What is the current situation of road traffic safety in China?

With the rapid development of road traffic in China, the incidence of traffic accidents is on the rise. Traffic accidents not only cause a large number of casualties, bring misfortune to countless families, but also seriously affect economic development and social stability, which has attracted great attention and concern from governments at all levels. People talk about "reason" and begin to look for the causes of road traffic accidents. This paper summarizes the characteristics of traffic accidents by using a large number of data, and holds that the occurrence of traffic accidents has certain regularity and the causes of accidents are complex and diverse. Based on the analysis of traffic factors such as people, vehicles and roads, this paper puts forward some preliminary countermeasures to prevent and reduce traffic accidents, so as to take targeted measures to curb traffic accidents. Road traffic accidents are produced with the development of transportation industry, and the factors closely related to traffic accidents are people, vehicles, roads and environment. This paper introduces the present situation of road traffic accidents in China, studies the characteristics of road traffic accidents, analyzes the reasons according to the characteristics of traffic accidents, and probes into the countermeasures for preventing and reducing traffic accidents. I. Basic Situation of Current Road Traffic Accidents With the rapid development of road traffic in China, the surge of traffic accidents has become a serious problem facing traffic management. As a symbol of human civilization, automobile traffic has completely changed the historical process of human development, bringing positive effects such as comfort and convenience to human beings, but also bringing some negative effects to human life. Traffic accidents are one of the most serious and harmful negative effects.

It is precisely because of the serious consequences caused by traffic accidents that countries all over the world, especially developed countries, have invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in accident prevention and countermeasures, and formulated relatively perfect laws, regulations and related policies on road traffic management. Since the 1960s, many countries have taken measures to comprehensively control traffic and reduce traffic accidents. Although the losses caused by traffic accidents are high every year, the upward trend of traffic accidents has tended to be flat. Traffic accidents in developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan have shown a stable trend, especially in recent years. However, the damage caused by road traffic accidents in China is still serious and has been on the rise, and the number of traffic accident deaths ranks first in the world every year. In recent years, with the rapid growth of the number of motor vehicles in China, the number of traffic accidents and casualties are on the rise. Traffic accident statistics in China started with 195 1. In that year, there were 5,922 traffic accidents in China, with 852 deaths and 5 159 injuries. ① During the 30-odd years from 195 1 to 1984, the changes of traffic accident indicators were basically stable.

Since the mid-1980s, the demand for social transportation has become increasingly strong, and urban and rural traffic activities have increased dramatically. However, the development of road construction and traffic management can not meet the objective needs of transportation development, and road traffic accidents have increased sharply, especially after 199 1 year, with the continuous strengthening of the country's overall economic strength, the number of motor vehicles has increased sharply, transportation has developed rapidly, and traffic accidents and their deaths have increased sharply. 1998-2002 During the five years, the absolute number of road traffic accidents in China showed an upward trend, and the average annual growth rates of the number of accidents, deaths and injuries were 32.5%, 8.8% and 42.7% respectively.

