Guizhou Ethnic Culture

Guizhou ethnic minorities can sing and dance well, and their traditional music and dance are colorful. The music of Guizhou's ethnic groups is not only varied, but also unique. The following is a brief introduction to the songs of some of the major ethnic minorities in Guizhou Province.

1. Miao

(1) Songs

The songs of the Miao can be divided into several kinds, such as flying songs, traveling songs, custom songs, narrative songs and ritual songs. "Flying songs" is a characteristic genre of Miao music, mostly sung in the mountains, forests and fields. It is characterized by a high pitch, a majestic atmosphere, a wide range of free rhythms, and a great deal of melodic ups and downs. Some regions are divided into men's and women's flying songs, and are divided into two types of high and flat cavities. Flying song theme content is extremely wide, known as the treasure of the Miao singing art.

(2) Musical instruments The most famous Miao musical instrument is the reed-sheng. Leishan County, Paika Village and Kerry City, Xinguang Village is known as a professional village of reed-sheng production. Other musical instruments include the mango, suona, tuba, xiao, bamboo flute, mouth harp, ancient dipper, erhu, sihu, wooden drums, copper drums, leather drums, large sieve gongs, big gongs, big gongs, baggao gongs, big shackles, small shackles, wooden leaves, etc. According to their functions, Miao instrumental music is the most famous one. According to their functions, Miao instrumental music can be divided into two categories: ceremonial and living. The former consists of a combination of instruments, and the latter is mostly solo.

2. Buyei

The music of the Buyei can be divided into two categories: vocal music and instrumental music.

(1) Songs

Based on the use of lyrics, Buyi folk songs can be divided into Buyi language folk songs and Chinese folk songs.

Based on the content and singing occasions, they can be divided into love songs, production and labor songs and custom songs.

(2) Musical Instruments

Buyi musical instruments include copper drums, suona, "Le You", "Le Lang", "Pen Pipe", sister xiao, pairs of xiao, cow bone hu, huluqin, flute, Yueqin, drums, gongs, gongs, gongs, gongs, cymbals, small cymbals, and wooden leaves. Their performance forms are solo, repertoire, ensemble, blowing and so on.

3. The Servo People

(1) Songs The Servo people are divided into two dialect areas, south and north, with Jinping as the boundary. The music styles of the two dialect areas are very different.

A. Northern Dong

The folk songs of the northern part of the Dong include mountain songs, play songs, riverside songs, songs of good deeds (wine songs), and songs to accompany the marriage, etc. The songs have a wide range of themes and rich contents. The songs have a wide range of themes and are rich in content. Most of them are sung in pairs and in the form of mutual disk songs. Playing mountain songs is a song for young men and women to exchange their thoughts and feelings and pour out their love. This kind of song has a high and broad melody, passionate and unrestrained, wide range, free rhythm and rich in changes. Good thing song is sung at the banquet song, tunes vary from place to place, in general, the melody is smooth and elegant. Marriage song is a month or more before the girl's wedding, with the same family, with the village of the girls to accompany the bride sang songs. In addition, filial piety songs also have certain characteristics.

B. Southern Dong

The traditional culture of the Dong ethnic group in the southern region is more complete, and its music has strong ethnic characteristics. The music of this region can be broadly categorized into big songs, small songs, ritual songs and narrative songs. The dagongs are songs sung collectively by singing groups, with the main melody in the low register and the high register changed by the flower in the beginning of the song. Dagongs have a strict structure and a fixed pattern. There are many kinds of dagongs, including drum tower dagongs, narrative dagongs, children's dagongs, women's dagongs and mixed dagongs. The multi-voice a cappella song is the most distinctive musical form of the Dong, and it has been performed abroad many times and become famous overseas. The content of small songs is mainly love songs. These songs are short in structure, with subtle and affectionate lyrics and melodious tunes, and are mostly sung by young men and women in soft and slow voices. There are two kinds of songs with and without instrumental accompaniment.

(2) Musical Instruments

The Dong musical instruments mainly include the pipa, the ox-legged zither, the lusheng, the Dong flute, the suona, the erhu, the gongs and drums, the cymbals, and the wooden leaves. There are several ways to play solo, accompaniment and repertoire.

