The Origin of Chestnut Varieties

Xinglong Chestnut, also known as JD.COM Chestnut, is named after its location in JD.COM. Known for its unique flavor and rich nutrition, it is fragrant, sweet, waxy, easy to peel, bright in color, sweet and mellow, and has long enjoyed a good reputation in domestic and foreign markets. JD.COM chestnut, especially the chestnut produced in the Yanshan Mountains of JD.COM, is also called "Yanshan chestnut" and "Qianxi chestnut" in the international market. The main chestnut producing areas in JD.COM are located in Xinglong, Zunhua and Qianxi areas of Hebei Province. It is famous for its beautiful fruit shape and unique flavor, and it is one of the most competitive foreign exchange earning products. )

Xinglong chestnut has a long history. As early as the Book of Songs and Historical Records, there were records of "hazel chestnuts on trees" and "chestnuts on trees in Yanqin County, man and Wan Huhou".

Xinglong chestnut has high nutritional value and contains protein, fat, sugar and starch. In addition, it is rich in carotene, ascorbic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. The book "Agricultural Policy" says: "It is hardly empty talk that the so-called chestnut thick stomach tonifies the kidney and makes people hungry." Therefore, chestnut has been a traditional fruit that China people like very much since ancient times.

Wang Anshi, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem to his grandson Wu Di, which said, "Young people love pears, but when they grow up, they have to read the Five Classics." . In Qing dynasty, people called this kind of sugar-fried chestnut with unique flavor "sugar-fragrant chestnut". There is still a poem in Beijing that sings "Stir-fried chestnuts with sugar": "Heap chestnuts and stir-fry them deep yellow, guests come to talk about wine for a long time, and the cold lamp is half full, and the fragrant sugar door shouts." Xinglong chestnut can not only be eaten raw and cooked, but also processed into canned chestnut chicken, chestnut soup, chocolate, milk powder substitutes, preserved chestnut and other flavor foods, as well as fillings for various cakes.

Xinglong chestnut is known as "hard-core crop" and has high economic value. It is one of the most advantageous local products for agricultural and sideline products export in Hebei Province. 20 1 1 year, the county's total output is 60 158 tons, ranking first at the county level in China.

With the approval of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Xinglong County was included in the protection scope of chestnut geographical indication products in JD.COM. Chestnut planting in Kuancheng, Hebei Province can be traced back to the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a history of more than 3,000 years. It is said that in the forty-fifth year of Kangxi, Kangxi passed by He Kuancheng, and the chestnuts were ripe. After eating them, they praised "the world is delicious". Today, the county's chestnut planting area is 800,000 mu, and there are 26 million chestnut trees. Among them, there are 6,543,800 ancient chestnut trees over a hundred years old, and the oldest existing chestnut tree was planted in 654.38+ 0303, which is known as "the king of chestnut in China".

Chestnut planting has been the leading industry of Kuancheng agriculture since ancient times. Chestnut is called "hard core crop" and "woody grain" and is one of the main food sources for local residents. The economic benefits brought by chestnut account for more than 80% of local agricultural income. The local people regard chestnuts as a symbol of good luck, and they should give chestnuts to each other on important occasions such as learning from teachers, birthdays and weddings to show their blessings. There are countless historical legends, folk etiquette and literary works about chestnut, which show the rich and colorful chestnut culture.

According to the Regulations on the Administration of Marks of Origin and its implementation measures, Kuancheng chestnut was listed as a national geographical indication product by the AQSIQ in 2003. 20 14 was recognized as the second batch of important agricultural cultural heritage protection by the Ministry of Agriculture on May 29th.

Kuancheng traditional chestnut cultivation system is a sustainable ecological agricultural production model. People build trenches and terraces according to the terrain, plant chestnuts, intercrop crops under the forest, raise poultry, and cultivate chestnuts and mushrooms with cut branches. Traditional chestnut orchards use physical and biological methods to control diseases, insects and weeds, forming a compound production system of terraced fields, chestnuts, crops and poultry. Chestnut trees and other surrounding vegetation together form a unique mountain landscape, which plays an important role in soil and water conservation and water conservation. Kuancheng chestnut is cultivated by traditional methods, and grows in a natural environment with abundant sunshine, large temperature difference between day and night, and rich iron in soil, forming a unique quality of bright color, soft and sweet, which is known as "China chestnut is in Hebei, and Hebei chestnut is in Kuancheng".

