatoes, etc., the same soil conditions should be boron fertilizer should be applied to the priority of these larger boron demand crops.

Soil conditions and boron fertilizer application: soil water-soluble boron content and boron fertilizer fertilizer effect is closely related to the important basis for deciding whether to apply boron, according to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Oilseed Crops Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other units of the study, the soil water-soluble boron content of less than 0.3mg ∕kg when the serious boron deficiency, less than 0.5mg ∕kg boron for boron, the boron fertilizer has a significant increase in boron fertilizer, and the boron fertilizer has a significant increase in boron fertilizer. The application of boron fertilizer has a significant effect of yield increase, and boron fertilizer should be preferentially allocated to soils with low water-soluble boron content. Soil boron content is also related to the application method of boron fertilizer, when the soil is seriously deficient in boron to the base fertilizer is good, mild boron deficient soil is usually used outside the root of the fertilizer method.

Boron fertilizer application technology: boron fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, fertilizer and seed fertilizer. Do base fertilizer can be used in conjunction with P, N fertilizer, can also be applied alone. General per 667m2 with 0.25kg-0.5kg boric acid or borax, must be applied evenly to prevent high concentrations and poisoning. Fertilizer is usually used outside the root of the method of fertilizer, spraying concentration of 0.1% -0.2% borax or boric acid solution, dosage of 50kg-75kg per 667m2, in the seedling stage of the crop and from the nutrient growth into reproductive growth when sprayed once. Seed fertilizer is often used to soak the seeds and seed mixing methods, soak the seeds with a concentration of 0.01%-0.1% boric acid or borax solution, soaked for 6-12 hours, dried after sowing. Cereals and vegetables can be used with 0.01%-0.03% solution, and rice can be used with 0.1% solution. Use 0.2g-0.5g of borax or boric acid per kg of seed when mixing.

2. Zinc Fertilizer

(1) The main types and properties of zinc fertilizers used in the bases of Psidium guajava

Currently, the zinc fertilizers commonly used in the production of zinc are zinc sulphate, zinc chloride, zinc carbonate, chelated zinc, zinc oxide and so on, and their main components and properties are shown in Table 9-5.

(2) The bases of Psidium guajava Zinc fertilizer application

Crop types and zinc fertilizer application: zinc-sensitive crops are corn, rice, sugar beet, flax, cotton, apples, pears and so on. Application of zinc fertilizer on these crops usually has good fertilizer efficiency.

Soil conditions and zinc fertilizer application: soil effective zinc content and zinc fertilizer fertilizer effect has a close relationship, according to the Henan Province soil fertilizer station test, the soil effective zinc content is less than 0.5mg/kg, in wheat, maize, rice, zinc fertilizer are applied on the effect of a significant increase in yield. When the soil effective zinc content of 0.5mg/kg-1.0mg/kg, in calcareous soil and high-yield fields with zinc fertilizer still have the effect of increasing yields, and can improve the quality of crops.

Zinc fertilizer application technology: zinc fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, fertilizer and seed fertilizer. Usually insoluble zinc fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, as a base fertilizer 1-2kg of zinc sulfate per 667m2, can be mixed with physiological acidic fertilizer. Mildly zinc-deficient plots every 1-2 years and then apply, moderate zinc-deficient plots every other year or in the following year to reduce the amount of application. Do fertilizer commonly used to do extra-root fertilizer, general crop spraying concentration of 0.02%-0.1% zinc sulfate solution, corn, rice with 0.1%-0.5% concentration. Rice in the tillering, pregnant ears, flowering period each sprayed once 0.2% concentration of zinc sulfate solution; fruit trees can be sprayed one month before the sprouting of 5% zinc sulfate, sprouting fruit trees with 3% -4% concentration of brush; annual branches 2-3 times or sprayed in early summer with 0.2% concentration of zinc sulfate solution. Seed fertilizer is often used to soak or mix the seeds, soak the seeds with a concentration of 0.02%-0.1%, soak the seeds for 12 hours, dry in the shade and then sow the seeds. Seed mixing 2g-6g of zinc sulfate per kg of seed, corn available 2g-4g. zinc oxide can also be used to do rice dipping roots, 200g per 667m2 dosage, with a 1% suspension.

Zinc fertilizer efficacy and phosphorus fertilizer relationship: in the effective phosphorus content of the soil, often produce induced zinc deficiency, such as certain rice soil zinc deficiency is due to the effective phosphorus content is high. The reason for this is one is P-Zn antagonism, the second is to raise the P2O5∕Zn in the plant, in order to maintain normal P2O5∕Zn, so that the crop needs to absorb more zinc, in the application of phosphorus fertilizers, it is necessary to pay attention to the supply of zinc fertilizer nutrients, to prevent the induced zinc deficiency due to the phosphorus is more caused by the induced zinc deficiency.

