The literary genres in the textbook

1. There are those styles in the literary language

Summary of Knowledge Points

1. Saying is an ancient genre of prose. From the content point of view, the literary style can narrate things, can explain things, can also make a discussion; mostly one thing at a time, requiring the author of a deep insight into a certain issue. This kind of "say", its narrative and discussion, are to show the author of a problem in social life or a certain phenomenon of the views, in essence, it belongs to the argumentative style, and the modern miscellaneous essays or miscellaneous feelings of the novels similar. The junior high school stage of the study of the "horse said", "Irene said", "Huang Sheng borrowed the book said" and so on.

2. Table is a special style of writing in ancient China. In ancient times, subjects wrote to the monarch of the submission has a variety of different names. During the Warring States period, it was collectively called "book", "book" is a general term for letters and letters of advice. In the Han Dynasty, these texts were divided into four subcategories, namely, chapters, zhang, table, and discussion. Liu Foxing in the "Wenxin Diao Long. Chapter table", said: "chapter to thank the grace, play to press impeachment, table to express feelings, discussion to enforce differences." Visible, the main role of the table is to express the loyalty of the subjects to the monarch and hope, "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style of writing has its own special format, such as the beginning to say "I say", the end of the often "I'm a fearful, Dun head Dun head, death penalty, death penalty" and so on. Our junior high school textbook selected Zhuge Liang's "table" that "table" in the example.

3. The preface, also known as "preface", "preface", "introduction", is placed in the writings or articles before the text. In ancient times, there is another kind of preface is a parting gift of words, called "gift preface", the content of the gift of friends and relatives of praise, esteem or encouragement, such as Song Lian's "send Dongyang Ma Sheng preface" that is, the author wrote to the fellow villagers of the gift of the preface. There is also a kind of preface written in front of the poem, called "poem preface", more account of the relevant content of the story or the origin of the poem, such as Su Shi's "Song of Songs in Water". When is the bright moon?" There is a preface in front of the poem: "Bichen Mid-Autumn Festival, happy to drink up to the day, drunk, made this piece, and wistful Ziyu." This small preface explains the origin and process of the lyrics.

4. Generally in rhyme, the form of short, concise text, the content of the content contains praise, the meaning of the warning. We have learned, such as Liu Yuxi's Inscription for a Bad Room.

5. In the title of the literary text, "...... remember" is equivalent to the modern form of "remember ......". For example, "Xiao Shi Tan Ji" is "Remembering Xiao Shi Tan", which describes the whereabouts of Xiao Shi Tan and the scenery of Xiao Shi Tan. Most of these articles are travelogues, a genre of prose used to describe the journey and the political life of a certain place, social landscape, customs, mountains and rivers, scenery and places of interest. Secondly, there are the ordinary narrative essays or "miscellanies" (including the preface to poems such as "The Record of Peach

The Garden of Flowers"). In addition to the above two, we also learned the "Records of the Yueyang Tower", "Records of the Drunken Master's Pavilion", "Records of the Journey to the Well", "Records of the Nuclear Boat", and so on.

6. Biography An article describing the life story of an individual. Generally more for those who are more influential in history and the outstanding deeds of the characters of the life story. Most of the narrative, description and other techniques to show the character's life style. This style of writing, customarily used in history books. Generally written for others, such as "Zhang Heng biography," etc., but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's "Mr. Willow biography".

7. book That is, the letter, the ancient people's letters, also known as "shakuji" or "letter", is a kind of applied literature, more than remembering the case. Ruler literary function is varied: can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's "report Renan book", Lin Juemin's "and his wife's book"; can also write the scene, such as Wu Jun's "and Zhu Yuan Si book"; can be written privatization of events and feelings, such as Jikang's "and the mountain source of the Book of the end of the book"; can also be into the visit to the nobleman, encouragement of the latter, the formation of a distinctive tradition of letter writing. Shakuji pay attention to the layout, the quality of the text is good.

The basic form of the literary language can be divided into "poetry" and "literature".

Poetry

Ancient Chinese poetry has two sources, namely, the Book of Songs and the Chu Ci. Later generations developed a variety of genres on this basis, including: poetry (Shijing), Sao (Chu Ru), ancient poetry (Gufeng, during the period of Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties), proximate poetry (stanzas, metered poems, etc.), words, and prose songs.

Wen

"Wen" can be divided into "ancient" (prose, mainly prose sentences) and "parallelism" (mainly parallel sentences) in terms of its language style. (mainly in prose) and "e-text" (mainly in parallel sentences). In terms of its content and function, it also includes two categories: literary and practical. Different people have different opinions about the classification of literary styles. For example, the Selected Writings categorizes as many as 38 categories, and the first 25 articles of Wenxin Diao Long basically discuss the contents of literary style. Later, Yao Nai of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Ancient Rhetoric Class Compilation", which is divided into 13 categories, including discourse, preface and trek, play, book, grant preface, edicts, biographies, monuments and records, miscellany, aphorisms, praises, rhetoric, and mourning.

