Write a travel essay on a historical site (focusing on the exclamation of historical figures and events) 450 words

One, Han Xi building ship

Han Wudi early years of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, came back to the Emperor of Han Wudi reported in detail the situation of the countries in the Western Regions. He reported that in Daxia (present-day northern Afghanistan) he saw bamboo staffs produced in Qiongshan (in present-day Sichuan Province) and fine cloth produced in Shudi (present-day Chengdu, Sichuan Province). The local people said that these things were trafficked by merchants from Body Poison (which is now India). He thought that since Body Poison could buy things from Shu, Daxia must not be far from Shu, and suggested opening a passageway from Shu to the Western Regions.

Then Emperor Wu of Han sent Zhang Qian as an emissary with gifts from Shu to befriend Body Poison. Zhang Qian divided his men and horses into four teams and went to Tianzhu in separate directions. Each of the four teams traveled 2,000 miles without finding it. The group that went southward arrived near today's Erhai Sea in Dali and was blocked by the local Kunming tribe. Since most of the soldiers of the Western Han did not know how to use water, they could not conquer the Kunming tribe around the Erhai Sea, which was good at fighting on water, so the expedition ended in failure. After the Han army returned to Chang'an, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty dug the "Kunming Lake" in Chang'an in the shape of the Erhai Sea, and drilled the navy in order to defeat the Kunming tribe and conquer the Erhai Sea area. This is the historical allusion to the famous "Han Xilu Boat" in Yunnan history.

After that, in 109 B.C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty visited Yunnan, which surrendered, and the Han Dynasty set up the Yizhou County in Yunnan's homeland. This laid the foundation for Yunnan to become an inseparable part of the motherland, as well as for the formation and consolidation of the southwestern border of the motherland. At the same time, the establishment of the county system, changing the situation of Yunnan's various parts of the forest, not unified, the historical development of Yunnan to a new stage.

Second, the Tang standard iron pillar

680 AD, the Tubo captured the Anjung (now southwest of Sichuan Wenchuan), after the control of the Tang dynasty to the southwestern barbarians of the road. Subsequently, the Tubo and the Tang dynasty in the Erhai region to start the struggle between them, their victory or defeat is related to the survival of the Tang dynasty regime. Because of the expansion of the Tubo to the east, not only the northwestern frontier is not peaceful, even the central dynasty is also threatened; Tubo invasion of Shu Xi and the western Erhe area and the security of the southwestern border of the Tang dynasty is facing a crisis. In order to avoid a passive situation, the Tang Dynasty had to fight against the Tubo from the Erhai area, and coordinate with the northwestern part of the country to form an encirclement of the Tubo. Therefore, the consolidation of the Yaozhou Prefecture became an important measure for the defense of the overall strategy of the Tang Dynasty. In order to consolidate the Yao Prefecture, it was necessary to rely on the barbarians of the Erhai Sea; the direction of the barbarians of the Erhai Sea had a bearing on the destiny of the Yao Prefecture. To this end, the first task of the Yaozhou governorate was to isolate Tubo from the Erhai barbarians and to pacify them

In order to safeguard Yaozhou and to fight against Tubo, the Tang Dynasty sent Tang Jiuzheng, the supervisor of the imperial court, to be the ambassador for Yao Plain Road in 707 A.D., and to discuss with Tubo, who had penetrated deeper into the Erhai area. At that time, the Tubo built an iron bridge between Yangshui and PiBi Shui to connect to the Xi'er River and constructed castles on both sides of the river. Tang Jiuzheng first destroyed the castle guarding the bridge, and then burned the two iron bridges, cutting off the passage of the Tubo into the region of the Erhe River. After the battle, he ordered the secretary Qiu Jun to build a monument in Jianchuan and set up an iron pillar in the north of the Erhai Sea to commemorate the great victory of the battle. This iron pillar was a symbol of Tang's effective rule over the Erhai region.

