How many ways are there to network Ethernet? What are the characteristics?

I. Standard Ethernet At the beginning of the Ethernet only 10Mbps throughput, the use of a conflict detection with the carrier listening to multiple access (CSMA / CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection) access control methods, this early 10Mbps Ethernet is called Standard Ethernet. Ethernet. Ethernet can be connected using a variety of transmission media such as thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, and fiber optics, and in the IEEE 802.3 standard, different physical layer standards have been developed for different transmission media, in which the first digit indicates the transmission speed in "Mbps In these standards, the first number indicates the transmission speed in "Mbps", the last number indicates the length of a single cable (the base unit is 100m), Base means "baseband", and Broad represents "bandwidth. 10Base-5 uses 0.4-inch diameter, 50Ω impedance thick coaxial cable, also known as thick cable Ethernet, with a maximum segment length of 500m, baseband transmission method, and a bus-type topology; the main hardware devices for 10Base-5 networking are: thick coaxial cable, Ethernet card with AUI socket, repeater, transceiver, and transceiver, Repeaters, transceivers, transceiver cables, terminators, etc. 10Base-2 using 0.2-inch diameter, impedance of 50Ω thin coaxial cable, also known as thin cable Ethernet, the maximum network segment length of 185m, baseband transmission method, the topology for the bus type; 10Base-2 group network main hardware equipment: thin coaxial cable, with BNC socket Ethernet card, Repeaters, T-connectors, terminators and so on. 10Base-T uses twisted-pair cable, the maximum network segment length is 100m, and the topology is star; the main hardware devices for 10Base-T networking are: Category 3 or Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable, Ethernet card with RJ-45 socket, hubs, switches, and RJ-45 plugs. - 1Base-5 using twisted-pair cable, the maximum network segment length of 500m, the transmission speed of 1Mbps; -10Broad-36 using coaxial cable (RG-59/U CATV), the maximum span of the network is 3600m, the maximum network segment length of 1800m, is a broadband network. 1800m, is a broadband transmission mode; -10Base-F using fiber-optic transmission medium, the transmission rate of 10Mbps;

Two, Fast Ethernet

With the development of the network, the traditional standard Ethernet technology has been difficult to meet the growing network data traffic speed requirements. Prior to October 1993, for LAN applications requiring more than 10Mbps of data traffic, only the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) was available, but it was a very expensive, 100Mpbs fiber-optic cable-based LAN. in October 1993, Grand Junction introduced the world's first Fast Ethernet hubs In October 1993, Grand Junction launched the world's first Fast Ethernet hub Fastch10/100 and network interface card FastNIC100, Fast Ethernet technology is officially applied. Subsequently, Intel, SynOptics, 3COM, BayNetworks and other companies have launched their own Fast Ethernet devices. At the same time, the IEEE802 engineering group also conducted research on various standards for 100Mbps Ethernet, such as 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4, MII, repeater, full-duplex, etc. In March 1995, the IEEE announced the IEEE802.3u 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet standard (Fast Ethernet), thus beginning the era of Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet and the original work in the 100Mbps bandwidth under the FDDI compared to it has many advantages, mainly reflected in the Fast Ethernet technology can effectively protect the user in the implementation of cabling infrastructure investment, which supports 3, 4, 5 twisted-pair cable as well as fiber optic connections, can effectively use the existing facilities. The shortcomings of Fast Ethernet is also the shortcomings of Ethernet technology, that is, Fast Ethernet is still based on CSMA / CD technology, when the network load is heavier, it will cause a reduction in efficiency, of course, this can be compensated for the use of switching technology. The 100Mbps Fast Ethernet standard is divided into three subcategories: 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, and 100BASE-T4. - 100BASE-TX: is a Fast Ethernet technology that uses Category 5 data-grade unshielded twisted pair or shielded twisted pair. It uses two pairs of twisted pairs, one pair for transmitting and one pair for receiving data. It uses 4B/5B encoding for transmission at a signal frequency of 125 MHz and complies with the EIA586 Category 5 cabling standard and the IBM SPT Category 1 cabling standard. It uses the same RJ-45 connector as 10BASE-T. Its maximum segment length is 100 meters. It supports full-duplex data transmission. - 100BASE-FX: is a Fast Ethernet technology that uses fiber optic cable and is available in single-mode and multimode fiber (62.5 and 125um) The maximum distance for multimode fiber connections is 550 meters. The maximum distance for a single-mode fiber connection is 3,000 meters. The 4B/5B coding method is used in transmission with a signal frequency of 125 MHz. it uses MIC/FDDI connectors, ST connectors or SC connectors. It has a maximum segment length of 150m, 412m, 2000m or longer up to 10km, depending on the type of fiber used and the mode of operation, and it supports full-duplex data transmission. 100BASE-FX is particularly suitable for application in environments where there are electrical interferences, for connections over larger distances, or for high-security environments. - 100BASE-T4: is a Fast Ethernet technology that can use Category 3, 4, or 5 unshielded twisted pair or shielded twisted pair. 100Base-T4 uses four twisted pairs, three of which are used to transmit data at 33 MHz, with each pair operating in half-duplex mode. The fourth pair is used for CSMA/CD conflict detection. The 8B/6T coding method is used in transmission with a signaling frequency of 25 MHz, in compliance with the EIA586 structured cabling standard. It uses the same RJ-45 connector as 10BASE-T and has a maximum segment length of 100 meters.

