What are the national musical instruments with Xinjiang characteristics?

In the traditional music of Uygur, there are many kinds of musical instruments, such as wooden flute, reed flute, suona, Sattar, Ai Jieke, Temple, Dutar, Rewafu, Kalong and tambourine, which can be said to be blowing, pulling, playing and playing. Some musical instruments are indispensable in our daily life, such as the "Maizieff" held by farmers, grand holiday parties and even wonderful acrobatic performances. With the spiritual life of the Uygur people, these musical instruments have gone through a long road of development. The widely used musical instruments mainly include:

1, repackage

Rewapu is mostly made of wood and has a unique shape. The upper part is a slender body, the top is curved, and the bottom is a hemispherical sounding box. The face of the piano is wrapped in donkey skin, sheepskin or python skin, and has 5-7 strings. Usually the melody is played with the outermost string, and the other strings are used as the sounding strings. The music played with it is clear, pure and expressive, so it is often used. Zhiwafu not only has wonderful charm, but also has a beautiful and elegant appearance. The piano body is inlaid with many corner pieces or bone pieces into various shapes and regular lines and patterns, which are beautiful and generous and have strong national characteristics.

2. Doutard

The traditional Dutar is similar to marble in structure and looks like a long-handled ladle. It consists of a sound box, a piano head, a piano rod, a string shaft, a bridge, strings and the like. Is made of natural dry Sang Mu, apricot or walnut.

Specifications and sizes depend on the different classification of boys and girls, which are usually divided into three types: large, medium and small. Large handle package 17 grade, small handle 14 grade, both men and women can play. When you play, you can use your right hand and five fingers, or dial or pick, or sweep. Although the sound of the piano is very small, the timbre is very soft, and players can express their feelings incisively and vividly through the sound of the piano, so Uighur women especially like to play and sing with Dutar.

Doutard is an excellent accompaniment instrument. In addition to being the main accompaniment in the classical music Twelve Muqams, he also played the famous songs Muqam Intermittence under the Wood, Ajim and Happy Hour.

3. Bubble

Temple is the longest instrument among all Uygur instruments, with the length exceeding 1 m. Its body is like half a water spoon. Its body and head are made of Sang Mu or mahogany, and it has five steel strings. The inner and outer chords are tuned into the same tune, and the relationship with the middle chord is four or five degrees. Its timbre is clear and beautiful. The piano is made of wood, and the speaker is small and ladle-shaped. The piano body is slender, and it is wound with silk strings into 16 or above to grade 20. There are five steel wire strings, and the inner two strings are homophonic with the outer two strings and have a five-degree relationship with the middle string. Wide range, crisp timbre and rich national style. It is often used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment, and is one of the main instruments for "Maximrop" and playing classical music "Twelve Muqams". "

4. Caron

Kalong is an ancient plucked instrument with the largest number of strings among Uygur instruments. In the history books, they are called 72-string pipa and "Karnai". Its appearance resembles dulcimer, and its sound is crisp and pleasant, similar to guzheng, but brighter than guzheng. It is an indispensable instrument for playing classical music. Popular in Mohammad, Kashgar, Hotan, shache, Hami and other places in Xinjiang.

5. Ai Jieke

Ai Jieke, also known as Harzak, is a stringed instrument, which originated from Kamanja, an ancient Persian instrument. Now popular in southern Xinjiang, it is mainly used to play the tunes of folk songs and classical music Muqam.

Ai Jieke has a unique and unique appearance. The piano barrel is spherical, and the inside of the piano is wrapped with python skin, so that the singing body of * * * forms two hemispheres, with sound holes around it, and the range is about three octaves, with 1─3 main strings. There are 5 ~ 10 * * singing strings at the lower end of the piano, and the timbre has the phases of plate vibration and skin vibration. When playing, the pedestal is placed on the left leg or sandwiched between the two legs, and the left hand holds the piano to press the strings and the right hand holds the bow to play. Because the fingering and bowing techniques of violin and erhu are absorbed in the playing techniques, all kinds of beautiful sliding sounds, overtones, chords and decorative sounds can be played.