4. Water

(1) Songs

The folk songs of the water tribe are mainly divided into double songs, single songs, tune lyrics, " Jie-O-Ya ", children's songs, etc. Double songs are divided into toasts, congratulations, and children's songs. Double songs are divided into toasts, congratulations, narrative double songs and allegorical double songs. The former type of double songs is usually sung as one song, and one song, with two fixed choruses at the beginning of the song, and two lines of praise at the end of the song. At the beginning of the song, when the performer raises a cup or holds chopsticks and moves around the table, the people around him or her sing the chorus and chorus in unison, and when the main part of the song is finished, the crowd tacitly sings the chorus and chorus. Each word of a single song stands on its own and expresses an independent meaning. There are two types of vocal cadences: flat and high. The rhythm of the music is relatively free compared to other types of songs, and it is a relatively old form of Shui ethnic music.

(2) Musical Instruments

The musical instruments of the Water Tribe include copper drums, leather drums, lusheng, suona and erhu.

5. Gelao

(1) Songs

Gelao songs mainly include mountain songs, love songs, wine songs, marriage songs, ritual songs and children's songs. Mountain songs are sung on the hillside and in the fields, and they have a wide range of contents. Most of the lyrics are in seven lines and four lines, and the rhythm is clear and fast. Love songs are songs sung by young men and women to talk about love, and they have a beautiful melody. Wine songs are sung at weddings, funerals and festivals, with simple and simple rhythms and melodies.

Wedding songs are sung at weddings, with fast rhythms and smooth melodies. Ritual songs are sung during the New Year festivals when ancestors are worshipped, and their tunes can be said to be an exaggerated extension of the spoken language, with a strong recitation and no constant rhythm. Gelao children's songs have active rhythms and simple feelings.

(2) Musical Instruments

Gelao musical instruments include lusheng, suona, gongs, drums and gongs, wooden cylinders, wooden leaves, xiao, flutes, moon qin, erhu, sihu and so on.

6. Tujia

(1) Songs

The songs of the Tujia include mountain songs, songs, custom songs, ritual songs, songs of marriage, labor songs,

"Yoyo music" and so on. The songs are rich in content and simple in feeling. The songs are also a kind of mountain songs, which are accompanied by gongs and drums, so they are also called "Weeding and Drumming Songs". Songs are sung to reduce fatigue and drum up the mood when weeding. Generally it is sung by two people, sometimes they lead the song, sometimes they sing in pairs, and sometimes the people who participate in the labor also help. The two singers follow behind the gripping team, one strikes the gong and the other strikes the drum, and where the gripping team lags behind, they chase them to where they are, and sing while striking the gong. Sometimes they add some witty numbers before singing, which is called "shouting slogans" to make the atmosphere more active. The melody of the songs is passionate, simple and free, with more high notes and long notes, and the tune is long and broad. Labor Horns and "yozi music" are music forms with strong characteristics in Tujia music. The labor trumpet has a polyphonic structure. One is a two-voice structure with one leader and many harmonizers, and the other is a three-voice structure with a second leader and two harmonizers. The latter is a relatively primitive contrasting polyphonic weave, is more characteristic of polyphonic music in China's folk chorus.

(2) Musical Instruments

"Yoyo music" is a kind of percussion music widely spread among the Tujia people. The basic instruments are small gongs, large gongs, cymbals and hall drums. There are hundreds of traditional tunes. Tujia musical instruments include suona, erhu, xiao, yueqin, baobao drum, small cymbals, drums, etc. It is played by eight people with eight instruments. The "eight tones" played by eight people with eight instruments are unique. The music is often made up of eight small songs.

7. Yi

(1) Songs

Yi folk songs include "Qugu" which reflects the love life of young men and women, "霎叉" (Chinese song) sung in Chinese, wedding songs, funeral songs, narrative songs, "Bi Mo" songs and children's songs. Qugu's singing forms are mainly solo and antiphonal, but there are also unison singing and simple two-voice chorus. Women's voices mostly use false voices and men's voices mostly use real voices. The lyrics of "all of a sudden" are mainly in Chinese, with the same structure and rhyme scheme as those of the Han Chinese songs in Guizhou. Wedding songs are songs sung at wedding ceremonies. Depending on the role of the singer and the content of the song, the tunes and melodies are different. Funeral songs are similar to Han Chinese filial piety songs, with solo and antiphonal forms, simple tunes, mostly in the form of rapping, with some tunes repeating only one phrase, and with a low mood. Narrative songs have small melodic ups and downs, simple structure, mostly infinite repetition of one or two phrases, and only a few songs have a strong melodic multi-movement structure. "Bimo" songs are sung by the religious professional "Bimo" during the rituals, with small melodic undulations, almost chanting. The tunes of children's songs are similar to those sung by adults such as "Qu Gu", but their rhythms are brighter and faster, and their structures are shorter and their language is more vivid.

