Loom history

How is the development of textile machinery recorded in history? Pedal loom is the general name of textile machinery with pedal heald shedding device.

There is no reliable historical explanation for the earliest appearance of pedal loom. According to historical records, the amount of cloth and silk presented by governors in the Warring States period was as high as 100 times that in the Spring and Autumn Period. In addition, the historical materials of Chinese paintings engraved with pedal looms unearthed in recent years, the researchers speculated that the appearance of pedal looms could be traced back to the Warring States period at the earliest.

By the Qin and Han dynasties, it had been widely used in the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin. Lifting heddle with pedal is an important invention in the history of loom development. It frees the weaver's hands from the heald lifting action and focuses on picking and beating-up, which greatly improves the productivity.

Take plain weave fabric as an example, it is 20 ~60 times higher than the original loom, and each person can weave 0.5 times per hour. 3 ~ 1 meter.

In the18th century, there were two extremely important improvements in the spinning machine. First, in 1764, British mechanic Zhan Mu? Jenny machine invented by Hargreaves (about 1720 ~ 1778) (1770 patent), and then Hargreaves' compatriot Richard? Akelet (1732? 1792).

The early Jenny machine turned the spinning wheel by hand, which was mainly used to spin wool yarn and could weave 8 strands of yarn at the same time. The spinning machine is driven by water wheel, which is mainly used to spin strong cotton yarn as warp yarn.

Samuel, English weaver, 1779? Crompton (1753 ~1827) combined the advantages of Jenny machine and worsted machine, and invented the spindle spinning machine, which can spin 4-8 strands of spun yarn at the same time. Because the spindle spinning machine combines the advantages of the early two spinning machines, it is also called the walking spindle spinning machine, which means the "hybrid" offspring of the two spinning machines.

The principles of these spinning machines are basically the same. First, spinning fibers, that is, roving, are wound on a rotating spindle and moved to a spindle spinning machine. Spindle spinning machines first draw thin threads, then twist them together to form yarn, and then move back when the yarn is wound on the bobbin. 1828, American John? Thorpe (1784? 1848) cotton was spun on the ring spinning machine after it was invented.

In the ring spinning machine, roving passes through a series of high-speed rollers and is drawn into spun yarn. Then each fine yarn passes through the small hole on the "slip ring" and is twisted into one strand, and then twisted when it is wound on the vertical spinning spindle rotating at high speed. After the weaver gets the yarn, he can use it to weave, which is the main function of the loom.

The simplest loom is a frame with a set of parallel fine threads (that is, fabric warp yarns). The weaver uses another thin thread guided by the shuttle (that is, cloth weft) to weave warp yarns at a vertical angle on the loom to produce cloth.

The first important improvement is to add some ropes to lift all the warp threads, so that the shuttle can pass through the other end quickly and easily. Soon, the weaver will pull the pedal of the loom into the loom, and it will be more convenient to control the lifting rope.

1733, British engineer John? Kay (1704 ~ about 1780) invented the flying shuttle, which greatly improved the working efficiency of the textile industry. This design enables the weaver to move the shuttle from one end of the cloth to the other more quickly.

With the progress of human civilization, mechanical looms have gradually stepped onto the historical stage, initially driven by water power. 1785, British inventor Edmund? After Cartwright (1743 ~ 1823) invented the first steam-powered loom, steam power officially replaced water power and became the main power output of textile industry.

What is the development course of textile machinery? Spinning wheel pendant is the earliest tool used for spinning in the history of China, and its appearance can be traced back to at least the Neolithic Age.

Archaeological data show that almost all the early residential sites excavated in more than 30 provinces and cities in China have unearthed spinning wheels, which are the main components of spinning wheel pendants. Spinning wheels unearthed in the early days were generally simply polished with stones or pottery pieces, with different shapes, mostly drum-shaped, round, oblate and quadrangular, and some wheels were painted with decorative patterns.

The appearance of spinning sinker not only changed the textile production in primitive society, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of spinning tools in later generations. As a simple spinning tool, rotating sinker has been used for thousands of years. Even in the 20th century, some nomadic people in * * * areas still use it for spinning. According to the structure, the common spinning wheels in ancient times can be divided into two types: manual spinning wheels and pedal spinning wheels.