According to the requirements of national important agricultural cultural heritage protection, Kuancheng county government has formulated special planning and management measures to protect and develop the traditional chestnut cultivation system. Through the protection of ancient chestnut trees, the innovation of business model and the development of leisure agriculture, the problems of increasing farmers' income, sustainable development of agriculture and heritage protection are fundamentally solved. Dandong chestnut is produced in Dandong City, Liaoning Province. Chestnut planting in Dandong began in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Chestnuts can be eaten raw, fried with sugar, roasted, canned, ground into cakes and cooked with a spoon. It contains sugar, protein, fat and vitamins, and has high nutritional and economic value. From June 5, 2006 to February, 2006, AQSIQ approved the protection of geographical indication products of Dandong chestnut.

Dandong chestnut is the dominant economic forest tree species in Dandong area, which is mainly cultivated in mountainous areas and cultivated in flat land with a small amount of development. The total number of chestnut plants reached more than 65 million. Among them, trees over 40 years old were mainly planted in the 1960s, with about 6,543,800+million trees. Chestnut trees of 20-30 years old were mainly planted in 1980s, about10.50 billion. Since 1990s, the planting area of chestnut in Dandong has expanded rapidly. By 2002, the number of chestnut plants had increased by more than 30 million in more than ten years. The main varieties are Jinhua, Wang Yue, Danze, Liping, Mo You, Tu60, 9 1 13, 92 10 and so on. The area of improved chestnut varieties reached 3.82× 104 hectare.

Chestnut planting covers every township (town) in the city, and there are 38 townships (towns) with an area of over 10,000 mu. The most famous towns and villages are: Hongqi Town, Lan Qi Town and Dongtang Town in Fengcheng; Chang 'an Town, Tangchi Town and Crossstreet Town in Donggang; Gu Lou Zizhen, Daxicha Township and Bu da yuan xiang in Kuandian. Among more than 32,000 chestnut growers, there are 1 0.5 million households with annual income exceeding 5,000 yuan, and there are more than10.0 million households with annual income exceeding110,000 yuan. There are 18 chestnut processing enterprises in the city with an annual processing capacity of 20,000 tons. The main processed products are peeled chestnut rice, and 95% of the processed products are sold to Japan, accounting for 30% of China's chestnut products exported to Japan. Dandong has become the largest chestnut production, processing and export base in the national municipal districts.

In 2005, the comprehensive sales income of chestnut (original product) and its processed products in the whole city reached more than 400 million yuan, and the per capita income in rural areas only increased by more than 300 yuan, making it a pillar industry to increase farmers' income and increase agricultural efficiency. Kuandian County and fengcheng city were named as national economic forest demonstration counties (cities) by the state, and donggang city was named as chestnut base county (city) by the provincial government. Dandong chestnut is famous for its excellent quality. Its fruit is large, white in color, good in taste, not cracked, easy to process and high in comprehensive value. Its pulp contains about 40% water, including 5.7- 10.7% in protein, 5-7.4% in fat, 50% in starch, and vitamin A, vitamin B 1 and vitamin B. ★ China is the hometown of chestnut, and its cultivation history can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. There is a cloud in the Book of Songs: "Chestnuts are outside the east gate, not in the garden, so the trees are also in the street"; Zuo Zhuan also recorded that "chestnut trees are also on the surface", indicating that chestnut trees had been planted in gardens or used as street trees at that time.

★ Lu Chunqiu records that "if there are three beauties, there is a chestnut in the mountain." "Jishan Chestnut" refers to the chestnut produced in Yanshan Mountains today. According to the Regulations on the Protection of Geographical Indications in 2007, the chestnuts produced in the administrative area of Shicheng Town and other 10 towns in Miyun County, Beijing are authentic Yanshan chestnuts. Chestnut is widely distributed in many countries and all parts of China, but only Yanshan chestnut is one of the three beauties, which is determined by local high-quality water resources, rich minerals in soil and specific climatic conditions.

★ During the Three Kingdoms period, Lu Ji's "Shi Mao Grass, Trees, Fish and Insects" said: "All five parties have chestnuts. ..... Only Yuyang and Fanyangli are sweet and lasting, and the other is not as good. " Yuyang is the southwest of Miyun County today, and Fanyang is the east of Zhuoxian County and Yixian County. It can be seen that Yanshan area has long been a famous chestnut producing area.

★ Chestnuts are rich in nutrition and have the reputation of "king of dried fruits". Sugar-fried chestnuts began in the Song Dynasty. After autumn, the fragrance of chestnuts just out of the pot floats in the street, attracting passers-by. Men, women and children like this snack. When eaten in the mouth, it is fragrant and memorable. From a very early time, people in Beijing and Tianjin, who are still praised for sugar-fried chestnuts, chanted: "Chestnuts are fried in deep yellow, and guests will talk about wine for a long time." In the middle of the night, the light was half lit and the door shouted' Sweet'.