But this victory did not completely change the situation of the barbarians in the Erhai area who were rebellious and attached to the Tang Dynasty, because Anjon and Kunming were still controlled by the Tubo. Thus, the recapture of these two cities became a priority for the Tang Dynasty to fight for the Erhai region. After that, after four more wars, Anjon City was finally back in the hands of the Tang Dynasty. Tubo had sent troops to counter-attack many times, all failed to go, the recovery of the two cities, not only consolidated the Tang's rule in the southwest, but also for the rise of Nanzhao to create the conditions.

Three, Song waved jade axe

"Song waved jade axe" this allusion is: the Northern Song dynasty Zhao Kuangyin after the pacification of Sichuan, holding a jade axe (Wenfang playthings) along the map of the Dadu River, said: "In addition to my own." Meaning that the Song Dynasty no longer wanted places beyond the Dadu River. This is not because the Song dynasty does not want the Dali country this piece of land, but because the Northern Song dynasty is not as strong as the Han and Tang Dynasty, vast territory, at that time, the Northern Song dynasty is weak, no longer capable of attacking Yunnan; coupled with the Song Taizu wrongly summed up the lessons of the Tang Dynasty to support the Nanzhao and the Nanzhao rebel against the Tang Dynasty, and therefore will be outside the boundaries of Yunnan.

And in fact, since the founding of the Dali Kingdom, it has maintained close ties with the Song Dynasty. In 965 A.D., when the Song Dynasty unified Shu, the Dali Kingdom immediately sent officials from Jianchang (present-day Xichang, Sichuan Province) to send an ultimatum to the Song Dynasty to express their congratulations. 968 A.D., the Dali Kingdom sent another envoy to the Song Dynasty to ask for friendship. 976 A.D., the White King asked for the internal annexation of the king, and Emperor Taizong appointed the king of the Dali Kingdom as the "lord of the eight counties of Yunnan". 1115, the Dali Kingdom formally established a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty, and the king of the Dali Kingdom was appointed as the "Lord of Eight Countries" by the emperor. In 1115, the Dali Kingdom formally established a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty, which lasted until the fall of the Dali Kingdom. Another aspect reflecting the close relationship between the Dali Kingdom and the Song Dynasty was the economic and cultural exchanges tied to the horse market. The war horses of the Song Dynasty mainly came from the north and were called "Shaanxi horses". After the south of the Song dynasty, Shaanxi horse source is cut off, have to rely mainly on war horses from Dali. The prosperity of the horse market, from another side reflects the interdependence between Dali and the Song Dynasty, close and friendly relations.

Four, Yuan across the leather bag

1253, Mongolia Khan Mongkol sent his brother Kublai rate of the attack on Yunnan, the plan to destroy Dali, the Southern Song Dynasty to form an encirclement, and finally eliminate the Southern Song Dynasty, unify the country. Kublai led an army of 100,000 men to the banks of the Jinsha River, but faced with the raging Jinsha River, the Mongolian army was unable to cross the river. In the middle of the difficulty, the local ethnic minorities offer advice, with leather bags as rafts to cross the river. Leather bag is a sheepskin bag (also made of cowhide). Available single leather bag tied to the body as a floating device across the river, can also be more than one leather bag connected to the raft. So Kublai army used leather bag as well as the raft across the Jinsha River, destroyed the Dali State, will be under the rule of the Yuan in Yunnan.

The next year, Kublai returned to China, leaving the general Uliang Hetai to guard Yunnan and continue to pacify the Dali ministries. After two years of conquest, Duan Xingzhi, the king of Dali, submitted his country to the Mongols in 1256. Afterwards, Uliang Hetai proposed to the court to set up counties in Yunnan and set up officials to take care of the people. The court agreed and supported his proposal, and made him the marshal of the Yuan Dynasty, giving him a silver seal to guard Yunnan.

After the unification of the country, in 1273, Kublai Lied from his close ministers to send back to the people of Saidianchi-ZhanSiDing as the Yunnan Province PingZhangGongZi, to Yunnan to prepare for the establishment of the province of Yunnan, and he became the first governor of the province of Yunnan. 1276 will be set by the province of Yunnan, the road, the province, the state, the county to report to the imperial court, and the center of the political center of Yunnan from the dali to kunming. During his tenure, he stabilized the society by reorganizing the official system and strengthening unification on the one hand. On the other hand, he encouraged agriculture, developed the economy, implemented large-scale cantonment throughout the province, and led the construction of the Songhuaba Reservoir, which has been used to the end of the benefit of the people's project, the construction of the reservoir lowered the water level of Dianchi, which not only benefited the Dianchi and its water system around the farmland, but also formed a ten thousand acres of fertile land around the Dianchi.