3. What are the literary styles of the language

1. Saying is an ancient genre of prose. From the content point of view, the style can be a narrative, can explain things, can also be published discussion; mostly one thing at a time, requiring the author of a deep insight into a problem. This kind of "say", its narrative and discussion, are to show the author of a problem in social life or a certain phenomenon of the views, in essence, it belongs to the argumentative style, and the modern miscellaneous essays or miscellaneous feelings of the novels similar. The junior high school stage of the study of the "horse said", "Irene said", "Huang Sheng borrowed the book said" and so on.

2. Table is a special style of writing in ancient China. In ancient times, subjects wrote to the monarch of the submission has a variety of different names. During the Warring States period, they were collectively called "book", "book" is a general term for letters and letters of advice. In the Han Dynasty, these texts were divided into four subcategories, namely, chapters, zhang, table, and discussion. Liu Foxing in the "Wenxin Diao Long. Chapter table", said: "chapter to thank the grace, play to press impeachment, table to express feelings, discussion to enforce differences." Visible, the main role of the table is to express the loyalty of the subjects to the monarch and hope, "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style of writing has its own special format, such as the beginning to say "I say", the end of the often "I'm a fearful, Dun head Dun head, death penalty, death penalty" and so on. Our junior high school textbook selected Zhuge Liang's "table" that "table" in the example.

3. The preface, also known as "preface", "preface", "introduction", is placed in the writings or articles before the text. In ancient times, there is another kind of preface is a parting gift of words, called "gift preface", the content of the gift of friends and relatives of praise, esteem or encouragement, such as Song Lian's "send Dongyang Ma Sheng preface" that is, the author wrote to the fellow villagers of the gift of the preface. There is also a kind of preface written in front of the poem, called "poem preface", more account of the relevant content of the story or the origin of the poem, such as Su Shi's "Song of Songs in Water". When is the bright moon?" There is a preface in front of the poem: "Bichen Mid-Autumn Festival, happy to drink up to the day, drunk, made this piece, and wistful Ziyu." This small preface explains the origin and process of the lyrics.

4. Generally in rhyme, the form of short, concise text, the content of the content contains praise, the meaning of the warning. We have learned, such as Liu Yuxi's "The Inscription of the Ugly Room".

5. Remember is an ancient genre of prose. In the title of the literary text, "...... remember" is equivalent to the modern form of "remember ......". For example, "Xiao Shi Tan Ji" is "Remembering Xiao Shi Tan", which describes the whereabouts of Xiao Shi Tan and the scenery of Xiao Shi Tan. Most of these articles are travelogues, a genre of prose used to describe the journey and the political life of a certain place, social landscape, customs, mountains and rivers, scenery and places of interest. Secondly, there are the ordinary narrative essays or "miscellanies" (including the preface to poems such as "The Record of Peach

The Garden of Flowers"). In addition to the above two, we also learned the "Records of the Yueyang Tower", "Records of the Drunken Master's Pavilion", "Records of the Journey to the Well", "Records of the Nuclear Boat", and so on.

6. Biography An article describing the life story of an individual. Generally more for those who are more influential in history and the outstanding deeds of the characters of the life story. Most of the narrative, description and other techniques to show the character's life style. This style of writing, customarily used in history books. Generally written for others, such as "Zhang Heng biography," etc., but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's "Mr. Willow biography".

7. book That is, the letter, the ancient people's letters, also known as "shakuji" or "letter", is a kind of applied literature, more than remembering the case. Ruler literary function is varied: can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's "report Renan book", Lin Juemin's "and his wife's book"; can also write the scene, such as Wu Jun's "and Zhu Yuan Si book"; can be written privatization of events and feelings, such as Jikang's "and the mountain source of the Book of the end of the book"; can also be into the visit to the nobleman, encouragement of the latter, the formation of a distinctive tradition of letter writing. Shakuji pay attention to the layout, the quality of the text is good.

4. The Four Styles of Literary Writing

I. Judgmental Sentences

Judgmental sentences are often marked by the following linguistic symbols: "...... who also", "... ... who, ...... also", "......, ...... also ", "is", "for", and so on. The word or phrase in front of it constitutes a noun phrase, such as "...... person (or thing)"; also, an auxiliary, indicates judgment, which can be translated as "了", or not.

1.

