Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - How were classes taught in ancient private schools? What is the etiquette?

How were classes taught in ancient private schools? What is the etiquette?

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The number of hours of private school teaching, generally flexible according to the time and can be divided into two categories: "short school" and "long school". Teaching time is short called "short school", generally one to three months, parents of this private school requirements are not high, only students can read some words later, can keep score, can write couplets can be. The "long school" every year in the first month of the lunar calendar, half of the opening, to the winter months before the museum, the meaning of its "long", one refers to the private school Mr. prestigious, the age of its teaching is also long, and the second refers to the students to study for a long time, the contents of the study is also more.

As for the teaching principles and methods of the private school, in the stage of education, it pays much attention to the upbringing and education of the children, emphasizing the development of good moral qualities and habits of the children. For example, there are strict and specific regulations on the behavior and etiquette of the children, such as dressing, crossing hands, bowing, walking, seeing and hearing, etc., which are the tradition of education in China. In the teaching method, Mr. completely adopts the injection. Lecture, Mr. sitting upright, students in turn put the book on Mr.'s desk, and then stand aside, listening to Mr. circle point mouth hum, after the lecture, the students were ordered to repeat. Afterwards, the students returned to their seats to read aloud. Where Mr. read aloud the book, the students must always recite. In addition, the private school in the prevalence of corporal punishment, meet the careless or naughty students, Mr. often pull the students' cheeks and ears, beat the palms of the hands and so on.

Private school is short for private school, and in ancient times the words "private" and "school" were rarely used in direct conjunction. Private school has become a common social term is a modern thing, to show the difference with the government or public new-style school. Ancient people called the private school for the school, teaching hall, study, study house, township school, family school, and so on, these words are with a bit of elegance or affectionate flavor. Private school students are both children and adults. In accordance with the degree of teaching, people divided into two categories of private schools, Mengkuan and Jingkuan. The students of Mengkan consisted of children and emphasized on literacy, while the students of Jingkan were mainly adults, mostly busy with their studies. According to the setup of private schools, the Ministry of Education at the end of the Qing Dynasty categorized private schools as yiju, jiuju, jiajiu, and self-setupuan. Free school with the nature of free education, to the children of poor families as the object of teaching. The clan school relies on the support of the clan's assets, and belongs to the clan's internal schooling. Clan schools were often located in the ancestral halls and did not enroll children from outside the clan. Rich families hired a famous teacher at home specializing in teaching their own children, this private school is called the family school. Self-established museum is the school teacher set up their own enrollment of private schools, regardless of the family name. In the past, the private school for the degree of Montessori, to set up their own museum for the most. The cultural level of the schoolteacher is different, among them there are cultural celebrities like Pu Songling, Zheng Banqiao, there are also many rough and tumble.

As an inherent form of private schooling in China, private schools have a long history. It is generally believed that the private school run by Confucius in his hometown of Qufu was a private school, and that Confucius was the first known great schoolteacher.

Tracing the roots of the private school, private school from the earlier development of the juku. During the Western Zhou period, the juku was just a form of township school. The Record of Learning traces the Western Zhou's school system, saying, "In ancient times, when teaching was done, there were jooks in the family, ziang in the party, arts in order, and learning in the state." At that time, the school was in the official government, the official teacher was united, and the host of the school was an official who sued for old age and was responsible for the implementation of indoctrination at the local level.

The earliest record of juku is not from the Shangshu, but from the oracle bones of the Shang Dynasty. According to Mr. Qiu Xigui, there are many references to the jook in the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yinxu. The word "jook" in the divination is "孰", and the two characters have an up-and-down structure. However, the juku of the Shang Dynasty was not a place for educating children, but a hall on the side of the palace gate. How did the school get its name? Qing Gu Zhenfu's explanation is: "I'm going to the door of the king, when the house more familiar with the things to deal with. Sook's words familiar also, is the school to familiarize with the thought of the name." ("Scribe of miscellaneous art", Part A, Volume II)