Fifth, the three conquests Lu Chuan

Ming dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang governance of Yunnan communities of the basic principle is "not to system it does not rebel, focusing on so that it does not rebel," is really not an easy thing. The Ming dynasty took many important initiatives, attempting to rule in Yunnan for a long time, and indeed achieved more than the previous generation's great achievements. But since the Ming dynasty unified Yunnan, there has been a great deal of unrest among the local communities.

The biggest upheaval was the rebellion of the Si clan in Luchuan (present-day Ruili, Dehong, Yunnan) during the reign of the Ming Emperor Zhengtong.

In the early years of the Zhengzheng era, Si Kefa rose to power in Mengmao and gradually expanded his influence, so he set up the Pingmeng Xuandao Division

Appointed Si Kefa as Xuandao Ambassador. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Si Kefa took advantage of the disturbances in the Central Plains and annexed all the ministries of the Golden Tooth, and became the dominant party.

In 1382, Si Lunfa succeeded to the post, in 1385 Si Lunfa mobilized 100,000 troops and captured Jingdong. 1388, Si Lunfa with 50,000 troops, more than a hundred elephants, launched the "Dingbian Battle". Mu Ying rate

15,000 elite cavalry, day and night, straight to Dingbian, broke the elephant array, wiped out the Si's vital forces, Si Lunfa retreated to Luchuan. 1389, Si Lunfa surrendered to pay tribute. In order to stabilize the situation, the Ming court in

Yongle early in the year set up Luchuan, Mubang, Mangyang, Myanmar, four Xuanyu Division. In 1413, Sirenfa was appointed as the consul general of Luchuan, and he tried to recover the land lost by his father, Sirenfa, and had many disputes with the neighboring tribes. 1438, Mu Sheng, the king of Qianning, began to mobilize troops to conquer Sirenfa, but the military did not go well, and the main general, Fangzheng, was killed. Mu Sheng also died violently for fear of being blamed by the court. Mu Aung again mobilized his army, but it was not effective. Sirenfa wanted to send ambassadors to pay tribute to the court as a gesture of reconciliation, but the court wanted to settle the Luchuan dispute once and for all, so it sent Wang Ji to conquer Luchuan three times with a large army in 1441, 1443, and 1448. "The army was used in successive years, the dead were seventeen or eighteen, and the army funds and rewards could not be counted". The three conquests of Lu Chuan by the army not only failed to solve the problem, but also contributed to the rivalry between Si Renfa and the other three Xuanwuzhi.

In 1449, because of the emptiness of the north, Wala attacked the Tumu Fort, the Ming army defeated, Ming Yingzong was captured. It can be said that the Varat is the culprit of the "Tumu change", Wang Ji three conquests Lu Chuan is the root cause of the "change of the wood".

Sixth, the return to the stream

Ming Dynasty in the pacification of Yunnan, according to the characteristics of the minority in Yunnan, in the majority of ethnic minority areas in the implementation of the system of the Secretary of State, and continue to make it perfect. However, with the continuous development and progress of society, the shortcomings of the system became more and more obvious, and it was no longer suitable for the development of the border minority areas and the central government. Although it has played a useful role in history, the system itself has many shortcomings.

Under the rule of the Tusi, the Tusi had the power of life and death over their people, and "the distinction between masters and servants remained unchanged for a hundred years". Under the rule of the Tusi, people's lives were difficult, and at the same time, the development of social economy was seriously hindered. Tusi between, within the Tusi also often struggle, robbing each other's villages, killing innocents, so that the people suffered, affecting the stability of the border. Tusi have their own arms, they use their soldiers to suppress the local people, disobedience to the imperial court, rebel unceasingly. The long-term existence of the Tusi system was not conducive to the unification of the country. With the development of history, the backwardness and disadvantages of the Tusi system became more and more prominent. The abolition of the Tusi system has become an inevitable historical development. Therefore, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, in some places where the conditions were more mature, the first abolition of the land division, and replaced the land officials with the displaced officials, the implementation of the return of the land to the stream.