1. Lotus, the flower of the gentleman also. （

2. Chen Sheng, a native of Yangcheng. ("Chen Shibu Shijia")

3, the genus of loyalty. ("Cao Yu war")

4, the war, courage. (Ibid.)

5, when the standing person is Duke Fusu. ("Chen Shibu Shijia")

6, in the E Crown and more beard for Dong Po. ("Nuclear Boat")

Second, inverted sentences

1, subject-verb inversion. Often to emphasize the predicate. Such as: very much, you do not favor. (Yugongyishan)

2, object preposition. There are two cases, one is the negative sentence, the object if the pronoun, often prepositional predicate to highlight and emphasize the object. Such as: and the city dwellers have not known. （The second is a question, if the object is a pronoun, it is often prepositioned to highlight and emphasize the object. For example, what is the crime of Song? ("Gongshi")

3, the inversion of the object. I who with return? (Yueyang Tower) the object "who" is placed before the preposition "with". Should be "I return with who?

4, the gerund. Modern Chinese grammatical rule is that the gerund must be placed before the predicate to modify the predicate, but often inverted, the gerund is placed after the predicate to emphasize the gerund.

e.g. Sacrifice to the head of the lieutenant. (Chen Shibu Shijia) The dative "to the head of the lieutenant" is placed in front of the predicate "sacrifice", it should be "to the head of the lieutenant sacrifice".

5, the definite article postposition. According to the rules of modern Chinese grammar, the definite article is placed in front of the subject, the object of the center to play a restrictive or modifying role. But in the literary language is often inverted, will be placed after the subject, the object of the center of the definite article.

Such as: for people five, for the window eight. ("Nuclear Boat") determiners "five (a)" and "eight (fan)" in the object of the center of the word "people" and "window" respectively, before. and "window" respectively. It should read "for five people, for eight windows."

Third, omitted sentences

Omitted sentences have a variety of cases.

1. Omit the subject. For example:

(1) Then they gave up the boat and entered through the mouth. （

The subject "fisherman" is omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

(2) When he saw the fisherman, he was greatly alarmed. (Ibid)

At the beginning of the sentence, the subject "this person (or people in the Peach Blossom Garden)" is omitted.

2, save the predicate. Such as

A drum, and then decline, three and exhaustion. ("Cao Yu war") "and then" and "three" after the omission of the subject of a "drum" word; "decline" and The word "gas" has been omitted in front of "exhaustion".

3. Save the object. For example:

(1) Asked where he came from. （

The object "fisherman" is omitted after "ask".

(2) Make the same as the stage. （

The object "之" is omitted after "使".

4. Save the preposition "于". For example:

(1) The owner of the field accumulates wages among them. (The Wolf) omits the preposition "于" after "积薪".

(2) Is the ghost of the foot divining? (Chen Shibu Shijia)

Fourth, passive sentence

Passive sentence commonly used language mark "for ...... by ......", can be translated as "by ...... by ......". For example, "Its seal was obtained by the group from which I was given." ("The Living Plate")

Another one is "The emperor felt his sincerity." (Yugongyishan) The word "sense" is used in a passive way.

5. What are the concepts of literary style

1. Saying An ancient style of writing, it can be narrative or discursive, and all of them are meant to illustrate a point.

It is not very different from "thesis", so the later reasoning and analysis of a class of articles, collectively referred to as thesis. It is similar to the modern essay or miscellaneous feelings to some extent, variations, writing style is not bound to be consistent.

Such as "Horse", "Teacher", "Irene", "Snake Catcher", "Six Kingdoms", "Over Qin", etc. 2, table Table Table is an ancient courtier to the emperor to write a letter to say things or state some kind of opinion of a style.

In addition, there is also a specialized style of discussion of government called "sparse"; used to answer the emperor's questions on political matters, called "right". Such as the "Division Table", "Chenfei table", "on the accumulation of storage sparse", "Longzhong pair" and so on.

3, remember Ancient a narrative style, narrative, landscape, material composition more, can depict the beautiful and magnificent mountains and rivers. You can also remember the major events of the country and express the author's thoughts and feelings.

Such as "Yueyang Tower", "Little Stone Pond", "Journey to the West Lake", "Shi Zhongshan", "Drunken Master's Pavilion", "Peach Blossom Garden" and so on. In addition, there are also illustration-based "Nuclear Boat Records".

4, inscribed in the ancient artifacts used to describe the life and career, warning themselves or described the merits of the text, and later into a literary style. Often used in the writing method, such as the "ugly room".

There are also engraved on the stone monument, describing the life of the deceased, to praise the memorial inscription, called "epitaph", such as Han Yu's "Liu Zihou epitaph". 5, Fu This style of writing was produced in the Warring States period, prevalent in the Han Dynasty, attaching importance to the words, couplets and rhymes, pay attention to the narrative narrative, the method of writing is often used to borrow things to express feelings, to the object.