The image data of hand-cranked spinning wheels have been found many times in cultural relics unearthed in Han Dynasty, which shows that hand-cranked spinning wheels have been very popular as early as Han Dynasty. Pedal spinning wheel is developed on the basis of manual spinning wheel. At present, the earliest image data is the Eastern Han Dynasty stone relief unearthed in Sihong County, Jiangsu Province.

The power to drive the spinning wheel by hand comes from hand. When operating, you need one hand spinning wheel and one hand spinning. The power of pedal spinning wheel driving spinning wheel comes from feet. During operation, the spinning woman can spin with both hands, which greatly improves the work efficiency.

The spinning wheel has been the most popular spinning machine since its appearance. Even in modern times, some remote areas still regard it as the main spinning tool. The number of spindles in ancient spinning wheels was generally 2? Three, five at most.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the development of social economy, large spinning machines with dozens of spindles gradually appeared on the basis of various handed down spinning machines. The big spinning wheel is different from the original spinning wheel, which is characterized by dozens of spindles and hydraulic drive.

These characteristics make the spinning wheel have the embryonic form of modern spinning machinery and adapt to large-scale specialized production. Take spinning hemp as an example, the average spinning wheel can spin at most 3 kilograms a day, and the big spinning wheel can spin 100 kilograms a day and night.

In spinning performance, enough hemp is needed to meet its production capacity. The water spinning wheel is an important invention of applying natural forces to textile machinery in ancient China. For example, in terms of water-powered spinning machines, China was more than four centuries ahead of the West.

Pedal loom is the general name of textile machinery with pedal heald shedding device. There is no reliable historical explanation for the earliest appearance of pedal loom.

According to historical records, the amount of cloth and silks offered by princes in the Warring States period was as high as 100 times that in the Spring and Autumn Period. Combined with the historical materials of Chinese paintings engraved with pedal looms unearthed in recent years, the researchers speculated that the appearance of pedal looms could be traced back to the Warring States period at the earliest. By the Qin and Han dynasties, it had been widely used in the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

Lifting heddle with pedal is an important invention in the history of loom development. It frees the weaver's hands from the heald lifting action and focuses on picking and beating-up, which greatly improves the productivity. Take plain weave fabric as an example, which is 20% higher than the original loom. 60 times, each person can knit 0 per hour.

3? 1 meter. In the18th century, there were two extremely important improvements in the spinning machine.

First, in 1764, British mechanic Zhan Mu? Hargreaves (about 1720? Jenny machine was invented in 1778) (patented in 1770), followed by Richard Hargreaves' brother in 1769? Akelet (1732? 1792). The early Jenny machine turned the spinning wheel by hand, which was mainly used for spinning wool yarn and could weave 8 strands of yarn at the same time.

The spinning machine is driven by water wheel, which is mainly used to spin strong cotton yarn as warp yarn. Samuel, English weaver, 1779? Crompton ( 1753？ 1827) combined the advantages of Jenny machine and worsted machine, and invented the walking-spindle spinning machine, which can spin four 8-ply yarns at the same time.

Because the spindle spinning machine combines the advantages of the early two spinning machines, it is also called the walking spindle spinning machine, which means the "hybrid" offspring of the two spinning machines. The principles of these spinning machines are basically the same. First, spinning fibers, that is, roving, are wound on a rotating spindle and moved to a spindle spinning machine. Spindle spinning machines first draw thin threads, then twist them together to form yarn, and then move back when the yarn is wound on the bobbin.

1828, American John? Thorpe (1784? 1848) cotton was spun on the ring spinning machine after it was invented. In the ring spinning machine, roving passes through a series of high-speed rollers and is drawn into spun yarn. Then each fine yarn passes through the small hole on the "slip ring", twisted into a strand, and twisted when it is wound on the high-speed rotating vertical spinning spindle.

After the weaver gets the yarn, he can use it to weave, which is the main function of the loom. The simplest loom is a frame with a set of parallel fine threads (that is, fabric warp yarns).

The weaver weaves the warp yarn at a vertical angle on the loom with another thin thread (that is, the cloth weft) guided by the shuttle to produce the cloth. The first important improvement is to add some ropes to lift all the warp threads, so that the shuttle can pass through the other end quickly and easily.