3. Manganese fertilizer

(1) the main types and properties of manganese fertilizer used in the base of piper betel

Manganese fertilizer commonly used in the production of manganese fertilizer is manganese sulphate, manganese chloride, etc., and the main components and properties of which are shown in Table 9-6.

(2) manganese fertilizer applied in the base of piper betel

crop types and manganese fertilizer fertilizer effectiveness: crops sensitive to manganese are leguminous crops, wheat, potatoes, onions, spinach, apples, strawberries, etc., followed by barley, sugar beets, clover, celery, radish, tomatoes, etc., and crops that are not sensitive to manganese are corn, rye, pasture, etc.

Soil conditions and application of Mn fertilizers: Generally, the active Mn content is used as the main index to diagnose the ability of soil to supply Mn, and the active Mn content of soil is less than 50mg∕kg as very low level, 50mg∕kg-100mg∕kg as low, 100mg∕kg-200mg∕kg as medium, 200mg∕kg-300mg∕kg as rich, and greater than 300mg∕kg as very rich. 200mg∕kg-300mg/kg is rich, and more than 300mg∕kg is very rich. The application of Mn fertilizer on Mn-deficient soils generally has a good effect of increasing crop yield.

Technology of manganese fertilizer application: The most commonly used manganese fertilizer is manganese sulphate, which is generally used as extra-root fertilizer, seed dipping, seed mixing and soil seeding fertilizer, and insoluble manganese fertilizer is generally used as base fertilizer. The concentration of extra-root fertilizer spraying is generally 0.05%-0.1%, 0.3%-0.4% for fruit trees, 0.03% for legume crops and 0.1% for rice. Seed mixing: 4g of manganese sulfate per kg of seed for graminaceous crops, 8g-12g for leguminous crops, 16g for sugar beets; the effect of manganese sulfate used as soil seed fertilizer is roughly comparable to that of seed mixing, with a general dosage of 2kg∕667m2-4kg∕667m2.

4. Iron Fertilizers

(1) The main types and properties of iron fertilizers used in the bases of Psoralea guajava

The types, compositions and properties of iron fertilizers are often used in the production of Psoralea guajava. The types, composition and nature of iron fertilizer are detailed in Table 9-7.

(2) Application of iron fertilizer in the base of Psidium guajava

Crop species and iron fertilizer fertilizer: crops sensitive to iron are soybean, sorghum, sugar beet, spinach, tomatoes, apples and so on. In general, graminaceae and other crops rarely seen iron deficiency, while fruit trees iron deficiency is more common. In addition, the south of certain acidic flowers such as gardenia, camellia, etc. in the north dill, iron deficiency is also quite common.

Iron fertilizer application technology: the production of the most commonly used iron fertilizer is ferrous sulfate, at present more than the use of fertilizer outside the root method of application. Spraying concentration of 0.2%-1%. Fruit trees are sprayed with 0.75%-1% ferrous sulfate before budding or sprayed 3 times with 0.5% ferrous sulfate plus 0.5% urea after seeing yellow leaves. Ferrous sulfate can also be mixed with organic fertilizer at a ratio of 1:10-20 to the fruit tree, 50kg per plant, fertilizer can be up to one year, so that 70% of iron deficiency green. High-pressure injection method is also an effective method of iron fertilization of fruit trees, that is, 0.3% -0.5% ferrous sulfate solution is injected directly into the xylem of the trunk, and then transported with the liquid flow to the parts in need. In addition, according to Hebei Agricultural University, Liu Zangzhen research, fruit trees lack of iron yellowing, alone spraying iron fertilizer, diseased leaves are only spotting green, newborn leaves are still yellowing, the effect is not good. If the iron fertilizer solution with urea and citric acid, will achieve good results, the preparation of the solution is: first in 50kg of water to add 25g citric acid, dissolved to join 125g ferrous sulfate, to be dissolved in ferrous sulfate and then add 50g of urea, that is, formulated as a 0.25% ferrous sulfate + 0.05% citric acid + 0.1% urea compound iron fertilizer.

5. molybdenum fertilizer

(1) the main types and properties of molybdenum fertilizer used in the base of piper betel

The molybdenum fertilizer commonly used in the production of ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum slag, molybdenum-containing glass fertilizer and so on, and the main components and properties of these fertilizers are shown in Table 9-8.