(2) Musical Instruments

Yi musical instruments mainly include suona, Yueqin, Erhu, gongs, drums and cymbals.

8. Other Ethnic Minorities

The Yao, Zhuang, Bai and other ethnic groups also have their own unique forms of music, enriching the musical culture of Guizhou.

(II) Dance

There are many kinds of dances of various ethnic groups in Guizhou, which are rich in distinctive national characteristics.

1. Miao,

In the Miao, the Lusheng Dance is one of the most popular and unique dance forms, popular in all regions except Tongren. The Lusheng Dance is performed in festivals, mainly in group dances. The Lusheng Dance in northwest Guizhou is not only a group dance, but also performed by one or several people. Some Lusheng Dance performers are able to make many thrilling and difficult movements, integrating dance, acrobatics, sports and music. The drum dance is also a popular dance among the Miao, especially the flower drum dance in Songtao is the most famous. There are men's dances, women's dances, mixed dances, single dances, double dances, four dances, eight dances, etc. In terms of the number of musical instruments, there are single dances, four dances and eight dances. In terms of the number of musical instruments, there are single drums, double drums, four drums and so on. The dances can express various aspects of social life. The movements of the Taijiang Anti-Row Wooden Drum Dance are passionate and unrestrained, and it is known as the "Oriental Disco". Danzhai's "Jinji Dance" is also very distinctive, which is a kind of mixed-gender group dance, with several young men lined up in several rows blowing reed-shengs in front as a guide, followed by dozens or even hundreds of young women in a long serpentine formation, circling along the counterclockwise direction, dancing while turning. The dance is based on foot movements, the waist and knees move naturally, the hands are relaxed vertically on the skirt, the dance step is slow and steady in the unique costumes, the whole dance is like a golden chicken foraging for food, rich in the rich flavor of life. In addition, in some Miao areas of Qiandongnan, Qiannan and Qianxinan, bench dance and copper drum dance are also popular.

2. Buyei

Buyei dances include bird and animal dances that simulate birds and beasts, ritual dances that are performed in rituals to drive away evil spirits and pray for luck and sacrifice, and folkloric dances that express production, life, struggles and customs. Among them, ritual dances occupy a large proportion. For example, the Bronze Drum Brush Dance, the Gyratory Dance, and the Transition Dance are all performed at funeral ceremonies. The Buyei dance is mostly performed by men and women, and the number of performers is mostly even. Dance music is mainly percussion. The common use of props in the dance constitutes one of the distinctive features of the Buyei dance.

3. Dong nationality

The dances of the Waiting nationality include "Doye", Lusheng dance, dragon dance, lion dance, etc. "Doye" is mainly popular in Congjiang. Doye " is mainly popular in Congjiang, Rongjiang and Liping. Dance, or men or women, or mixed sex, in a circle, hand in hand, jumping and singing in a neat step, while throwing hands for the beat, the atmosphere is warm. Lusheng dance by the dancers themselves blowing lusheng accompaniment, mostly for the collective dance, the number of people up to hundreds of people. There are also solo dancers. Lusheng dance can imitate people's social production and life, imitate human and animal movements, very expressive. The Dong people also have a dance form with national characteristics, the "Dragon Panting". During the performance, young men and women divide into two columns, first from the outside to the inside, and then from the inside to the outside, coiled into a spiral circle, like a long dragon. Dragon dance and lion dance are held during the Spring Festival, and other ethnic dragon dance, lion dance is similar.

4. Tujia',

The most famous Tujia dance is the pendulum dance. It is usually performed from the third to the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar calendar. This is a collective dance. During the performance, a good dancer leads the dancers to form a circle and dance while walking. In the center of the circle, one person is in charge of sounding the gong and beating the drum, playing the role of command and accompaniment. The Pendulum Dance can express the content of production and social life, and the dance is robust, rough and bold. The ritual dance of the Eight Treasures Copper Bell Dance is also rich in characteristics. This is the dance performed by the Tujia religious professional "Tima" when he presides over the ceremony of "unlocking money" to the ancestors. There are two kinds of dances: sitting dance and standing dance, with simple movements. In addition, the Tujia people also popular Meishan dance, horse dance, dragon dance and clam shell dance.

