Exploration of Han Nationality: Funeral Customs in China in the Late Qing Dynasty

1. Funeral system In the late Qing Dynasty, the funeral system was still in practice. In order to ensure the implementation of the funeral ceremony, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty spared no expense, severely punished the law, and strictly ordered funerals to be simple, neither arrogant nor impetuous. Guangxu Qin Qing Dian Dian Dian Juan 398? The funeral ceremony stipulates that if the family of the deceased has limited financial resources, it can be simplified, but it can also be insurmountable. If there is blasphemy, the law stipulates that there are 100 official staff members who do not need to be dismissed; Without an official, the staff is fifty. If parents are guilty, offenders will be ordered to correct. The craftsman who made this illegal thing got 50 yuan, so he turned himself in and was acquitted. In addition, the Qing dynasty also set up a special picket team to prohibit violations; And instructed the local officials to implement the etiquette system, requiring the resident village officials to pay attention to the customs; The number of people attending funerals and obedience ceremonies should be encouraged and rewarded to promote the etiquette system of the whole country and ensure that social life is polite. 2. Burial is a common practice, but no matter how the rulers control it, illegal reburial always happens from time to time. Heavy burial and heavy mourning are deeply rooted in China culture, and are closely related to traditional cultural concepts such as respecting heaven, ancestors, and pursuing the future with caution, so it is difficult to change. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the development of industry and commerce and the improvement of social and economic living standards, funeral customs prevailed in coastal areas. Of course, it was Yin Fu's family who was reburied. As for the official family, because of the fetters of court etiquette, it can be neither extravagant nor extravagant, but it is still more extravagant than ordinary families. In contrast, the wind of heavy burial prevails in the north, especially in Tianjin and other places. In the fourth year of Guangxu, an antique owner in Tianjin took a cymbal, an ethereal building, a flying dragon, a palm fan, a pheasant hat, a snake whip and a deacon to his funeral. In addition, there are spears, spurge, axes and melons, all of which are martial artists. The brocade of Cizhen Pavilion and Luosange Pavilion is covered with lingyun, and the embroidered banners shine in the sun. In addition, there are incense pavilions, furnace pavilions and stage pavilions. Smart and interesting. There is a woodcut shrine, which says that there are doors, steps and halls outside the cuckoo's door. It's very big.

1978165438+10/9. Such a luxurious funeral scene is only commonly used by Tianjin people. The reporter who reported the incident curiously asked the names of the mourners, but only quoted Xiaolian's correct answer: China Studies. In this regard, the local government tried to reform the extravagant style, but the people went their own way. Just two days after the ban was issued, two more funerals were held in Iola Street outside the East Gate of Tianjin. One after another, the ceremony was brilliant, the roads were congested, and they couldn't. We can't move forward until they arrive. After many twists and turns, they passed. 1878165438+10/9. Here, the funeral became the embodiment of wealth and power. In the 26th year of Guangxu, during the Eight-Nation Alliance period, the United States occupied Tianjin, forbidding the parking of coffins at home, and had to be buried with the deceased to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases. After the Qing government took over Tianjin, the wind of stopping coffins revived immediately, or 2 1 day, or 29 days, and even coffins were left at home for months. When the coffin stops, please ask the monks to recite the scriptures. Besides monks, rich people invited monks, nuns and lamas for several hundred dollars. There are even dead people who went in winter, and monks, Taoist priests and lamas who went to the funeral this summer even recited more than 100 altars. But because incense and candles in the tent were accidentally lit, the whole house caught fire. April 27th, 30th year of Guangxu reign. Chanting is just a ceremony before the funeral. When the funeral is really going on, the etiquette pavilion is just a facade, and the funeral of the rich is even more unrestricted. Etiquette kiosks are arranged for miles and made by top craftsmen in Kyoto.