But the purposeful and planned large-scale land reclassification mainly occurred in the Qing Dynasty during the Yongzheng period, presided over the southwest reclassification of the Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou Ertai. Ertai that the system is the southwest border of the biggest hidden trouble, must be resolved as soon as possible. Only the tyrannical and unruly Secretary of the soil gradually captured, in the areas under its rule gradually set up a stream of officials, is the root cause of the method. Otherwise it is unable to solve the stability and tranquility of the southwest border.

Ortay's reclassification of the main political means of pacification-based, in some areas also through the force of compulsory implementation of reclassification. After the Yongzheng years after the reorganization of the land to the flow, the Yunnan territory has not much left, most of the remaining land division has been continued until the 1950s.

After the reorganization, the Qing government set up prefectures, prefectures, halls and counties in the former Tusi territories, appointed non-hereditary officials with tenure to rule directly, and implemented the same systems as those in the mainland, such as the establishment of the Baojia, the establishment of the household registration, the measurement of land, the determination of the rent and tax, the investigation of money and grain, the establishment of schools, and the promotion of Confucianism, etc. This not only promoted the socio-economic development of the southwestern region, but also promoted the development of the country's economy. This not only promoted the social and economic development of the southwest region and the progress of culture and education, but also greatly strengthened the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan, so that the Yunnan border and the mainland in the unity of the polity, and further consolidate the unity of the multi-ethnic state.

VII. Anti-Qing Uprising

The Hui people's uprising led by Du Wenxiu.

In the 19th century, the landlords and merchants in Yunnan often quarreled with each other over land and mineral rights, and the struggle for economic rights often led to power struggles among the gentry. Because of the different religious beliefs and differences in customs, these struggles gradually evolved into Han landlords and merchants and Hui landlords and merchants between the conflict, these conflicts are increasingly intensified. 1845, Yongchang Province, the Hui and Han people fighting each other, the officials take the side of the Han people, killed the Hui people of the city. 1847, Du Wenshou went to the capital to complain about the brutal killings of the Hui people in the Yongchang Province, the Qing Dynasty changed its attitude, support for the Hui people. Yongchang Han people rose against the government, again attacked and killed Hui people. The Qing government inconsistent attitude, intended to expand the contradiction, so that the Hui and Han killed each other. 1856 May, Kunming Hui and Han conflict, Yunnan governor ordered to "nuisance" Hui people, killed whatever. Inside and outside the city of Kunming, a massive search and kill Hui people for three days, killing about 3,000 Hui people. Following the whole life within, constantly appeared to burn the Hui people tragedy. The Hui people could not bear it any longer, could not retreat, and the hope of seeking help from the government to administer justice was completely dashed, so they indignantly and bravely raised the banner of uprising. Hui people uprising in all parts of the winds and clouds, soon converged into two armies: one by Ma Rulong, Ma Dexin as the leader, activities in the south and east Yunnan region; one by Du Wenxiu leadership, fighting in western Yunnan.

In 1867, Du Wenxiu sent an army of 200,000 men to besiege the city of Kunming, which could not be attacked for a long time.

In 1869, the Qing army counter-attacked, and the rebel army lost, and returned to the western part of Yunnan Province.

In 1872, when the Qing army laid siege to Dali, Du Wenxiu was poisoned, and the rebel army failed.

The uprising of the Yi people led by Li Wen.

Under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion, Li Wen, a poor Yi peasant, with the help of Taiping Army soldiers Wang Taijian and Li Xuedong, led more than 5,000 peasants in May 1856 and swore to revolt at Tiansheng Camp in Walu Village, Maidu County. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing army attacked the Mourning Mountain area in 1870, and Wang Taijie and Tian Silang unfortunately died. 1872, Li Wenli supported the failure of Du Wenxiu's revolt, and was unfortunately captured, and was brutally killed in the following year. After the murder of the leader of the insurgent army also resisted valiantly, and finally the insurgents were either sacrificed or dispersed, and the insurgency failed.