Three, Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet technology, as the latest high-speed Ethernet technology, brings the user to improve the core network of effective solutions, the biggest advantage of this solution is the inheritance of the traditional advantages of cheap Ethernet technology. Gigabit technology is still Ethernet technology, which uses the same frame format, frame structure, network protocols, full/half-duplex mode of operation, flow control mode, and cabling system as 10M Ethernet. Since this technology does not change the traditional Ethernet desktop applications, operating systems, it works well with 10M or 100M Ethernet. Upgrading to Gigabit Ethernet maximizes investment protection by eliminating the need to change network applications, network management components, and network operating systems. Gigabit Ethernet supports shorter distances in order to detect collisions of 64Bytes frames.The types of networks supported by Gigabit Ethernet are listed in the following table: Transmission Media Distance 1000Base-CX Copper STP 25m 1000Base -T Copper Cat 5 UTP 100m 1000Base-SX Multi-mode Fiber 500m 1000Base-LX Single-mode Fiber 3000m There are two standards for Gigabit Ethernet technology: IEEE802.3z and IEEE802.3ab. IEEE802.3z establishes standards for fiber optic and short-haul copper connectivity solutions. IEEE802.3ab establishes standards for longer-haul connectivity solutions over Category 5 twisted-pair cable. 1. IEEE802.3z The IEEE802.3z working group develops standards for full-duplex links over fiber optics (singlemode or multimode) and coaxial cable.IEEE802.3z defines 1000Base-X based on fiber optics and short-haul copper cables using 8B/10B coding technology with a channel transmission speed of 1.25Gbit/s, decoupled to achieve a 1000Mbit/s transmission speed. IEEE802.3z has the following Gigabit Ethernet standards: - 1000Base-SX only supports multimode fiber, which can use multimode fiber with a diameter of 62.5um or 50um, an operating wavelength of 770-860nm, and a transmission distance of 220-550m. 1000Base-LX multimode fiber: which can use multimode fiber with a diameter of 62.5um or 50um, an operating wavelength of 770-860nm, and a transmission distance of 220-550m. The working wavelength range is 1270-1355nm, and the transmission distance is 550m. Single-mode fiber: It can support single-mode fiber with the diameter of 9um or 10um, and the working wavelength range is 1270-1355nm, and the transmission distance is about 5km. - 1000Base-CX uses 150 ohm shielded twisted pair (STP), and the transmission distance is 25m. 2. IEEE802.3ab The IEEE802.3ab working group is responsible for developing the Gigabit Ethernet standard for half-duplex links based on UTP, which produces the IEEE802.3ab standard and protocols.IEEE802.3ab defines the Category 5 UTP-based The purpose of the 1000Base-T standard is to transmit 100m at 1000Mbit/s over Category 5 UTP. The significance of the IEEE802.3ab standard is twofold: (1) Protecting the user's investment in a Category 5 UTP cabling system. (2) 1000Base-T is a natural extension of 100Base-T and is fully compatible with 10Base-T and 100Base-T. However, to reach 1000Mbit/s transmission rate on Category 5 UTP need to solve the problem of crosstalk and attenuation of Category 5 UTP, thus making the development task of the IEEE802.3ab working group a bit more complex than IEEE802.3z

Four, 10 Gigabit Ethernet

10 Gigabit Ethernet specification is included in the complementary standards of the IEEE 802.3 standard IEEE 802.3ae, which extends the IEEE 802.3 protocol and MAC specifications to support 10Gb/s transmission rates. In addition, 10 Gigabit Ethernet can also be adapted to lower transmission rates, such as 9.584640 Gb/s (OC-192), via the WAN interface sublayer (WIS: WAN interface sublayer), which allows 10 Gigabit Ethernet devices to be compatible with the Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) STS-192c transmission format. - The 10GBASE-SR and 10GBASE-SW primarily support shortwave (850 nm) multimode fiber (MMF) over fiber distances from 2 m to 300 m. The 10GBASE-SR primarily supports shortwave (850 nm) multimode fiber. 10GBASE-SR mainly supports "dark fiber", which is fiber that has no light propagation and is not connected to any device. 10GBASE-SW is mainly used for connecting SONET devices, which are used for remote data communication. - 10GBASE-LR and 10GBASE-LW mainly support long-wave (1310nm) single-mode fiber (SMF) with fiber distances from 2m to 10km (about 32808 feet). While 10GBASE-LW is primarily used to connect SONET devices, 10GBASE-LR is used to support "dark fiber. - 10GBASE-ER and 10GBASE-EW primarily support ultra-longwave (1550nm) single-mode fiber (SMF) with fiber distances from 2m to 40km (approximately 131,233 feet). The 10GBASE-EW is primarily used to connect SONET devices, while the 10GBASE-ER is used to support "dark fiber. - 10GBASE-LX4 uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology to send signals at four times the optical wavelength over a single pair of cables. The system operates on either multimode or singlemode dark fiber at 1310nm. The system is designed for multimode fiber mode from 2m to 300m or singlemode fiber mode from 2m to 10km.