Soon, the weaver will introduce the pedal of the loom into the loom to control the lifting rope more conveniently. 1733, British engineer John? Kay (1704? After the invention of the shuttle (about 1780), the working efficiency of the textile industry was greatly improved.

This design enables the weaver to move the shuttle from one end of the cloth to the other more quickly. With the progress of human civilization, mechanical looms have gradually stepped onto the historical stage, initially driven by water power. 1785, British inventor Edmund? Cartwright (1743? 1823) After the invention of the first steam-powered loom, steam power officially replaced water power and became the main power output of textile industry.

Who knows the origin of the loom? The origin of the loom The most primitive textile tool in China was the "long-distance loom" which appeared six or seven thousand years ago.

When weaving, the operator sits on the floor, treads on the warp beam, tightens the weft with the beating-up knife in his right hand and throws the weft thread with his left hand. Of course, because the tools are simple, the weaving efficiency can be imagined.

With the development of productive forces, people successfully invented a single heald loom with both hands and feet during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Although this loom is still very simple and primitive, it is many times faster than the "remote loom" and is already the most advanced loom at that time.

This loom did not appear in Europe until the 6th century, and was not widely used until13rd century. Ordinary looms can only weave plain fabrics, but to weave fabrics with complex patterns, it is necessary to add jacquard devices to looms.

Jacquard machines existed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, and complicated and precise jacquard machines were used in Han Dynasty. However, this jacquard machine is labor-intensive and its production efficiency is not ideal. It takes 60 days to knit a jacquard.

In the early years of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms, Ma Jun of Fufeng (now Xingping, Shaanxi Province) reformed the jacquard machine. The reformed jacquard machine saves labor and time, and the patterns woven are more exquisite, which is quickly popularized.

After continuous improvement in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the jacquard machine was more perfect and stereotyped. The textile industry in the Tang Dynasty was very prosperous, and it was able to weave more than a dozen colorful, exquisite and novel fabrics such as cloth, silk, yarn, silk, cotton and silk.

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What contribution did jacquard loom make in history? A loom with jacquard equipment can weave patterns on fabrics.

In ancient times, ordinary looms used one or two healds (warp lifting parts) to lift odd or even warp yarns at the same time, respectively, to form a shed, so that weft yarns could penetrate and beat up and weave plain fabrics. Simple geometric patterns have been found on silk fabrics in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, complicated and changeable patterns of birds, beasts, dragons and phoenixes appeared in gorgeous brocade and literary talent. Archaeological discoveries of jacquard fabrics in Han Dynasty were mainly made in Wen Qi, Jinwen and Tam.

The circular brocade of the early Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb 197 1 Changsha has a total number of 8800~ 12200, and its organizational structure is quite complicated. The complexity of the loom and the difficulty of weaving work can be imagined. A large jacquard loom in the Han Dynasty, with a flower building installed at the upper part of the loom, the flower puller controls the complicated heddle movement according to the predetermined pattern above, and cooperates with the loom sitting in front of the loom to weave.

This kind of complicated and arduous labor is vividly described in Wang Yi's "Fu on the Machine Woman" in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

On Textile History: China Textile Development History: The ancient textiles in China were made of hemp, silk, wool, cotton and other fibers, which were processed into yarns and then woven (pick-woven), usually called textiles.

Textiles in different periods are one of the yardsticks to measure human progress and civilization development. China mastered textile technology as early as the Neolithic Age.

China's ancient silk and linen textile technology reached a high level and enjoyed a high reputation in the world. Through the spread of silk products on the Silk Road, the ancient Roman Empire first called China "the country of silk".

In the Neolithic age, the double-stranded line of abutilon was discovered at Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province (about 7000 years ago). The unearthed tooth carving cup is engraved with four silkworm threads, and the spinning wheel and spinning machine parts are unearthed. A kind of woven double warp-Luo (twisted together by two warps to form a diamond pattern) was unearthed at Caoxieshan site in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province (about 6000 years ago). Warp density 10/cm, weft density 13~ 14/cm, and the number of grains is 26~28/cm.

