What is the national treasure of Han tomb?

From June 1995 to June 1996, the Archaeological Department of Shandong University, the Cultural Relics Bureau of Shandong Province and the Cultural Bureau of Changqing District conducted a rescue excavation of the No.1 tomb that had been destroyed by the local people in order not to destroy the Han Tomb of Shuangrushan, which is located at the top of Shuangrushan Mountain in Guide Town, southwest of Jinan City.

More than 2,000 pieces of various cultural relics were unearthed, including jade, gold cakes, bronzes, chariots and horses, silver-buckled mother-of-pearl lacquerware, coins and pottery. The Han Tomb in Shuangrushan has attracted the attention of archaeologists for its grand scale, rich connotation and complex and profound academic value.

The funerary objects of the No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangrushan are quite rich, and there are more than 2,000 pieces that can be identified. Mainly unearthed in the tomb and the outer storage room. There are more than 0/00 pieces of bronzes/kloc-buried in the tomb, mainly in the form of ding, pot, altar and lamp. More than 50 jade articles, including covers, pillows, walls, handles and "nine-hole plugs"; The number of lacquerware is also quite large, distributed in side boxes and coffin boxes, but it is corrupt and difficult to count; Iron tools include swords, arrows, crossbows, etc. 20 golden cakes; 20 coins, all "five baht" money; There is 1 trolley, which is placed in the northwest corner of the north box, with a length of 2.6m and a width of1.14m. There are also many gilded chariots and horses in the east half of the north compartment. In addition, a large number of livestock, poultry and aquatic products were buried in the tombs, which were mainly placed in the east and west side boxes and the south side boxes. There are three carts, two cars and many chariots and horses in the outer Tibetan coffin, which is extremely luxurious.

Archaeologists said that although many carriages and even cars were found in the Western Han Dynasty, they were either seriously disturbed, or the types were too simple, the body structure was unclear, and the positions of some instruments were quite chaotic. The five cars found in the Han Tomb of Shuangrushan have clear structures and different specifications, which provide accurate and valuable information for the study of horses and chariots in the Han Dynasty.

Among the cultural relics unearthed in Shuangrushan, Yu Pei and Golden Cake are the most exquisite, precious and eye-catching, which are called peerless treasures by experts.

Yu Pei appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty. Up to now, * * * has found more than 40 pairs, but the most vivid and complete Yu Pei is this pair from the Han Tomb in Shuangrushan. When the jade cover was unearthed, it was still covered on the tomb owner's face, and it was well preserved except for the left ear piece. It is 22.50 cm long and 24.6 cm wide. It consists of 17 pieces and a nose mask corresponding to the forehead, cheeks, mandible, cheeks and ears of the human face respectively, totaling 18 pieces. In addition to the nose mask, it is plain. Eyes and mouth are made up of opposite jade pieces, not one piece. The overall shape is a face, which is very vivid. The five works are exquisitely crafted, exquisitely combined, symmetrical and coordinated, and all parts are appropriate and integrated. Among them, the nose mask is carved by lines and at the same time, with hollow inside, straight nose and slightly bulging wings. The nose mask is full and full, decorated with Yun Leiwen, which is ingenious and exquisite. The inner lower edge of each of the five pieces obliquely passes through the tiny holes on the edge of the nose mask, and the holes correspond to each other, covering the face of the deceased with silk thread.

In addition, there is a jade pillow under the owner's head. This pillow is composed of 9 jade plates, 2 jade plates, 2 jade tiger headdresses and two layers of bamboo plates, with ingenious structure and originality. This is one of the more complicated China pillows found. Yu Pei, Jade Pillow, Jade Bi, Hand Holding, Nine Nest Plug, etc. Together, it constitutes a complete set of jade burial, which provides first-hand information for studying the funeral system in the Han Dynasty and before and after.