VIII. Struggle to protect the frontier

Jingpo people's struggle against the British

In the early 19th century, the British Empire invaded Burma, attempting to open up a passage from Yunnan to the Yangtze River valley in China from India and Burma. 1831, the British army captain, Spry, returned to his country after an inspection tour of Yunnan via Burma from India, and wrote a report to the British government suggesting that a railroad be built from Rangoon, Burma, to Yunnan. Railroad. His suggestion was taken seriously by the British capitalists, who actively promoted the invasion of Yunnan to open up the market. Soon the British obtained the right to trade freely on the Irrawaddy River in Burma, and in 1874, the British sent an armed expedition of more than two hundred men, led by Mr. Brown, to enter Yunnan from Burma. At the same time, the British Minister in China sent an interpreter, Mr. Macquarie, from Shanghai to Yunnan to meet Browne at the China-Burma border. Along the way, Mr. Macquarie collected intelligence and drew maps in Tengchong, provoking opposition from the people of Tengchong. Local officials in Tengchong escorted him out of the country. After joining Burang in Burma, he led an armed force to invade Yingjiang County of the present-day Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in 1875. The people of all ethnic groups on the border were outraged and automatically organized themselves to defend the gateway to their motherland, with the support of Cen Yuying, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. When Ma Jiali led the advance troops to reach Yingjiang Mangyun, Xuelie, Jingpo, Dai, Han people more than 200 people surrounded them, ordered them to withdraw from the Chinese border, Ma Jiali even brazenly shot big, killed the border people. The angry people annihilated Ma Jiali and his entourage at the edge of the Tosong River in Xuelie. After that, the number of people who participated in the battle increased to more than 6,000, and they surrounded the British army led by Burang. Burang set fire to the mountain, escaped on the smoke and withdrew from the Chinese border.

The struggle of the Miao people against the French

Between 1883 and 1885, during the Sino-French War, the Black Flag Army led by Liu Yongfu and the Qing army in Yunnan were the main force against the French army, and dealt a heavy blow to the French army in the Great Victory on the Western Front.In 1884, when the French army invaded the counties of Massupo and Makan, Xiang Chongzhou, the leader of the Miao people of Mangdong in the region, led the people of the Miao, Yao, Zhuang, Han and other ethnic groups Hundreds of people, with swords, crossbows, cannons, after the size of dozens of battles to repel more than 1,000 armed with foreign guns and cannons of the French invasion army, recovered about 7,000 square kilometers of lost territory. 1855, the French invaders in the area of the Mangdong rampage, Xiang Chongzhou led the Hmong people, in the Mengtong, boat head, buckle forest and other places attacked and wiped out more than 200 French sergeants, repelled the rescue from the Huangshupi, Qingyonghe came to the aid of hundreds of reinforcements, forcing the French army to withdraw from the Chinese border, dared not to be. The French army was forced to withdraw from the Chinese border and did not dare to step into the Chinese territory again. The French army had sent emissaries to tempt Xiang Chong Zhou with heavy benefits and gifts, but he did not move, righteousness, solemnly declared that the Hmong people are Chinese, swore to defend their own living in Chinese territory, will never submit to the French invaders. 1889 Sino-French survey of Yunnan-Vietnamese border, Xiang Chong Zhou to participate in the work of the boundary, and provide historical information on the border, arguing for the defense of the land and safeguard the sovereignty of the country. The Qing government awarded him the title of Border Guard Regimental Training Battalion, allowing his children and grandchildren to be hereditary, and inscribed him with a huge plaque that reads, "The heroes of the temple, the border defense as the Iron Tie".