5. Yi

Yi dances include the "Amei Kai" (sister song and dance) performed during weddings, the "Kenhebei" (also known as the "Bell Dance" or "Jumping Feet") performed during funerals, the "Buckwheat Dance" and "Planting Wheat" reflecting productive labor, as well as the children's dance "Axi Risi" and the festival dance "Drill Dragon Gate" and so on. The same kind of dance has different programs and forms of performance in different places. For example, the "Amei Kai" includes the "Noshe Liao" (Cricket Dance), which is popular in Bijie, Jinsha, Dafang, Nayong, Weining and Shucheng, the "Bishu Lei" (Dance of Wrapping Grass Mats), the "Zhigu Zhangugu" (Circle Dance), which is popular in Weining and Hezhang, and the "Jumping Feet", which is popular in Panxian and Liuzhi. The styles of different programs also vary. Generally speaking, the rhythm of Yi dance is fast, rough and robust.

6. Gelao

The Gelao dances include the Stomping Dance, the Wine Ceremony Dance, the Dragon Lantern Dance and the Lion Dance. The Treading Dance is performed in the hall where the spirit center is kept during the funeral ceremony. At that time, three or four people play the lutong (reed-pith), ring the bell, play the money pole, and dance the practice knife as the leader, dancing and singing, and the people hold hands and walk in a line at the back. During the dance, the body is slightly bent, jumping back and forth, and constantly changing the formation. Wine ritual dance performed at the wedding, the performance, the leader of the dancers holding handkerchiefs to lead the dancers in front of the house on the field in a circle, along the counterclockwise direction while singing and dancing, the atmosphere is warm.

7. Aqua

The aqua dance is mainly copper drum dance, fighting horns dance and so on. Copper drum dance is mainly performed at weddings, funerals and festivals. This kind of dance can express the richness of social life. The dancers follow the drum beats of the copper drums and the leather drums, or take vigorous steps, or jump in rapid rotation. The scene is both spectacular and passionate as well as elegant and simple. The Duo Jiao Dance is usually performed by 10 people, 5 of whom play the lusheng, and 5 of whom play the *** sounding manchu to accompany the dance. There are also 5 girls with pheasant tails on their heads and white chicken feather skirts tied around their waists to dance with the rhythm of the dance. The small reed-sheng player leads the dance, followed by the medium reed-sheng player. This dance stops at the beginning of spring until the rice seedlings.

8. Yao

The Yao dance mainly consists of monkey drum dance, hunting dance and long drum dance. Monkey Drum Dance is called Juglang in Yao language, and it is performed at funeral ceremonies. At that time, the center of the field erected a shoulder-high wooden drum, the field side of the suspension of several copper drums. The performers imitate the movements of monkeys jumping and striking the wooden drum, at the same time, some people take turns to beat the drums, the rhythm of which is in line with the dance. Hunting dance Yao language called " 孰久", also performed at the funeral. There are bear dance, monkey dance, goat dance, wild boar dance, etc., showing the hunting scene. Long encouragement is a kind of festive dance, the main performance of production labor and manufacture of wooden drum scenes.

9. Maonan

The monkey drum dance is also popular among the Maonan.

(3) Drama

In this multi-ethnic land of Guizhou, there are many professional performing arts groups, Qian Opera is the hometown of Guizhou, the people of the province is very popular, Qian Opera "Qin Niangmei", "Mrs. Xuxiang>," a large-scale song and dance drama "Cranes and Flowers" and so on was made into an opera film, as well as the lantern drama "Seven Sisters and the Serpent Lang," and so on, also renowned both inside and outside the province. More than 4,000 amateur performing arts groups are active throughout the province. Among them, there are lusheng team, suona team, singing and dancing team, acrobatic team, eight sound team, and lantern team, local theater team, Nuo Tang opera class, Buyei opera class. Most of their programs and plays are self-written and performed, with strong national characteristics, by the people of all ethnic groups enthusiastic support, but also the welcome of foreign friends.

Guizhou ethnic minority drama, there is a strong color of sorcery Nuo opera, there are transplanted from the Han Lantern Opera, as well as a more comprehensive Buyei opera and Dong opera.

1.Nuo opera

Guizhou several ethnic groups have Nuo opera. Nuo opera can be broadly divided into two categories of witch Nuo and military Nuo.