The earliest silk fabrics were found in Qingtai Site in Zhengzhou, Henan Province (about 5,500 years ago), including ramie and flax patterns attached to red pottery pieces, silk and fragments attached to skulls, and 10 pieces of red pottery spinning wheels. Exquisite silk fragments (about 5000 years ago) were unearthed from Qianshanyang site in Xing Wu, Zhejiang. The warp and weft density of silk is 48/cm, and the direction of silk is Z- twist. The width of the silk is 5 mm, and it is woven with 16 thick and thin silk thread. The projected width of the steel wire rope is about 3 mm, and it is formed by twisting three tows, with the twisting direction of S and the twist of 35/10 cm.

This shows that silk reeling, winding, splicing and other silk weaving techniques at that time have reached a certain level. At the same time, many pieces of ramie cloth fragments unearthed have a warp density of 24~3 1/cm and a weft density of kloc-0/6 ~ 20/cm, which is further than the ramie textile technology of Caoxieshan grid cloth.

The ancient body discovered at Lop Nur site in Xinjiang was wrapped in coarse wool, and the exquisite wool (3,200 years ago) unearthed at Wubao site in Hami, Xinjiang, was woven into colored stripes with colored threads, indicating that the wool spinning technology has been further developed. Blue-gray cotton (conjoined kapok) cloth (3200 years ago) was unearthed from the ship coffin in Wuyishan, Chong 'an, Fujian, with warp and weft density 14 pieces /cm and S pieces in the warp and weft directions.

Silk and linen fabrics were also unearthed. The above textiles made of natural fibers such as hemp, silk, wool and cotton show that China's textile processing technology has made great progress in the Neolithic Age.

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, with the further development of social economy, the demand for textiles by the royal court increased day by day. Zhou rulers set up official positions related to textiles and mastered the production and collection of textiles.

There are many kinds of silk fabrics in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The fabrics attached to the bronzes unearthed from Taixi site in Gaocheng, Hebei Province are plain wan, wrinkled Luo, twisted Luo and San (2/ 1) rhombic. The silk products attached to the bronze wares of the daughter's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan Province include yarn (silk), silk dyed with vermilion color, double warp and double weft, palindrome and so on. There are also silk ropes, ribbons and other artifacts in Yin Ruins.

Fragments of double-latitude mountain patterns were unearthed from the Western Zhou Tomb in Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, silk fabrics were even more colorful. Geometric tapestries, dragon and phoenix tapestries and flowers filled with swallows were unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, and a large number of splendid products were unearthed from Chu Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province.

Wool products are the most unearthed in Alagou Tomb in Turpan, Xinjiang, and the varieties of colors and textile processing are better than those unearthed in Hami Wubao Site. In the Han Dynasty, silk and linen textiles unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province and Qin Han Tomb in Jiangling, Hubei Province have the largest number and the most complete varieties, including plain yarn single clothes, ear cup ling flowers, bird face flowers, hidden peacock flowers, embossed flowers, velvet loops and so on, weighing only 49 grams.

There are also precious printed silk fabrics such as printed colored yarn and clay gold and silver printed yarn discovered for the first time. The Han Dynasty fabrics unearthed along the Silk Road are even more brilliant.

1959, the robes of "Shiwan Yiru" and gloves and socks of "Children and grandchildren should live a long life" were unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb at Niya Site in Minfeng, Xinjiang. Wool products include hawksbill, grape grains, wool and carpets.

Batik printed cotton cloth and plain cotton cloth were first discovered here. Song Dynasty The textile industry in Song Dynasty developed to 43 states in China, and its center of gravity moved to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

Among silk fabrics, Hua Luo and Qi Ying are the most. More than 200 pieces of clothes with various weaves were unearthed in the Song Dynasty and the tombs. Rib weave structure includes two-warp, three-warp and four-warp plain weave, plain weave, floating weave, twill weave and various twill weave, as well as jacquard weave with thick and thin weft yarns separated.

The patterns in Qi Ying are mainly peony, peony, hibiscus and chrysanthemum. In addition, there are pine, bamboo and plum satin unearthed for the first time.

Printing and dyeing products have developed into a variety of printing technologies, such as clay painting, gold tracing, gold printing, gold pasting and color painting. In the Song Dynasty, Kerou Zhu's "Duck Map in Lotus Lake" was the most exquisite and a world-famous treasure handed down from generation to generation.

