Metaphor in Classical Poetry (2)

The Yuan Dynasty was a deformed era in which backward productive forces ruled advanced civilized society. The rulers of Yuan and Mongolia attached importance to craftsmen with practical skills and despised the literati of the superstructure. What happened? Eight prostitutes, nine scholars and ten beggars? In short, Confucianism is inferior to prostitutes. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, the Han scholar-officials were reduced to the lower class, associating with singing and dancing prostitutes, and they had psychological loss and resistance: on the one hand, they wandered around the rivers and lakes and did not cooperate with the rulers, on the other hand, they comforted themselves by the experience of the sages of past dynasties, resulting in many secondary works that saw through the world and fled from right and wrong, such as Guan Hanqing's Lu Nan? Four jade pieces? Leisure:? Relax, lock your heart and jump out of the world of mortals. Who was shocked by Huaiyin's afternoon dream? Leave vanity fair, enter the comfort zone, and have fun? ; Ma Zhiyuan's Double Tone Night Boat? In Qiu Si, there is a saying: It takes a sleep to stick to it, and everything keeps going when the chicken crows. When is the time for fame and fortune? Ants lined up and bees randomly collected honey, causing flies to compete for blood. Ling Tao Anbaili Society Peigong Lvye Hall. Those who like Qiu Lai: picking yellow flowers with dew, boiling purple crabs with frost, and boiling red leaves with wine. Life is limited, and there are several Double Ninth Festival. Tell my urchin reporter: Then I came to Beihai to see me, and Daodongli was drunk? ; George's "Two Tones Selling Flowers"? Enlightenment cloud:? Iron is made in the liver and intestines furnace, butterflies are placed on the pillow in the middle of the night, and snakes are famous in the wine. The fierce wind is snowing, the broken cups are cold and dry, and the thatched cottage is covered with lights? . They all expressed these scholars' thorough understanding of fame and fortune, the way of the world and their determination not to collude with others. In poetry, all kinds of things are used as metaphors to explain things and manage things.

Secondly, the classification of metaphor.

In the history of China's literary criticism, Chen Yi in the Song Dynasty was the first to classify metaphors. In Wen Ze, he divides metaphors into ten types: simile, metaphor, simile, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor, metaphor and metaphor. This classification is too complicated. Now it is generally divided into simile, metaphor (metaphor), metonymy (musical metaphor) and metaphor. In addition, some scholars divide the objects of comparison into? Metaphorically speaking? 、? Metaphor with things? 、? Metaphor with others? And then what? Metaphor people by things? Four categories.

(A) from the metaphorical way.

1, simile

That is, things to be compared and things to be compared appear and are connected by metaphor. What are the common metaphors? Elephant? 、? Like what? 、? Like what? 、? Like what? 、? Same? 、? Like? Wait a minute. For example, "Feng Wei? Shuoren describes a beautiful woman:? The hands are soft, the skin is solidified, the neck is like a salamander, and the teeth are like rhinoceros. Smile and expect? , using similes.

In China's classical poems, there are many poems that use similes, such as? Treading on thin ice? (The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Xiaowen), Died of national disaster, sudden death? (Cao Zhi's White Horse)? I don't know who cut off the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors. (He Zhangzhi's Singing Willow)? Why is August in Zhejiang like this? The waves seem to spray snow on the mountains. (Li Bai's Hengjiang Ci)? Tender as water, like a dream, reluctant to go home? (Qin Guan's joyful yarn)? Free flying flowers are as light as dreams, and endless silk rain is as fine as sorrow? ,? The river is floating, and the mountain is like a jade? (Han Yu, "Send Dr. Yan from Guizhou to use Nanyin")? Yu Xia scattered into yee, Chengjiang quiet as practice? (Xie Tiao's "Going to Three Mountains and Returning to Beijing Late")? Alone at the bottom of the river, moonlight is like water, like water? (Zhao Wei's "Feeling Old on the River Building"), the mountain wind blows the empty forest, as if someone is whispering? (Cen Can's Walking in Late Autumn)? There are tens of millions of buildings in Ande, which greatly protect all the smiles of the poor in the world, and the wind and rain are as quiet as mountains. (Du Fu's "The Hut Was Blown by Autumn Wind")? The road is as wide as the blue sky, but there is no way out before my eyes? It is difficult for Li Bai to go? Stay away from hate like spring grass, but you can live farther and farther. (Li Yu's "Qingpingle")? How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward? Yu Meiren of Li Yu? Clouds coming to the mountains are better, and clouds going to the mountains are picturesque? (Zhang, "The Wild Goose in the Second Tune Wins").