(2) application of molybdenum fertilizer to the base of piper betel

The crop species' response to molybdenum fertilizer: Molybdenum deficiency is more leguminous crops, alfalfa is the most prominent, in addition to rape, cauliflower, corn, sorghum, grain, cotton, sugar beets also respond well to molybdenum fertilizer.

Soil conditions and molybdenum fertilizer application: molybdenum fertilizer application effect, and the content of molybdenum in the soil, morphology and distribution of the region, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Soil Research, Liu Lian, etc. The molybdenum content of the soil in our country and fertilizer effect is divided into three zones, namely, molybdenum fertilization of the significant area, molybdenum fertilizer effective area and molybdenum fertilizer may be effective area. In the northern soil molybdenum fertilizer significant area need to apply molybdenum fertilizer crops for soybean, peanut, in the southern soil molybdenum fertilizer significant area need to apply molybdenum fertilizer crops for legume green manure, peanut, soybean, citrus and so on. In the molybdenum fertilizer effective area need to apply molybdenum fertilizer crops for leguminous green manure, peanuts, soybeans, etc., and molybdenum fertilizer may be effective area of molybdenum fertilizer application needs further experimental research.

Molybdenum fertilizer application technology: molybdenum fertilizer is mostly used as seed fertilizer (seed dressing, seed dipping) and extra-root fertilizer. Seed mixing, each kg of seed with ammonium molybdate 2g-6g, first dissolved in hot water, and then diluted with cold water into a 2%-3% solution, sprayer sprayed on the seeds, spraying while mixing, mixing well after the seeds dry, can be sown. When soaking seeds, 0.05%-0.1% concentration of ammonium molybdate solution can be used to soak the seeds for 12 hours. Foliar spray fertilizer is generally used for crops with large leaf area, with 0.01%-0.1% ammonium molybdate solution in the seedling and bud stage, spray 1-2 times, 50㎏ per 667m2 per spray solution.

6. Copper fertilizer

(1)The main types and properties of copper fertilizer used in the base of piper betel

The common copper fertilizer in the production of copper sulfate, copper refining slag, chelated copper and copper oxide, and its main components and properties are shown in Table 9-9.

(2)The application of copper fertilizer in the base of piper betel

Crop species and copper fertilizer effectiveness: the crop species are different, and the response to copper is also different, research shows that the crop species is different, and the response to copper is also different. The response to copper is also different, research shows that the crops that need more copper are wheat, onion, spinach, alfalfa, sunflower, carrots, barley, oats; medium copper need beets, flax, cucumber, radish, tomato, etc.; less copper need beans, pasture, rape, etc.. Fruit trees such as apples, peaches and strawberries have also been reported to have copper deficiency.

Soil conditions and copper fertilizer application: China's soil copper content is relatively rich, generally more than 1mg/kg. In the hilly areas of central China developed in the red sandstone on the red soil, Jiangsu Xuhuai area in the sandy yellow tide soil, northwest of the wind and sand soil and yellow sheep soil in the effective copper content is low, the application of copper fertilizer has a better effect.

Copper fertilizer application method: copper fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, fertilizer and seed treatment. Do base fertilizer per 667m2 dosage of 1kg-1.5kg copper sulfate, due to the long period of validity of copper fertilizer, in order to prevent the toxic effects of copper, to every 3-5 years for a suitable application. Fertilizer is usually to be rooted out of the main fertilizer, spraying concentration of 0.02%-0.04%, fruit trees with 0.2%-0.4%, and add 10%-20% of copper sulfate dosage of slaked lime, in order to prevent drug damage. The dosage of copper sulfate seed mixing is 0.3g-0.6g∕kg seeds, and the concentration of seed dipping is 0.01%-0.05% copper sulfate solution.

7. Notes on the application of micronutrient fertilizers in Psidium guajava land

Pay attention to the dosage and concentration: the crop's need for micronutrients is very small, and the range from the right amount to excess is very narrow, so it is necessary to prevent micronutrient fertilizers from using too much. Soil application must also be applied evenly, the concentration to ensure that the appropriate, otherwise it will cause plant poisoning, pollution of the soil and the environment, and even into the food chain, hindering the health of humans and animals.

Attention to improve the soil environmental conditions: the lack of trace elements, often not because of the low content of trace elements in the soil, but its effectiveness is low, through the adjustment of soil conditions, such as soil acidity and alkalinity, redox, soil texture, organic matter content, soil water content, etc., can effectively improve the soil nutrient conditions of trace elements.

Pay attention to the application of fertilizers with large elements: trace elements and N, P, K and other nutrients are equally important and irreplaceable, only to meet the needs of plants on the premise of large elements, the application of trace element fertilizers in order to give full play to fertilizer effect, in order to show a significant increase in yield.