★ Historical records: Put the sand into iron pot, add caramel and stir-fry on the fire, and throw chestnuts into it and stir-fry. Mature chestnuts are reddish brown, and the fruits are loose, soft and sweet after shelling, which is a snack treasure. Stir-fried chestnuts show a cute little mouth on the shell and smile at the guests. After peeling off the shell, the fragrance will escape from the warm body and go straight to your nose, throat and stomach. According to "Analysis of Tianjin Diary", Su Qin said that although it is not cultivated, it is enough to date chestnuts. In the Tang Dynasty, Fan Yang was a local tribute. Today, Yanjing Store and autumn are all blasted with miscellaneous stones. Chestnuts are smaller than those in the south, but they taste quite sweet, so they are famous for their royal chestnuts.

★ In the Qing Dynasty, Guo said in the Book of Printing Hall: "I came to the capital and saw a woodpot outside the city gate. One person is on the fire, the other is sitting high on the machine, and the long iron spoon is often stirred to make it even. " Describe the scene of frying chestnuts very vividly and concretely. However, the key to stir-frying chestnuts with sugar in Beijing is still eight words: "Mix sugar to make coarse sand" to achieve the ideal effect of "full solid, extremely soft and brittle shell, slightly peeled hands, easy separation of shell and meat but non-sticky skin".

Yanshan Mountain is a famous mountain range in northern China. Chestnut planting in this area began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with a history of more than 2,000 years. Yanshan chestnut was loved by the courts of past dynasties because of its thin skin and sweet taste. In Xiwanzi Village, Shicheng Town, Yanshan area, there are chestnut trees all over the mountain, and there are hundreds of chestnut trees over a hundred years old, so it is called "Yanshan chestnut source". Chestnut is produced in all counties in Qinba Mountain area of southern Shaanxi, but Zhen 'an chestnut is the most famous. Zhen 'an chestnut is mainly produced in Zhen 'an, Ningshan, Zhashui, Chang 'an, Feng Dan, Yang Shan, Ningshan and other counties in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province. Ningshan county has the largest output and the best quality of Zhen 'an.

There is an excellent chestnut growth line on the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, and many cities and counties in Shaanxi Province are on this growth line. Zhen 'an is in the thickest part of this line, so Zhen 'an is called "the hometown of chestnut in China" by China. There are big chestnuts planted all over Zhen 'an, Shaanxi Province, which have a long-standing reputation, especially in Shizhen and Huilong. The planting area of chestnut in the county is more than 50 thousand mu, including 30 thousand mu of chestnut forest belt, with an annual output of more than 800 thousand Jin. Today, Shangluo area has grown to 410.5 million mu, and chestnut base has been built1.10.4 million mu.

Zhen 'an chestnut was identified as Zhen 'an 1 by Shaanxi Provincial Tree Variety Identification Committee in June 5438+February 2005, and was identified by the State Forestry Administration in 2006. It has many excellent characteristics and has been popularized throughout the country. Excellent varieties, with large particles, plump chestnuts, bright colors, exquisite appearance, easy peeling, tender meat, strong waxy, sweet and delicious, high sugar content and rich nutrition. Raw food is crisp and sweet, and cooked food is waxy and fragrant. Because of its excellent quality, it is not only a commodity in short supply in the domestic market, but also a traditional bulk export native product in Shaanxi Province.

In order to protect the brand of Zhen 'an chestnut, the Chestnut Industry Office of Zhen 'an Forestry Bureau applied for registration of "Zhen 'an" brand chestnut trademark in 2006. 30,000 mu of organic chestnut base has been built in Jiezi, Bronze and Chaiping. In 2005, it was certified by Yangling Organic Food Certification Center of Northwest A&F University, making Zhen 'an chestnut the first to enter the ranks of organic chestnut food in China. 20 10 After many efforts, the origin protection measures were implemented for Zhen 'an chestnut, and more than 200,000 mu of origin protection bases were established, which really protected the brand of Zhen 'an chestnut. "Silkworms spin silk, bees make honey, trees extract oil and mountains produce chestnuts", which is the pride of Luotian people in Dabie Mountain area in eastern Hubei Province and the pride of getting rich. Li Xin Chestnut, Sanlifan Town, Chestnut Kingdom.

Chestnuts in this county were planted artificially before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are many varieties, unique color and taste, and the origin is distributed all over the county, but its products are sold as "Luotian Chestnut".

Chestnut kernel in Luotian contains starch, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins A, B, C and B2. The content of protein is 30% higher than that of rice, and the fat is 20 times higher than that of rice.