2. Metaphor

Metaphor is also called? Metaphor? Unlike similes: similes are used? Elephant? 、? Like what? 、? Like what? 、? Same? Isoadverb is the connection between vehicle and ontology, and metaphor has no such conjunction. Although it is concrete, it is not clear. For example, in Peacock Flying Southeast? You are a rock, and my concubine is a reed. Puwei line, such as silk, rock without turning? . What are the first two sentences? You are a rock and I am a reed? With what? Rock? And then what? Pu Wei? In contrast, there are no adverbs between vehicles and figurative words? Elephant? 、? Like what? 、? Like what? Equality is related, so it is a metaphor; The third sentence? Puwei thread is like silk? This is a simile.

In China's classical poems, there are also many poems that use metaphors, such as? Humayi north wind, crossing the south branch of the nest? (nineteen ancient poems)? If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, is there a piece of ice heart in the jade pot? (Wang Changling's Parting with Xin Jian at Furong Inn)? May your senior be relaxed, but don't be full of peaches and plums? (Li Bai's "Two Royal Yellow Clothes for Wei")? After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold? (Du Fu's "Spring Hope")? Dark clouds can't cover mountains, but white rain jumps over boats? (1 27, Su Shi's Drunk Book at Wanghu Building)? Chun Xue is full of air, touching this place like flowers? (Oriental Qiu,)? Like the spring wind, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees? Song of Snow in Cen Can's Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home? At sunrise, the river is redder than fire, and in spring, the river is as green as blue? (Bai Juyi's Memory of Jiangnan)? Thousands of trees bloom in the easterly night (Xin Qiji's Jade Case). The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind blows, and the life experience is raining? (Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Ocean)? Naturally, people hate water when they grow up. (Li Yu's Crying at Night)? Am I a copper pea that can't be steamed, boiled, hammered, fried or popped? (Guan Hanqing, A Flower in Lu Nan? Don't be old ") and so on.

3. Metonymy

Also known as Quyu. Metonymy is a more implicit metaphor than metaphor, with no trace of metaphor at all, not only between the vehicle and the ontology? Elephant? 、? Like what? 、? Like what? 、? Same? As an association between vehicle and ontology, equality adverbs do not even appear in ontology. Wei Qingzhi called this in The Poet's Jade Chips? Exotic sentences? What are the characteristics? Compare things with meaning, not with words? Take the poems of poets and monks as an example: there is no such thing as poetry: Listening to the rain is colder, and the leaves are deep? It is the fallen leaves that are louder than the rain. Say it again: Trees in the sun, mountains burning in autumn? Is the sun burning far? . Su Shi's Wang Fuxiu Mansion says:? It is not surprising that awe-inspiring people dare to bully each other. Rooted in the grave, without bending, there are only dragon thorns in the world? It is called writing loose, which is a metaphor for Wang Fu's character. This is a metaphor. Meng Jiao's Ode to a Wanderer? But how much love there is in that inch-long grass, have you got three rays of spring? It is also a metaphor, bathing the grass with spring sunshine, which means that the mother nurtures her children to grow up.

Classical poets in China often use metaphors to highlight their emotions or themes, such as Yu Qian's Ode to Coal in Ming Dynasty. Digging for black gold, saving Yang is meaningful. The fire rekindled into spring, and the furnace shone all night. Ding yiyuan relies on power and pays attention to the stone after death. I hope all people are full of warmth and take pains to walk out of the mountains? "The Song of Lime": A thousand hammers hit the mountain, and the fire burns like a long time; I don't care if it's broken. Do you want to remain innocent in this world? It is a metaphor that coal is tirelessly used for the warmth of the people; Ode to Lyme is a confession that I am willing to die for innocence and integrity. Another example? Sometimes, raise my muddy sail and sail in the deep sea? (Li Bai's It's Hard to Go); ? Warm and smooth her creamy skin. (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow); ? Peach and plum in the city are worried about the wind and rain, and shepherd's purse is spent in the stream in spring? (Xin Qiji's "Partridge Sky"); ? There are many fish in the sea. (Su Shi, "Liang Zhu? Dai Fu "),? When will the carved fence be ready? It's not just the fence that makes people old. It's even sadder to promote waste for a hundred years. You know the grass is going to become a pool. (Su Shi's Hokkeji Hengcui Pavilion); ? But all living beings are full and sick? Li Gang's sick cow; ? Sang Yu, don't say it's too late, it's still full of clouds. (Liu Yuxi's "The Difference of Rewarding Lotte") Although it is hard, it is difficult to blow out the wild sand before reaching the gold. (Liu Yuxi's "Langtaosha"; ? Wild chrysanthemums and wild moss each cast money, and gold and copper compete for beauty. Yao Gongzhi and the poor poet only buy sorrow but not land? (Yang Wanli's "Play Pen"); ? It is better to hold incense in the branches and wait for death than to blow it into the north wind. (Zheng Sixiao painted chrysanthemums); ? Don't let people praise, let the air be full of dry Kun? (Mo Mei of Wang Mian); ? Falling red is not heartless, but turning into spring mud can protect flowers better? (Gong Zizhen's Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems).