In addition to the jade cover, there are 20 gold cakes unearthed from the Han Tomb in Shuangrushan. The number of gold cakes is not the largest among the unearthed Han tombs, but the weight is the highest among the Han tombs, with a total weight of 4,262.5g. The unearthed gold cakes can be divided into two types: type A and type B. There is only one type, the shape of which is obviously small, the front center is slightly concave, the edge is curly and smooth, the back is uneven, there are micropores on the edge for threading, there are no words on it, the outer diameter is 32mm, the diameter is 4mm, and the weight is 66.5g. The remaining 19 pieces can be classified as B-type, with large and uniform shape, concave center on the front, convex back, protruding and rolled edges, and clear casting drops. The diameter and weight of the gold cake are different from the words and symbols on it. Among them, the outer diameter ranges from 62 mm to 67 mm, with an average diameter of 64 mm. 19 gold cake * * * weighs 4 196 g, the heaviest is 246.9 g, and the lightest is 178.5 g. According to experts' research, the age of the Han Tomb in Shuangrushan was slightly later than that of the Western Han Dynasty, that is, around 90 BC. The scale of the mausoleum is enormous. The coffin and car were buried by the princes of the Western Han Dynasty. Seven of the 20 golden cakes are engraved with the word "king", which shows that it should be the tomb next to the emperor and the queen. Changqing, the site of the Han Tomb in Shuangrushan, was a fief in northern Hebei during the Western Han Dynasty, so the owner of the tomb was obviously the king of northern Hebei at that time.

According to the chapter of Taishan County in the Geography of Hanshu, it contains: "Lu, Du. Wang Du in northern Hebei is also. " Lu, that is, Luchengwa in Guide Town Village, is only about 5 kilometers away from Luchengwa in the north of Shuangrushan, so it is inferred that the Han tomb in Shuangrushan is the tomb in northern Hebei. According to the List of Governors since the Han Dynasty and the List of Governors since the Han Dynasty, the northern part of the Western Han Dynasty was sealed by Liu Xingju in the first two years of Emperor Wen (BC 178), Liu Kuan was removed from the county in the second year of Emperor Wu (BC 87) and in the second year of Emperor Wu (BC 12). There are 20 five-baht coins unearthed in this tomb. The five-baht coins were cast in the fifth year of Han Yuanshou (1 18 BC), so this should be the age limit. Jibei withdrew from the county in the second year of Yuan Dynasty, and it has not been reinstated so far, so the lower age limit will not be later than the second year of Yuan Dynasty (the first 87 years). Therefore, the age of tombs can only be 32 years from the 5th year of Emperor founding ceremony to the 2nd year of Yuan Dynasty (1 18 to 87 years ago).

During this period, only Liu Hu and Liu Kuan were in office and died, so the owner of the tomb could only be one of the father and son. Liu Hu reigned for 54 years, which was the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty. On the surface, it seems that he has enough time and strength to build a mausoleum of this scale, but some special phenomena exposed during the excavation have put Hu in a contradictory situation. If the burial time is hasty, most of the tombs are uneven and tidy, but they are rough and rough, and even the stones have not had time to be shipped out; No jade clothes popular in the Han Dynasty were used for burial, not even Yu Pei; So far, no seal has been found in the tomb. This is obviously inconsistent with Liu Hu's background.

Liu Kuan, the son of Liu Hu, committed adultery with his father and concubine, which "violated human relations" and cursed his ancestors at the time of ancestor worship, but he "committed suicide" for fear of sin and died suddenly in disgrace. Therefore, we had to rush into the funeral. There is also the worship of jade by Han people, which is often "better than jade". From this point of view, Liu Kuan's actions are not worthy of enjoying the system of princes burying jade, and it is natural that jade clothes were not found in the tomb. In addition, it seems that two jade swords that were deliberately broken first were placed under the neck of the tomb owner, which has a certain special meaning. Therefore, there is no doubt that the owner of the No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangrushan should be Liu Kuan rather than his father Liu Hu.

The excavation of the national treasure of Shuangrushan is of great value to the study of the political system, customs and customs of the Western Han Dynasty, and at the same time, the tomb cultural relics also provide valuable information for the study of the laws and regulations of the princes' tombs.