Cotton fabric developed rapidly in Song Dynasty, replacing linen fabric and becoming a popular clothing material. Songjiang cotton cloth is known as "the best clothes in the world". During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, brocade (throwing stones) was the most famous textile in the Yuan Dynasty.

1970 Jin Jin unearthed in Xinjiang Salt Lake has a warp diameter of 0. 15mm, a weft diameter of 0.5mm, and warp and weft densities of 52/cm and 48/cm. The warp and weft densities of Jin Jin are 65/cm and 40/cm respectively, which is more gorgeous. Five kinds of regular satin patterns were first unearthed from Yuan Tomb in Zouxian County, Shandong Province.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, three branches of Jiangnan (Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou) produced the highest tribute skills, among which various patterns such as makeup yarn, makeup Luo, makeup brocade and makeup satin had their own characteristics. Sichuan Brocade, Song Brocade, Brocade and Cosmetic Brocade, which are rich in national traditional characteristics, are collectively called "Four Famous Brocades".

1958, tapestries 165 volumes were unearthed from the Ming Tombs in Beijing, with more than 200 robes. It is the first time to find single-sided velvet and double-sided velvet, in which the warp and weft densities of one velvet are 64/cm and 36/cm respectively, and the height of silk wool is 0.2 mm

The production of cotton fabrics has spread all over the country. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the government alone needed/kloc-0.5 million to 20 million pieces of cotton cloth.

What are the records of the textile machines that accelerated the industrial revolution in history? /kloc-in the third century, Europe began to popularize hand-spinning wheels on a large scale, which greatly simplified the spinning work.

It has a leather belt to drive the spindle to rotate. The spinner draws wool from the vertical spinning rod with one hand and turns the spinning wheel with the other. /kloc-In the 6th century, pedals were added to the hand-cranked spinning wheel, so that the spinner could sit down and spin.

In the18th century, there were two extremely important improvements in the spinning machine. The first one is 1764, British mechanic James? Jenny machine invented by Hargreaves (1770 patent), followed by Hargreaves' compatriot Richard? The spinning machine invented by Akelet.

The early Jenny machine turned the spinning wheel by hand, which was mainly used to spin wool yarn and could weave 8 strands of yarn at the same time. The spinning machine is driven by water wheel, which is mainly used to spin strong cotton yarn as warp yarn.

Samuel, English weaver, 1779? Crompton combined the advantages of Jenny machine and worsted machine and invented the spinning machine, which can spin 48 strands of spun yarn at the same time. Because the spindle spinning machine combines the advantages of the early two spinning machines, it is also called the walking spindle spinning machine, which means the "hybrid" offspring of the two spinning machines.

The principles of these spinning machines are basically the same. First, spinning fibers, that is, roving, are wound on a rotating spindle and moved to a spindle spinning machine. Spindle spinning machines first draw thin threads, then twist them together to form yarns, and then move them back when they are wound on the bobbin. 1828, American John? After Thorpe invented the ring spinning machine, cotton was spun on it.

In the ring spinning machine, roving passes through a series of high-speed rollers and is drawn into spun yarn. Then each fine yarn passes through the small hole on the "slip ring" and is twisted into one strand, and then twisted when it is wound on the vertical spinning spindle rotating at high speed. After the weaver gets the yarn, he can use it to weave, which is the main function of the loom.

The simplest loom is a frame with a set of parallel fine threads (that is, fabric warp yarns). The weaver uses another thin thread guided by the shuttle (that is, cloth weft) to weave warp yarns at a vertical angle on the loom to produce cloth.

The first important improvement is to add some ropes to lift all the warp threads, so that the shuttle can pass through the other end quickly and easily. Soon, the weaver will pull the pedal of the loom into the loom, and it will be more convenient to control the lifting rope.

1733, British engineer John? After Kay invented the shuttle, the working efficiency of the textile industry was greatly improved. This design enables the weaver to move the shuttle from one end of the cloth to the other more quickly.

With the progress of human civilization, mechanical looms have gradually stepped onto the historical stage, initially driven by water power. 1785, British inventor Edmund? After Cartwright invented the first steam-powered loom, steam power officially replaced water power and became the main power output of textile industry.