The unique quality and reputation of Luotian chestnut attracted many foreigners. Professor Lawton from Australian University visited Luotian, not far from Wan Li. After on-the-spot investigation of chestnut varieties in Luotian, he believed that Luotian was the gene bank of chestnut in the world, and actively introduced American businessmen to Luotian, China to develop chestnut series products. Experts from Japan, Canada, Italy and other countries have visited Luotian for more than 20 times and were amazed at the quality of its chestnuts. It is said that Japanese chestnut imported from Luotian is processed into chestnut food with unique flavor and called ginseng fruit.

Undoubtedly, Luotian chestnut has gone global. Luotian people are not only satisfied with the production of fresh chestnuts, but also pay attention to the deep processing of chestnuts. The county has built 5 chestnut fresh-keeping warehouses and more than 200 small canneries; The next step is to develop new products such as boiled chestnut nectar, quick-frozen chestnut powder, preserved chestnut, chestnut mutton soup, chestnut juice, chestnut mushroom and so on. When these chestnut products come out, Luotian will become a world-famous chestnut kingdom in the near future. "China chestnut belongs to JD.COM, and JD.COM chestnut belongs to the West".

Qianxi County is located at the southern foot of Yanshan Mountain, at the foot of the Great Wall and on the Luanhe River. Qianxi chestnut is a traditional characteristic agricultural product in Hebei Province, which has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years. Its unique soil and climate conditions have created its excellent taste and flavor. Products are mainly sold to the United States, Japan, South Korea, Hongkong and Taiwan Province, as well as more than 60 large and medium-sized cities in China, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian, Shenzhen and Kunming, which are deeply loved by consumers at home and abroad.

Qianxi chestnut has beautiful appearance, bright color and no adhesion to endothelium; Nuts are beige, waxy, sweet and have excellent taste; It is rich in vitamins, carotene, amino acids and trace elements such as iron and calcium, and has health-care effects such as nourishing stomach, invigorating spleen, tonifying kidney and caring skin. It has the reputation of "Pearl" and "Purple Jade" in the East, and is called "the best food in China" by Li Gan people.

Chestnut in Qianxi grows in a pure natural wild state, without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and farmers harvest it naturally. Chestnut has good maturity, high sugar content, storage resistance and less moth-eaten. The cultivated area of chestnut in Qianxi is 600,000 mu, with 30 million plants, all of which have passed the certification of pollution-free fruit origin in Hebei Province, with an annual output of more than 20,000 tons. In 2004, Qianxi County won the "National Top Ten Chestnut Industry County Special Award"; In 2005, the certification trademark of "Qianxi Chestnut" was awarded "Famous Trademark of Hebei Province". Chestnut is a famous specialty in Shuhe Village, Shaodian Town, xinyi city. It is one of the key chestnut producing areas in China with a history of over a hundred years. Shaodian Town is called "the first chestnut town in China". Actively introduce a number of high-quality chestnut varieties, such as Jiaozha, Qingzha, Chushuhong and October Red, and organize chestnut experts to formulate and improve four chestnut production standards according to international and domestic advanced technology and local conditions, such as Standards for Pollution-free Boutique Chestnut Demonstration Park, Key Technologies for High-quality Chestnut Production, Calendar for Pollution-free Prevention and Control of Chestnut Diseases and Pests, and Operating Rules for Chestnut Standardized Production Management Technology.

According to the principle of typical demonstration and scale development, establish three-level demonstration parks in cities, towns and villages; Organize scientific and technical personnel to go deep into the fields and conduct face-to-face training; The chestnut produced in each project area was randomly selected, and a perfect monitoring system was established, which promoted the continuous development of standardized production of chestnut in the project area. Shaodian Town, a pollution-free agricultural product, was praised as "the first chestnut town in China Plain" by experts from China Academy of Forestry.

Shaodian chestnut can be divided into oil chestnut and hairy chestnut. Among them, Shaodian Big Oil Chestnut is the best, with large grains (about 40 grains per catty), shiny color, loose meat, sweet taste and big glutinous. After twice seed selection, Xinyi Jiuzeng, Sijihong and Panlong chestnuts were selected successively, which were confirmed as regional development varieties by provincial acceptance and popularized inside and outside the province. Shaoguan Chestnut participated in the 1983 National Exhibition of Achievements in the Construction of Export Commodity Production Bases and won the honorary certificate of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. Over the past decade, the export volume of Shaodian chestnut has been expanding, selling well in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and other countries and regions. Japanese businessmen named Shaodian chestnut Judas chestnut, which enjoys a high reputation in the international market.

There are also many chestnuts in Guangxi, and Longan County, a suburb of Nanning, has a good reputation as the hometown of chestnuts. alder

Japanese chestnut

American chestnut

Pearl chestnut

China chestnut

American hazelnut chestnut

American dwarf chestnut

European chestnut

C. Seghini