Such as "Red Cliff Fu", "A Fang Palace Fu", etc. 6, biography used to record the deeds of a person (the main activities and biography) of the article, "biography" is generally narrated by other people, there is also a "autobiography" of the self-story of life.

Such as "Mr. Wu Liu biography", "children send biography", "Lian Po Lin Xiangru biography", etc. 7, the book that is, the epistolary body, today's epistolary format is evolved from the ancient "book" body.

Such as "report Liu Yizhang book", "Li Ling answered Su Wu book", "and Zhu Yuan Si book", etc. 8, the preface, also known as "narrative" or "citation", such as modern "introduction", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface", "preface".

If it is to explain the purpose of the preparation, the content of the brief, belongs to the description of the article, such as "Lychee Figure Preface"; if the author, works of commentary, belongs to the argumentative essay, such as the "Lingguan biography of the preface"; there is also a specific thing to the person to the gift of the article, such as "send Dong Shao south tour of the preface to the Hebei," "Send Dongyang Ma Sheng preface"; Wang Xizhi's "Lanting set of preface" with a strong lyrical * * * color. 9. Satirical advice: the ancient way with a metaphor to imply a class of ways to politely advise others to accept the views of the lower level of the style.

Such as: Example: Heng is proposed to Ban Gu "two are" as "two capital fugue", because of the satirical advice. -- "Hou Han Shu ?6?1 Zhang Heng biography"; "Zou Ji satirize the King of Qi's admonition" "Zou Ji satirize the King of Qi's admonition" in "Strategies of the Warring States".

Style, refers to the independent text of the body plant (or style, system), is the text composition of the specifications and patterns, a unique cultural phenomenon, is a historical content of a long-term accumulation of products. It reflects the overall characteristics of the text from content to form, belonging to the category of form.

The composition of style includes superficial textual factors, such as expression techniques, nature of the subject matter, structural type, linguistic style, and morphological format, as well as deep social factors, such as the spirit of the times, national traditions, class imprints, writers' styles, communicative contexts, and readers' experiences. The characteristics of a genre and its division often depend on the intensification, prominence or variation of certain factors in its dimensional structure.

Style usually refers to the chapter structure and overall tone of speech that is relatively stabilized by different communicative environments and purposes. As a specific program, it can become an important object of concern in the theoretical system of the discipline, and can provide the most practical examples of rules for people's application.

Because of this, most of the related disciplines, such as writing, literature, philology, grammar, rhetoric, and essayism, have to deal with this content. (See Applied Writing, Issue 9, 2003, Misconceptions in the Classification of Styles) The objective existence of a style is a socio-cultural need, but more importantly, it relies on its own unique function.

In Toward an Aesthetics of Acceptance, Germany's Yao Si argues, "The formal types of literature are neither the subjective creations of writers nor merely reflective and orderly concepts, but are primarily a social phenomenon. The existence of types and forms depends on their function in the real world."

Each genre has a function, and an aesthetic effect, that cannot be replaced by any other. As Lessing puts it in The Hamburg Review of Plays, "Poetry in all genres cannot improve everything, or at least say that two genres cannot produce exactly the same perfect effect; but each genre can do the best it can to improve it, and within its limits do it better than the others-. That is its particular purpose.

Genre can also be said to be in a sense expression, choice, style, or even emphasis. Every genre has a certain function of expressing the content of the real world, which is the essential characteristic of the genre and the prerequisite for its creation and existence.

When it expresses the same thought content, it can choose among various ways of reciprocity, that is, to choose the most appropriate reproduction of the thought content of the formal trappings. Writers in the conceptualization of the creative process, always have to choose the most consistent with the creative intent and object of a certain genre structure and its provisions.

Because some people regard the genre as the selectivity of artistic creation. It is often predicated on the richness of genre possibilities that have historically presented themselves to writers.

Its ability to represent a particular writer, a particular period, a particular ...... lies anywhere but in the textual character of the text, or, in the words of D. H. Lawrence, in its 'struggle for linguistic consciousness'! ". From the point of view of receptive aesthetics, the genre is again an emphasis of the reader.

Dacre. Rifatel in the Criteria for the Analysis of Style says: "Style is considered to be an emphasis (expressive, affective or aesthetic) added to the message conveyed by the structure of the language without changing the meaning. This means that the language expresses, while the style emphasizes."

The meaning of a style does not derive primarily from the properties of the stylistic structure itself, but depends fundamentally on some non-linguistic personal or cultural qualities, or, so to speak, on such deep structures as the way of thinking and the psychological mechanisms of a given national culture. The latter, in turn, is ultimately subject to constraints.