Pre-Qin period, Confucius is only a son of the sons, Confucianism has not been used as a tool for governing the country. As the social situation changed, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's proposal and implemented the cultural and educational policy of "dismissing the hundred schools of thought and honoring only the Confucians", and Confucianism was recognized by the feudal emperors as an important resource for social domination. To pass Confucian culture as its own private school has since stood in the community, although through the war and unceasing. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the emergence of the imperial examination system promoted the development of private schools. At that time, the imperial examinations were mainly centered on the Confucian classics "Five Classics". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the center of gravity of the imperial examinations was tilted towards the Four Books, which also belonged to the scope of the Confucian classics. In addition, the Song and Ming philosophers emphasized ethical education for children and formulated township rules and regulations to promote social education. The rise of Song and Ming philosophers contributed to the prosperity of clan schools. Successive emperors and kings regarded the education of children as the responsibility of parents themselves, and only slightly advocated and guided the school of monks. The government never interfered with private schools, allowing private schools to develop freely in the private sector.

The inheritance of traditional Chinese culture has not been interrupted, and has long played the role of a strong culture, as well as the political and economic basis of private education in ancient times, a variety of factors determine the face of the ancient private schooling has not changed much. The Three Character Classic, The Hundred Surnames, and The Thousand Character Classic were written in different dynasties (Southern Song Dynasty, Fifth Dynasty, and Southern Dynasty), and they gradually gained social acceptance in the process of circulation, becoming the most common children's literacy books in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Analects and Mencius belonged to the classical reading materials, and at this time, they also became part of the teaching materials for monks. Private schools have traditionally practiced individualized teaching, with teachers arranging lessons according to different people's learning bases and receptive abilities, reflecting the principle of teaching students according to their aptitude. Private schools have particularly high requirements for students to memorize books, and reading is the main activity of private school students. In the Qing Dynasty, the famous Zongwen Yiju in Hangzhou city required its students in its rules and regulations to "read the book of birth aloud a hundred times a day."

For the transmission of culture and the cultivation of talents, private schools used to make contributions in ancient times, and they adapted to the needs of ancient society. However, in modern times, the private school has distanced itself from the requirements of social development, and therefore, the private school has been questioned by the society. Advocates of new education accused private schools of not offering arithmetic, history, geography and geography, and of having too narrow a knowledge coverage; the teaching materials remained unchanged for a long time, and the problem of aging knowledge was serious. Obviously, China could not get rid of the passive-aggressive situation without developing new modern education.

Private school students are mostly initiated at the age of six. Generally, they only need to obtain the consent of the teacher and stand respectfully in front of the tablet or icon of Confucius, and after kowtowing or making a bow to each of Confucius and the teacher, they can obtain the qualification of enrolling in school. There are no uniform requirements and regulations on the age of enrollment, content of study and teaching level of students in private schools. In terms of teaching methodology, Mr. Kao completely adopts an injective approach. Lectures, Mr. sitting upright, students in turn put the book on Mr. table, and then stood aside, listening to Mr. circle point mouth humming, after the lecture, the students were ordered to repeat. Afterwards, the students returned to their seats to read aloud. Where Mr. read aloud the book, the students must always recite. In addition, the private school in the prevalence of corporal punishment, meet careless or naughty students, Mr. often pull the student's face and ears, beat the palm of the hand and so on. Private school etiquette belongs to the life class etiquette, initially very simple, "Analects of Confucius - Shui而""自行束修以上,吾未尝无诲焉""束修 "is like a present-day meeting gift - a quick dried meat! But this is the first private school etiquette. The textbook has "four books", "five classics" a kind of ancient literary works, but also some of the rituals of the village wedding and funeral celebrations. Later generations of private school etiquette, although there are certain rules, but due to the social status of Mr. Mengxue is not too high, so there is no statutory text, in addition to the beginning of the first should be worshiped by the master Confucius, the rest of the place there is no special, basically the same as the rules of the people's families, morning and evening, bowed to ask for peace can be, the form of change with the change of dynasties, to the modern times there is bowing a said. Private school as a form of learning widely used in history, until the emergence of modern batch teaching schools, only gradually disappeared, the general etiquette used in private schools also disappeared