Most people in Shiping are bound by Yin and Yang. After death, they open the date of birth of the deceased, which is called opening the funeral book, also known as the funeral list. The book rate is to choose a certain day to be buried, stop the coffin and ban a certain photo. For example, avoid horses, and people who belong to horses should not be around when the deceased is buried, otherwise it will lead to various disasters. Mortuary, family mourning. Rich businessmen and monks recite spells, that is, cast spells. Fan Zushu's "Declaration of Mourning and Approval" also said: Monks read material classics. It can be seen that this custom exists in both the north and the south. In the south, portraits, elegiac couplets and statues will be hung in Tang Xiao. In A.D., it was said that there were statues, couplets, tables, incense burners and candlesticks for men and women outside the filial piety hall. After the baby dies, she will set up a git for the dead. People walking next to folk corpses believe that there are zodiac animals. If the zombie is allowed to stand upright and put on a git, the corpse will not stand up. Uncle Zu: Declare. Three days after death, you have to accept three. Three days after his death, drums, banners or inscriptions outside the door were different in Manchu and Chinese. Relatives go to drink. In the evening, monks swallow scriptures, feed paper, paste chariots and horses, carry boxes and burn them in nearby open spaces, saying that they will get three gifts. Send, the dutiful son cried in front of the spirit, and his family also cried. In the evening, the monk put a fire into the shed, and the dutiful son knelt down on time to mourn. In the south, there is a custom of submission. On the third day of death, please ask a good book writer to write the book of God. The word king only wrote, and the next day the word king will make a separate phone call. After the funeral procession returns, a ceremony will be held in front of the memorial tablet of the deceased. In The Sound of Music, the master dipped his writing brush in the blood of the eldest son or grandson of the deceased, and touched the word Wang written on the spirit tablet in advance to become the protagonist. This means that children are passed down from generation to generation by blood. Then send it to the ancestral hall with a red cloth card and call it the master. Burial, Ta Kung Pao: When burial, all relatives must be sent, that is, the dead should be put in coffins. The things in the coffin are loess, lime, carbon chips, realgar, fillers, mattresses, crow pillows, charcoal and paper rolls; The etiquette outside the coffin is: take towels, warm shoulders, divide gold, collect nails, sit on a stool, sit down, applaud and praise. All relatives should kneel in front of the wood, cover the bottom of the wood with charcoal and toilet paper, then press it with a seven-star board and bury it on the mattress. At the funeral, relatives and friends will go to the funeral, and the hanging utensils are also very exquisite. In addition to gifts and drinks from relatives and friends, close relatives, like their children and in-laws, have to eat. Gift rice, soup rice, dragon fragrant colored candle, five flowers and five spirits, sacrifice axe, silk plaque, silk pair and four objects. Long Xiang, three feet tall, has a roof above, and seats, pillars, dragons, decorative figures and flowers below. Those who are using the incense booth. The colored candle is also three feet high, and there is a seat below. A pair of white elephants are tied with paper, like candles inserted behind their backs; Or use a maid-in-waiting with colored candles. Those who spend five gods, such as five gods and five flowers, are a foot and a half long, and a hidden drama comes out. Some people use the Eight Immortals. In short, the more strange, the more exquisite. It's made by the flower god shop, and it's made of five-color silk. Sacrificial axes, feathers, silks and satins, plaques, elegiac couplets, white silk and Mo Bao. Hangzhou custom also stipulates son-in-law, daughter, son-in-law and adopted son. A tree lamp must be sent. This kind of tree lamp is rented from a temple, about a foot high, with a treasure cover on it and a seat below. It is painted red and gold, and has a neutral pillar. The crank lamp holder has seven layers.

Fengdu, Sichuan is a ghost town, and the Ten Halls of the underworld are here. So the price of the road guide sold there is the most expensive. Every time people come here, they always buy more things for their relatives and friends. July 7th was still popular, and it was still popular in the late Qing Dynasty. First of all, it is usually held on the sixth day after death. From 0755 to 79000, it is the sixth day. Therefore, the first seven names are the first six sons, and the land temple and monks should be used as a combination. Because of their skills, it is appropriate to knock the top seven. Pay homage to the fifteenth confession, put up merit paintings and hang posters, but for example, don't let the flames go, just watch the lights disperse. There are also those who have been in the top seven since the seventh day. Yue: Some people don't start reading until the seventh day after death. This day is called "the day of death". It will be held on February 27th, 14th day after death. Year: Erqi is not far from Shaqi period, and there are seven altars, or those who make them give them seven altars. Monks in Sanqi, chanting at night, put out the fire. Year: Monk Sanqi should also learn what he did. Late flame nozzle. In order to prevent the dead from becoming hungry ghosts, bereaved people should feed on ghosts and gods. The eating ceremony is usually held at dusk. At this time, take a clean vessel, fill it with clear water, a little rice cake and the like, press the vessel with your right hand, read a mantra in your mouth, and then call the name of the Tathagata. Then take the feeder, clean the ground, give alms and turn the hungry ghost over. Fang: Poem Garden Manuscripts, Shanghai American Press, 1988, p. 164. Seven. According to folk custom, relatives pay monks to chant Buddhist scriptures. According to People's Society Guide to Beiping, there are also monks, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists, Buddhists. For ordinary monks. At its low price. According to the custom, Taoist priests should be invited to do Dojo. Yue: On May 7th, you should be a Taoist. The oldest is nine, or seven, five or three. The largest one is paved with halls. All halls have three layers of square sparse wooden boards, which were built in Tianmen Du Xuan. Tianmen Pagoda Factory, paper tied with dragon patterns, has people on duty every month. It is seven or eight feet high, and it is placed in front of the gate. There are five merits of Taoist priests: Fu, Chao, Chen, Lian and Deng. Some do it for seven or five days. Operator, must first send operator one day, called please god will also; In the face, the sky is also on the table; Repentance, repentance; Refiners, fire and water refining flame nozzles; Wait here and watch the light. Can break hell, kneel on five sides, all kinds of affectation. However, a Taoist priest and a monk, wearing a lotus crown, are beaming, learning boots and scarlet clothes. Sophomore masters are all made of gold, and their tricks are puzzling. The other cassocks are of different colors. The most respectable people, Taoist priests, marched in the street, sitting in the sedan chair of the constitution, holding hands according to their own wishes and taking the missionary pavilion to the temple to worship God. What are your strengths? It spends money just for fun. Thank you for your success, that is, ask your friends to help you eat sports. Seven must be handled by son-in-law. Yue: Before June 7th, only vegetarian dishes were served in front of the mausoleum. On the seventh day, the son-in-law must eat meat. From the beginning, the banquet soup and rice should be salty. If you don't have a son-in-law, a younger relative will take your place. Also known as "July 7th breaks seven", there is only one flame on this day. Most people recommend July 7th, but some families who lost their loved ones did 10 7 because there were too many people to see them off. There are also some wealthy families who will do ten sevens to show their wealth. 5. The popular paper funerary objects in Guangdong should be paper-fed funerary objects for the deceased, that is, paper, bamboo and so on. Tied into various objects, such as paper houses, paper sedan chairs, paper men, paper cows, paper horses and so on. These are carefully made, including courtyard windows, balcony halls, study rooms, flower beds, tables and chairs, etc. therefore