(1) Wu Nuo

In the Miao, Buyi, Dong, Tujia, Yi and Gelao and other ethnic groups are popular in these ethnic groups in the witch Nuo can be roughly divided into Qiandong, Qianbei around the Tujia, Gelao and other ethnic groups in the popular Nuo altar theater, popular in the Libo Buyi " Nuo Nuo reserves " and Weining around the popular " handful of Taiji ".

(2) military Nuo

Military Nuo popular in Anshun City and Guiyang City, is the Ming Dynasty " transfer north to conquer the south " of the Ming army brought into Guizhou. Popular in the army at the beginning, is a kind of military practice activities. Later, it gradually became a folk entertainment activity with religious coloring, and was introduced to the Buyei and Gelao ethnic groups. Because it does not set up a stage, performed on the flat ground, so it is also called "ground opera"; because of religious colors, so it is also called "jumping god"

The performance of the ground opera is carried out in the first month of the lunar calendar. Its performance also has the nature of the pay God, but the components of the witch than the witch Nuo greatly reduced. The repertoire of the play is mostly martial arts, performances of historical stories. Mainly "Xue Rengui conquest of the East", "Xue Dingshan conquest of the West team," five tigers Pingxi "and" Jingzhong biography "and so on. Performances must wear masks. Than the Nuo altar theater masks hideous and bizarre to, the theater masks appear to be kind and amiable.

2. Lantern opera flower

Lantern opera is widely popular in the Han Chinese people in a form of opera art. Its prominent feature is that the hand is not away from the fan, Pa, singing and dancing, singing and doing a close combination. After the Ming Dynasty, with the arrival of a large number of Han Chinese immigrants, it was gradually introduced into Guizhou and absorbed by some ethnic minorities, and after some nationalization, it became the national opera art form.

Guizhou ethnic minorities, popular lantern plays are mainly Buyi, Tujia, Gelao, Miao and other ethnic groups, especially Dushan Buyi lanterns and Qiandong Tujia lanterns are the most famous.

The Dushan lanterns have a close relationship with Jiangxi's "Caicha" and "Yiyang", and have absorbed the colorful tune art of Guangxi Zhuang. In the early days, Dushan lanterns were mainly songs and dances, and the repertoire included Stomping on the New Platform and Sweeping the Platform by Lingguan, etc. Later on, theater plays gradually appeared, such as Samuel Yin Records, Red Lanterns Records, and Records of the Returning Souls. Dushan Buyi lanterns Road white lyrics are mainly in Chinese, but also in the Buyi language.

" Qiandong Tujia lanterns were introduced from the Jiangnan area in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the original lanterns, the Tujia folk artists into the national Nuo opera and some of the components of the pendulum dance, formed their own characteristics. Qiandong Tujia lanterns are mainly based on historical stories and folklore. The main repertoire is "Zhendong", "Zhenxi", "Red Lanterns", "Eight Immortals" and "Guanjiajie" and so on o

3. Buyi opera and Dong opera

Buyi opera and Dong opera is a popular Guizhou ethnic minorities in the synthesis of the theater art form, entertainment, functional and more powerful.

(1) Buyei Opera

Buyei Opera has a history of more than one hundred years, originating in the border of Guizhou and Guangxi, such as Zuheng, Xingyi and Anlong, etc. The Buyei Opera was gradually formed by absorbing the beneficial components of Guangxi Zhuang Opera on the basis of the culture of the people. Due to the different situations in different places, Buyei opera has formed certain differences in different places. The Buyei Opera of Zuheng is performed and sung, while the Buyei Opera of Xingyi Bajie and Anlong Ganhe takes the form of sitting and singing.

The repertoire of Buyei Opera consists of two aspects: one is the transplantation of the Han Chinese repertoire, and the other is the adaptation based on Buyei folk tales.

(2) Dong Opera

In the early 19th century, Wu Wencai, the king of Dong singers, founded the Dong Opera based on the Han Chinese drama (mainly Gui Opera and Lantern). Dong opera mainly has the Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou and other lines, the first line of the first on the stage are the first to declare their homes, singing must face the audience.

Dong opera troupe is generally a village, and some villages have set up Dong opera troupe according to the family name and drum tower as a unit. Dong opera troupes were originally male only, after the establishment of New China began to have female actors.

The repertoire of Dong opera is mainly based on three aspects: adapted from Han Chinese biographies; based on

Dong opera troupes are mainly based on the Chinese culture and culture, and on the Chinese culture and culture.