What are the traditional classifications of realistic oil painting?

Since oil painting appeared in Europe for hundreds of years, it has been advocating academic style. They always paint only in the studio, paying attention to the old-fashioned composition form, and their works always lack changing dark tones. Until the second half of19th century, this practice of being isolated from nature was finally spurned by a new school of painting. A group of young French painters, represented by Monet, advocated going out of the studio and rushing to the embrace of nature. Their works are called "Impressionism" because they pursue the change of light and color, bright and brilliant colors, loose shapes and no rigorous brushwork.

post-impressionism

Impressionists devoted themselves to the study of light and color, and their spirit of pursuing health, light and joy regardless of poverty and disease, which deeply influenced many painters, such as Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gauguin, Picasso and Matisse. Van Gogh, Cezanne and Gauguin are three pioneers of post-impressionism influenced by impressionism.

Gauguin (1848-1903) with Peruvian descent was later called the "father of symbolism" in the history of painting.

Cezanne (1839- 1906) is the "father of modern painting" who has completed the color-structure revolution.

primitivism

The backbone of the original school of painting is Henri Rousseau (1844- 19 10) who was born in Normandy, France. Rousseau, a customs official who started painting in middle age, has never received any painting training in his life. His works completely ignore the perspective principle attached to western traditional paintings. There is no relationship between the elements of each picture, and the characters are somewhat like puppets. He paints leaves one by one, trunks and grass one by one, hair one by one clearly, and the use of colors is relatively simple, which makes his paintings look a bit like the plane decoration effect obtained by collage. His paintings always reveal a strong primitive atmosphere. Art historians have different views on whether Rousseau has left Paris. Some people think that he has never left Paris, while others think that he served in the tropical jungle of Mexico for more than a year. In any case, Rousseau's mysterious tropical jungle and some strange characters often appear, without any trace of meticulous carving. He seems to naturally describe a child's dream world and an unpolluted beautiful primitive world. From his paintings, we seem to see his seriousness and stubbornness in painting. This "elegant artist", known as a genius, has had a far-reaching influence on modernist art such as cubism, fauvism and surrealism. Picasso once put a large number of Rousseau's works and some African sculptures and masks in his collection for research. At that time, the famous Paris poet Apollinaire (1880- 19 18) wrote that whenever he saw Rousseau's paintings, he "had to open the window to escape" to escape Rousseau's mysterious and absurd "self-temptation". Kandinsky, a great abstract painter, also spoke highly of it. He believes that Rousseau has opened up "a new realistic road"

fauvism

1905, at an art exhibition in Paris, a group of young painters exhibited amazing works. These works have harsh colors and rough expression techniques, which have brought strong shock waves to the painting world. People call this young school of painting "Fauvism". ("beast" means brightly colored and smeared at will. In fact, Fauvism never formed any movement, and it disintegrated before it could form a systematic art theory. Fauvism has existed for a short time, only about three years, but as an early school of modern art, its influence is far-reaching. The most important representative is the French painter Matisse (1869- 1954), and another painter of the Fauvism School, Delane (1880- 1954), who also put forward the viewpoint of "giving up self and coloring for the sake of color". The characteristics of modern art are symbolic, abstract and expressive. These painting theories put forward by the beast, which have never been clearly put forward before, all reflect the importance that Fauvism painters attach to the expression of subjective consciousness, and their courage to challenge traditional consciousness has also set a precedent for modern art.

cubism

1908, the Spanish painter Picasso (1881-1973) exhibited a work "The Girl of avignon" in Paris, which was considered as a cubist. In the anti-traditional sense, cubism has taken a step forward to modern art than Fauvism. Picasso was greatly influenced in his life, among which Cezanne's later works and African sculpture art had the greatest influence on his cubism. Cezanne summarized objects as structure and volume, which inspired Picasso to summarize natural objects as cones, triangles, spheres and cylinders. African sculpture inspired Picasso to look for anti-natural features and solved the problem of how to coexist several different viewpoints in an image. In the work Maiden of avignon, Picasso broke the traditional spatial expression rules of different perspective directions and different light sources, and squeezed five female bodies into the space representing different viewpoints with full composition, giving people a brand-new sense of space. The oil painting guernica expresses Picasso's anger at 1937 German crimes against the Spanish people. Light blue and light gray tones with pain and fear are widely used in oil paintings. The characters in the picture still use cubism to exaggerate and distort the tragic and desperate expressions and images of the characters, and the texture of the characters is as dignified as rocks. "guernica" is full of a kind of tense tension, and the pure black and white tones render the tragic mood of the picture and strongly shock the audience.

In Picasso's life, he was always full of creative enthusiasm. He always tries to express himself through various artistic means. Oil painting, sculpture, collage and ceramics are integrated into his works. Picasso's creative career mainly experienced four stages: blue period, rose period (also known as pink period), cubism period and neoclassicism period, among which the achievements of cubism period had the greatest influence on modern art.

abstractionism

The emergence of abstraction is closely related to the social background of the rapid development of industry at that time. The speed and efficiency of mechanized industry make some artists gradually doubt modern industrial civilization, and influenced by mysticism, abstractists begin to hope to summarize and refine their spiritual world with a new method of pure spirituality and pure spirit. Kandinsky once said: "Color affects spirit". Abstractionists try to express some emotion and mysterious universe with simple lines and color blocks as symbols; It also uses geometric forms to divide the picture composition, and fantasizes about standardizing the unknown mysterious world with clear and orderly order.

Dadaism and Surrealism

Dadaism originated from the anti-war sentiment during World War I, and Dadaism advocated anarchism, idealism and destructive nihilism. They laugh at all established values and all traditional views, and think that the so-called civilized society is struggling to death. Although Dadaism is somewhat negative in thought, some of their seemingly absurd works are actually rebellion against tradition, expression of new ideas and innovative application of new materials, which all contribute to modernist art. The most important representative of Dadaism is Duchamp (1887- 1968), a French artist living in new york.

Although some thoughts of surrealism originated from Dadaism, surrealism overcame the nihilism of Dadaism. Influenced by Freud's subconscious theory, surrealist painters tried to change "two seemingly contradictory states of dream and reality" into "an absolute reality and a surreal reality". Among surrealist painters, there are two outstanding Spanish artists, one is the talented Dali and the other is Miro.