6. Sattar

Sattar, a stringed instrument, means three strings in Persian, and Tal means three strings. Sattar looks like marble. Because of its bright timbre, it is often used for solo, ensemble or as an accompaniment instrument for singing the classical music Twelve Muqams. According to the records in the Musician's History written by Mullah Esmutura Mujizi (an ancient Uighur manuscript), as early as 14 and 15 centuries, the Uighurs had this kind of musical instrument, and by the 1950s, Sattar had spread all over Xinjiang, becoming a favorite stringed instrument of the Uighurs. Sattar is the main accompaniment instrument for Uygur folk artists to sing the classical music Twelve Muqams. Most artists who play Sattar sit cross-legged on the floor, with a piano in their left leg, a piano in their left hand and a ponytail bow in their right hand. Because of the long fingerboard and wide phoneme, the left hand often presses strings with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger, and the little finger is rarely used. The index finger plays a decisive role in the performance, regardless of the grade. In the process of playing, there are many skills of bow and fingering, but the most commonly used bow methods mainly include connecting bow, splitting bow, long bow, short bow, bow, jumping bow and breaking bow, and fingering mainly includes rubbing, hitting and sliding.

7. Cusitar

Husitar, formerly known as "Eisitar", is a stringed instrument of Uygur nationality. "Hu Si" means "happy" or "very pleasant to hear" in Uygur language, and "Tal" translates to mean string, which together means "musical instrument". For a long time, the timbre is crisp and bright, which can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment.

"Aistar", which means eight strings in Persian, is a Uygur musical instrument during Xinjiang's conversion to Buddhism. Its shape is very similar to the popular "Salangi" in ancient India and Nepal. Some scholars believe that they come from the same source as violins. For a long time, "Esther Tower" has been lost in the fog of history, and it is an ancient Uygur musical instrument that has long been lost in Xinjiang. It was not until the 1970s that Tursun Jiang, a famous Uighur instrumentalist and reformer in the production of national instrumental music, revived it and made it a series of stringed instruments with excellent performance.

8. Suona

Suona, nicknamed "trumpet", originally spread in Persia and Arabia, is a transliteration of Persian "Surnā". Its pronunciation is loud and clear. In the past, it was mostly used to accompany folk song blowing parties, yangko parties, drum classes and local folk arts and operas. Through continuous development and improvement, it not only enriches the playing skills, but also improves the expressive force. Now it has become a unique solo instrument, which is widely used to accompany national bands or operas, songs and dances.

9. Dafu

Dafu, also known as tambourine, also translated as "Dabu", is one of the favorite percussion instruments of the Uygur people in Xinjiang and is known as the "soul" of the Uygur band. The drum frame is wooden, round and flat, surrounded by many small iron rings, and the surface is covered with sheepskin, cowhide or python skin, of which python skin has the best timbre. Its pronunciation is crisp and loud, its sound intensity changes greatly, and its skills are flexible, which can play a role in setting off different musical emotions. With it, everything has passion. The sound of tambourine is clear and loud, which plays the role of unifying rhythm and speed in the band and is a veritable commander in chief. At the same time, its sound intensity changes greatly, its skills are flexible and easy to carry, which can play a role in setting off different musical emotions. So Uighurs especially like it.

10, nagra

Nagra is called "Iron Barrel" and "Nagara" and "Nugula" in historical books of Qing Dynasty. Because drums are made of iron, they are also called "iron drums" and "Dongba". It is said that the ancients tied it to a saddle as a war drum. It was not until the 9th century that it became a percussion instrument of Uighurs.

Nagra drum looks like a flowerpot, and the drum surface is camel skin or cowhide. Six nagra as a group, each group is divided into three groups, each group has two, one plays high notes and the other plays low notes, with a difference of 4-5 degrees, and is struck with a wooden handle. Every festive festival, the team members will climb the roof, knock on the cheerful Nagra, play the suona, dance with the drums and dance the crazy Sama dance. This kind of drumming not only adds a warm atmosphere to the festival, but also has a unique national style.

These musical instruments can be bought in Xinjiang. I hope I can help you.