Differences of Blue and White Porcelain Glazes in Different Dynasties

Blue and white porcelain was in its infancy in the Tang Dynasty.

From the blue and white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou, it can be seen that the green material is rich in color, with crystal spots, low in manganese and iron, and contains copper and cobalt, so it should be imported from Central and Western Asia. The fetal quality is coarse and loose, grayish brown and the sintering degree is poor. The bottom glaze is white and yellow, and the enamel is thick. Apply makeup soil between fetal glazes. The types of containers are mainly small pieces, such as complex, bowls, cans and lids. The decorative patterns are all flowers and plants except the fish and algae tanks collected by Copenhagen Museum in Denmark. Among them, flower patterns are divided into two categories. One is typical traditional flowers in China, especially carnations, plum blossoms and other small flowers. The other is the typical Arabic pattern, with geometric figures such as diamond-shaped loose-leaf patterns. From this point of view, combined with the place where blue-and-white porcelain was unearthed in the Tang Dynasty (Yangzhou was an important port in the Tang Dynasty), it can be proved that blue-and-white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was mainly exported.

Song Qinghua

After the initial stage, the blue and white flowers in the Tang Dynasty did not develop rapidly, but declined. So far, people can only see more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two Taki sites. First, the foundation of Jinsha Tower in Longquan County, Zhejiang Province was excavated in 1957, and * * * blue and white bowls 13 pieces were unearthed. Tower brick has the absolute date of "the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country" (977) in the Northern Song Dynasty; The other piece is 1970. A piece of blue and white bowl belly was unearthed at the tower foundation of Huancui Building in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The monument unearthed in Tataji proves that this tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).

These more than ten pieces of blue and white porcelain of Song Dynasty are all fragments of bowls. Fetal mass

Some are thicker and some are thinner. Decorated with chrysanthemum patterns, circle patterns, chord patterns, line stripes and so on. Blue and white hair color is thicker and darker in the previous place; The latter is lighter. If the hair color is dark, it should be because the transparent glaze of the cover is too thin. Zhejiang province itself is rich in cobalt clay minerals, and these blue and white porcelain should be made of local cobalt materials. They are not directly related to Tang Qinghua.

Yuan Qinghua

Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. Because the Yuan blue-and-white porcelain tire adopts the binary formula of "porcelain stone+kaolin", the Al2O3 content in the tire is increased, the firing temperature is increased, and the deformation rate in the firing process is reduced. Therefore, the carcasses of most utensils are thick and full. The fetal color is slightly grayish yellow and the fetal quality is loose. The bottom glaze is divided into two kinds: blue and white, which has a strong sense of opacity. The green materials used are domestic materials and imported materials: the domestic materials are green materials with high manganese and low iron, which are cyan and gray-black; The imported material is low manganese and high iron green material, which is green, rich in color and rusty. On some utensils, there are also cases where domestic materials and imported materials are used together. There are mainly household appliances, sacrificial utensils, tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-spring-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb.

The most striking feature of Yuan blue-and-white ornamentation is that the composition is full and there are many layers without disorder. The brushwork is good at one stroke, smooth and powerful; The contour rendering is heavy and steady. The theme of theme decoration is people, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry is rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid-like scale, which is vigorous and fierce. Auxiliary decorations are mostly rolled grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals; In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); Seawater line is a combination of thick line and thin line.

Blue and white in Ming and Qing dynasties

The Ming and Qing dynasties were the period when blue and white porcelain reached its peak and then declined. Yongle and Xuande periods in Ming Dynasty were a peak of the development of blue and white porcelain, which was famous for its exquisite production. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, blue and white porcelain reached its peak with "colorful blue and white". After the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, pastel porcelain gradually declined due to its development. Although it was revived in the late Qing Dynasty (Guangxu), it could not continue the prosperity of the Kangxi Dynasty. Generally speaking, the official kiln porcelain in this period was made rigorously and beautifully; Folk kilns are free and easy, and the pictures are freehand. From the late Ming Dynasty, blue and white gradually absorbed some elements of Chinese painting techniques.

Introduction of green materials

(of winter crops or transplanted seedlings) turn green.

Huiqing, produced in the western regions, Xinjiang, Yunnan and many other places. The color of this material is dark purple, but if it is used alone, it will not be collected, so it is often mixed with Shi Ziqing. This material was often used from Jiajing to Wanli in Ming Dynasty. Among them, cyan: Shi Ziqing with 10% is added, which is used for mixing water (filling color), and the hair color is blue and bright; Zhongqing: 40% mixed with Shi Ziqing, used for coloring (sketching), with clear brushwork.

This

Zhejiang Material, also known as Zhejiang Green, is produced in Shaoxing and Jinhua, Zhejiang. Among the domestic materials, Zhejiang is the best, and its hair color is green. From the mid-Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen official kiln blue and white wares all used this material.

Ping Dengqing

Ping Dengqing, also known as Bei Tang Qing, is from Leping, Jiangxi. In the late "blank period" of Ming Dynasty, Chenghua, Hongzhi and Zhengde used it early. This material is elegant, bright and stable, which makes Chenghua blue-and-white porcelain famous for a while.

Shi Ziqing

Shi Ziqing, also known as Shi Qing, is produced in Gao 'an, Yifeng and Shanggao areas in Jiangxi. When this material is used alone, the hair color of blue and white is gray or even black. This material was widely used in the second generation of Ming and Qing kilns, while the official kilns were used for blending and rejuvenation.

Zhu Mingliao

Pearls are produced in Xuanwei, Huize, Yiliang and other counties in Yunnan, among which Xuanwei is the best. This material has a bright and pure hair color. Kangxi blue and white used this material.

Most of the above domestic cobalt materials belong to high manganese.

Li Qing, Ma Su

Ma Su Li Qing refers to Su Ni Ma Qing, Su Bo Ni Qing, Su Ni Bo Qing and so on. The source of its name is the transliteration of Persian "Suleiman". The origin of this cobalt material is Kwamsa village in Mount Posca. The villagers thought that a man named Suleiman discovered this cobalt material, so he named it. Another way of saying this is that Suni Ma Qing should be Ma Su Li Qing, which is a transliteration of English smalt, meaning dark blue or dark blue powder pigment for painting. This kind of material belongs to cobalt material with low manganese and high iron, so the thick green belt of blue and white is rusty, commonly known as "tin light". Some blue and white flowers in the Yuan Dynasty and the green materials used in Yongle and Xuande kilns in the Ming Dynasty are all of this kind, and they are all produced in ancient Persia or present-day Syria.

Chemical green material

Chemical green materials, that is, green materials prepared from chemical cobalt oxide. The hair color is purple-blue, pure and rich, but it is frivolous and lacks adhesion, and the price is low. Blue and white porcelain made of this material lacks the aesthetic feeling of natural green materials.