4. Metaphor

That is, multiple metaphors are used repeatedly to illustrate the same ontology.

Metaphors are divided into two categories: one is to describe a certain aspect of a thing with various metaphors, such as Su Shi's "Hundred Steps of Flood", in which various metaphors are used to describe the downward flow direction of the flood. Like rabbits walking falcons, horses betting on steep slopes, broken strings and arrows off the column, and flying electric balls overturning? . Seven images are used in four sentences to describe the urgency of water. Another example is Li Bai's Answer to the Twelve Cold Nights of the King: "Yang Zhe" and "Yellow Flower" are popular, while Jin Jun listens to the piano and rejects "Green Pepper". Who will like Ba Man and Yangchun? Chu also came to the base of Qipu Army? He also expressed sympathy for Wang Shier's Five Kinds of Songs and Jingshan Jade allusions. The other is to use a variety of metaphors to illustrate all aspects of a thing, which is often seen in poems describing music, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing:? The big string hummed like rain, and the small string whispered like a secret, hummed and whispered-and then mixed together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade. Guan Ying's words were slippery. We heard a stream sobbing painfully along the beach. By checking its cold touch, the string seemed to be broken, and slaves would never rest. Don't have an affair. Say more in silence than in voice. With a stream of water, the iron-clad sword shot out, and a silver vase suddenly broke. Moreover, before she put down the pick, she only played it once, and the four strings made a sound, just like tearing silk? . Poets use it? Urgent rain? Comparison of heavy playing in pipa performance. Whisper? Metaphor is a flick in pipa playing. Like pouring pearls, big and small, into a plate of jade? It's a metaphor for hitting hard and hitting light. Is the flower bottom slippery? Describe the smooth state of music. Is it difficult to flow down the throat spring? It is a metaphor for the stagnant state in music, that is, using various metaphors to describe all aspects of pipa performance. Another example is Han Yu listening to Ying Shi play the piano: What about children? Jealousy is just like you. The brave men rowed gorgeous paddles and walked towards the enemy's battlefield. Eee logo turned into a floating cloud, you don't have to wander around the endless road. Songbirds, suddenly see a lone phoenix? , use? What about children's language, resentment and resentment? Metaphor is a deep and lingering paradise; Use? Rowing grandly, the Warriors went to the enemy field? Metaphor impassioned piano; Use? Clouds and catkins have no roots, and heaven remains our neighbourhood. Metaphor melodious piano sound; Use? Songbirds, suddenly see a lone phoenix? It is a metaphor for the emergence of the main theme in the tune. Besides, it's like Li Jie's "Listen to Wan An playing the cymbals": it's like the rustling of old cypress trees and the chirping of nine young phoenixes. It's like a dragon singing and a tiger roaring and generate at the same time, and it's like the autumn sound of spring in autumn. Suddenly it turned into a small, tragic, sudden dark cloud that turned the sky from flying to flying. They have become spring on the willows again, just like the flowers in the royal garden, so beautiful that people can shine at the moment? ; Listening to Hu Jia played by Dongda University, he sent a message to the room: the sound of scattered birds is like the silence of Wan Liyun. An abandoned fledgling wild goose weeps for its flock, and a Tatar child weeps for his beloved mother? It seems that Princess Wusun is far away from home, like Princess Xu Wencheng's feud. ? Like a long wind shaking the forest, a heavy rain breaking the tiles. A wild deer flew over the treetops in the air, calling its companion. He's running in the mansion? ; Yuan Zhen pipa:? The ice spring whimpers, and the warbler is hoarse. Because of this, I played the rain bell, and the wind and rain were gloomy. The moon is cold and the sound is broken. Millions of golden bells turn to jade plates? Apes sing snow to the Three Gorges and cranes smell the clear sky. Wandering and playing six tricks, the frost knife breaks the bamboo without residue. You Guan crow ran over Hu Yan's sorrow, and the string fault cracked? ; Li Shen's sorrow for outstanding talents:? Flowers fly in the sky, and Pei returns to the temple to fly. Striking the strings makes a new sound, and the golden bell is in harmony with Yu Pei. Yingying's mother and son fly in the forest, and the cranes are full of bright moons? Did Hu Yan fly into the sky after cold spring injection and long-term boiling of water? Wait a minute. Metaphors are also used to compare various musical situations.

As for other poems, for example, Li Bai's Answer to the Twelve Cold Nights of the King: Han Xin is ashamed of crimson than red, and ashamed of chasing after death. If you don't go to Beihai, Li See, where is the heroic spirit? Didn't you see Pei Shangshu, the three-foot wormwood thorn living in the earth grave? This is also a metaphor. The first two metaphors are to encourage Wang 12 to maintain integrity, not to be equated with secular villains seeking fame and gain; The latter two metaphors mean that even a sage will be loess, and Wang Twelve is asked to look down on his fame.