The Lisu people's struggle against the British

In 1900, the British invaders occupied the Katama area, the local Lisu people united with the Jingpo, Bai, and Han people under the leadership of Zuo Xiaochen, the earth general, the resistance, the invading army expelled from the border.In early 1911, the British army once again invaded the area of the Katama, and Zuo Xiaochen sacrificed his life in the resistance to British invasion forces. The Lisu people resisted under the leadership of the Lisu steward, Lehei Sopa. The resistance of the Lisu people against the British received solidarity and support from people of all ethnic groups in the country. In the Lisu and border people of all ethnic groups, the British were forced to formally recognize the piece of horse, Gulang, Gangfang three Lisu villages are Chinese territory, but at that time, private boundary pillars, building barracks, attempting to occupy for a long time. After the outbreak of World War I, the British army withdrew for a time, and in 1922, the British army came back and occupied the Katama area again. In the Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Burma signed in 1961, the Burmese government agreed to return Katma, Gulang and Gangfang, which belonged to China, to China.

The Wa People's Struggle Against the British

After the British Empire occupied Burma, it extended its clutches of aggression to the A Wa mountainous region in the western part of China's Yunnan Province. They kept sending missionaries and expeditions into the A Wa mountainous region to collect intelligence, and used money to lure and bribe the local headmen chiefs. In January 1934, the British sent troops to invade the silver mines between the three Wa tribes of Banhong, Banlao and Yongban, which were rich in silver. The Wa chiefs of Banhong and Banlao, such as Hu Yulu, Hu Yushan and Hu Zhonghua, convened seventeen Wa tribal chiefs to take a blood oath to resist the British army and defend the mines. When the British army advanced along the South Rolling River and burned down the Ban Lao village, Hu Yulu, the king of Ban Lao, led all the men, women and children of the village to retreat to Longtoushan and vowed to surrender. With the support of the local Dai and Han people, the British invasion forces were repulsed and the lost land was recovered. 1941, when Britain took advantage of the crisis of the war of resistance against Japan, it threatened to close the Yunnan-Burma highway and drew a boundary line in favor of Britain with the Chinese government in the A Wa Mountains in the form of exchange of letters, which was called the "1941 line", but it failed to draw a boundary line and set up a boundary line on the line, and then set up a boundary line on the A Wa Mountain. However, they failed to physically demarcate and erect boundary pillars on the line. In the Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Burma signed in 1961, the Burmese government agreed to return the Banhung and Banlao areas to China.

The Dai People's Struggle Against the British

In 1891, the British organized two "exploratory teams" to intrude into the Dai area of the Yunnan frontier without permission to draw maps and collect intelligence. One team entered the Dehong area along the Irrawaddy River. When the British expedition to yingjiang county dry cliffs belonging to tongbi pass west, just inheritance dry cliffs to the Dai governor knife anren led the Dai and Han people to prevent the British expedition in-depth. After several months of confrontation with the British, the British army was repulsed. Unwilling to accept the defeat, the British army invaded Dry Cliff again and attacked Tianma and Hanlong Passes. Knife Anren led the Dai people to resist and expel the British. 1898 British army invaded Dachengshu Yingpan, Knife Anren led the Dai and Jingpo border people to resist the British army for eight years. So that the British invasion of the Dehong region failed to succeed in the plot to defend the border, to maintain the territory of the motherland has made a significant contribution.

Another British "expedition" of about 500 people, through the Awa Mountain, Menglian, Mengjia, Menghai arrived in Yunjinghong. When they arrived in Menglian, blatantly British flag in the White Crane Hill, and called a meeting of the local Dai people, advocating Menglian if the British, the Dai people will have a "good day". The patriotic Dai people ignored their nonsense and cut down the British flag in protest. When the expedition went to Menghai and Menghai, the Dai people closed their houses, did not sell any food to the invaders, and refused to allow them to enter their villages. When they arrived at Yunjinghong, they once again put up the British flag and induced Che Xuanxuan to write a letter of surrender. Their banditry was immediately resisted by the Dai people. The Minister of the Council of Ministers, Dulong Lahua, strictly warned the British: Chear is the territory of China, and they are not allowed to do anything wrong on the territory of China. He then ordered all the inhabitants of the territory not to sell food to the trespassing British, not to allow them to enter the villages, and to tear down the British flag. These Englishmen had to leave Xishuangbanna in disgrace. When they passed through the Awa Mountains, they were again severely warned by the Wa people that they were not allowed to run roughshod over the Chinese land. They were ordered to get off their horses or be shot, and the British on the "expedition" had to get off their horses and run away.