The day after the death of the deceased is paper burning day. At this time, New Year pictures should be hung on the side outside the gate, and items such as incense tables, memorial tablets for Yang Shou and sacrifices should be placed. It should be displayed, indicating the name, age and identity of the deceased, and the portal address of the main mourners should indicate whose home it is. If you are under 60, you shouldn't use old paper after you die. The older the paper, the older the deceased. According to the local dialect, the homonym of old paper continues to symbolize the evocation and inversion of future generations. As a result, there is the custom of local newspapers grabbing new year's goods. People tie knots to catch New Year greeting paper, wrap them in red paper into triangular bags, or bracelets and rings, and tie them around their waists or wear them on their bodies. Even make a complete ring for a full-moon baby, so that the baby can live for a hundred years. In Qixian County, Jinzhong, funeral paper has another feature. Cut off the whole rough white paper, as much as the deceased can when he is dying, and cut two more pieces to worship heaven and earth. These old papers should be tied in the shape of a coffin. On the day of the funeral, they should be taken to the cemetery and burned with other documents. 6. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising, the Nanhan area was in a state of war, and peaceful memorial to the dead was not allowed. Coupled with the influence of worship of god, it has had a certain impact on traditional funeral customs. China officials put forward some measures to reform funeral, which can be summarized as follows: trying to change people's view of death, thinking that ascension is a first-class good thing, and joy is better than crying; No chanting is allowed at the funeral, and the emperor should be informed with sacrificial tea; There is no private coffin, just embedded in brocade crepe; It is not allowed to set gods, etc. These concepts and regulations are undoubtedly contrary to the funeral tradition in China, especially the practice of wrapping corpses with silk instead of coffins, which is strongly reflected among the masses. After the Taiping Army entered Nanjing, they saw that people's American homes were full of immortal materials, which would be broken, or used as firewood, or used to build platforms and earthen cities. No one left behind. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum: Hanging Custom Heritage. So everyone looked askance and thought it was a cult. These regulations are too far from tradition, and it is difficult to implement them smoothly without more reasonable and convincing explanations and thorough persuasion and education. By the end of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, coffin funerals were everywhere, and the funerals were still old, and all efforts were in vain. 7. The emergence of western-style funerals. Comparatively speaking, the customs changes in the late Qing Dynasty, influenced by the spread of western customs to the east, brought some changes to China, and the folk funeral methods were still contained in some areas. In some places, monks and nuns are not invited to set up an altar to recite scriptures, but western bands are invited to play; In some places, memorial services are held to mourn the dead. In the light, there is a so-called memorial service. Be sure to choose the square, all the furnishings may be simpler than libation, and guests may not be embarrassed. In addition, the agenda of the memorial service is generally to ring the bell for a meeting, report the general purpose of the meeting, read articles on sacrifices and obituaries, bow to the ceremony, make speeches, play funeral music and so on. Simplifying complexity is the most innovative trend of funeral reform in the late Qing Dynasty. The biggest change of traditional funeral in China was during the Revolution of 1911. Nanjing Provisional Government abolished the funeral system implemented in Qing Dynasty, and affirmed the new funeral, and the funeral customs have undergone profound changes. Due to the short existence of Nanjing Provisional Government, it has no time to make a complete funeral service plan, but it has taken a series of new measures in funeral service. This undoubtedly laid the foundation for the establishment of a new funeral in the Republic of China. Although the new funerals in the Revolution of 1911 were not customized, they usually put black armbands, left wrists and bl on men.