In 2002, there were 773 1 10,000 ordinary road traffic accidents, resulting in 654,380+009,400 deaths and 562 1 10,000 injuries, and the direct economic loss was 3.324 billion yuan, up 2.4 1% and 3.3% respectively compared with 5438+0 in 2006. ② The losses caused by road traffic accidents in China are far greater than those in developed countries, and the fatality rate of road traffic accidents is also far greater than that in developed countries. This is because the number of traffic accident deaths has been decreasing year by year in developed countries through the control in 1970s and 1980s, while it is just the opposite in China. Judging from the relative indicators, the growth rate of road traffic accidents and the death rate per 10,000 vehicles in China are declining. In 2003, the traffic safety situation in China was still very grim, although all the indicators except the economic loss index declined to varying degrees. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the characteristics of road traffic accidents in China and analyze their causes. Second, the characteristics of road traffic accidents in China The main characteristics of road traffic accidents in China are: (1) There are many road traffic accidents, and the death rate of road traffic accidents is much higher than that of urban road traffic accidents. In 2003, there were 389,773 traffic accidents on national highways, with 80,589 deaths and 322,694 injuries, accounting for 58.4%, 77.2% and 65.3% of the total respectively. There were 277,734 traffic accidents on urban roads, with 23,783 deaths and 17 1480 injuries. Accounting for 465,438+0.6%, 22.8% and 34.7% of the total respectively. The ratio of road accidents to urban road accidents is 1.4: 1, and the number of road traffic accident deaths is three times that of urban roads, with an average road death of 1 person and urban road death of 12 person. (2) Road traffic accidents have basically increased year by year, showing a worsening trend. Except for the death rate of 10,000 vehicles, other indicators have basically increased year by year, and the death rate of road traffic accidents and the death rate of 10,000 vehicles are relatively high. The fatality rate of traffic accidents is the ratio of the number of accident deaths to the total number of casualties. The death rate of traffic accidents in China is higher than that in developed countries. In 2003, the death rate of traffic accidents in China reached 17.4%, while in developed countries it remained between 1%-4%. Although the death rate per 10,000 vehicles shows a downward trend, it is far higher than the level of 1.2- 1.9 vehicles in industrialized countries. (3) Road traffic accidents are unevenly distributed according to the time of the whole year and the whole day. In addition to the regular morning, noon and evening peak hours, it is also the peak hour from 0: 00 am to 1: 00 am. According to the statistics of 1999, the number of traffic accidents and deaths was the lowest in June, and the highest peaks were concentrated in 1, February, April and May, 1 1 and 65438+February. At the same time, the time distribution of road traffic accidents in China has certain periodicity, that is, it has periodicity in season, month, week and time distribution. Taking the statistics of traffic accidents in 2002 as an example, the number of people injured in traffic accidents and the number of accidents showed a slight downward trend from the beginning of the month to the middle of the month, and then increased obviously. They began to rebound after hitting the bottom on the 24th and 25th of this month, rose to the highest point on the 26th of this month, and then began to fall back, so as to follow this law month by month. (4) There are relatively more traffic accidents and more deaths in economically developed and underdeveloped areas; There are more traffic accidents and deaths in coastal areas than in inland areas. According to the statistics of road traffic accidents in 2002, the number of road traffic accidents in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces ranked the top five in China, with a total of 29,7701,accounting for 38.5% of the country. Traffic accident deaths are located in Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Henan, with a total of 4 1.409, accounting for 37.9% of the country. Except Sichuan and Henan, other provinces belong to the coastal and economically developed provinces of China. (5) Most traffic accidents are caused by traffic violations. According to the statistics of road traffic accidents in 2002, 56 128 people died due to negligence, speeding, improper measures, overtaking illegally, illegal occupation of roads, drunk driving and other reasons, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total traffic accident deaths and 65.3% of the total motor vehicle driver deaths. (6) Motorcycle drivers, cyclists and pedestrians have suffered serious casualties due to traffic violations. In the national traffic accidents in 2003, 2 1 156 people were killed and 0/24126 people were injured, accounting for one fifth and one quarter of the total casualties respectively. At the same time, cyclists and pedestrians are often in a weak position in traffic accidents, and once they have a traffic accident with a motor vehicle, they are easily hurt. In 2003, cyclists were involved in traffic accidents caused by traffic violations, resulting in 14664 deaths and 52944 injuries, accounting for 14. 1% and 10.7% of the total respectively. Traffic accidents caused by pedestrian traffic violations caused 25,673 deaths and 68,040 injuries, accounting for 24.6% and 13.8% of the total respectively. (7) It is particularly prominent that young motor vehicle drivers become the main body of traffic accidents. According to the statistics in 2002, there were 727,365 accidents and 9,7821person in China, accounting for 94.08% and 89.4% of the total respectively. Among them, there were 727,365 accidents and 9782 1 5986436 deaths caused by drivers with less than three years' driving experience. In 2003, there were 1 15037 truck accidents, resulting in 220 17 deaths and 68008 injuries. The number of accidents, deaths and injuries decreased by 30225, 3 1 13 and 16277 respectively compared with 2002. The decline rates were 20.8%, 12.4% and 19.3% respectively, with 9738 motorcycle accidents, 20026 deaths and 1 1797 injuries, and the number of accidents decreased by 2002. There were 8,476 deaths in minivans and 9,734 deaths in agricultural transport vehicles, which were 500 and 3 15 more than in 2002, with growth rates of 6.3% and 4.9% respectively. (9) The rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles and the continuous improvement in the level of motorization have led to a significant increase in the number of traffic accident deaths. The number of motor vehicles in China increased rapidly from14,762,600 in 1990 to 79,756,800 in 2002, with an average annual increase of about 15%. At the same time, the level of motorization (the number of motor vehicles per thousand people) increased from 12.9 1 in 1990 to 6 1.76 in 2002, with an average annual increase of about 14%. Third, the analysis of the causes of road traffic accidents The reason why China's road traffic accidents show the above characteristics is mainly that the causes of traffic accidents are diversified and complicated. Therefore, only by analyzing the causes of traffic accidents can we find out the causes of these traffic accidents. The influencing factors of road traffic accidents can basically be attributed to human factors, vehicle factors, roads and other factors. The following analyzes the causes of road traffic accidents from several aspects, so as to get the reasons for the characteristics of traffic accidents. (1) Human factors Traffic is one of the four basic needs of human survival, and human factors play a decisive role in road traffic accidents. Many traffic accidents are caused by human factors. To prevent road traffic accidents, people must be educated and managed. Therefore, the discussion of traffic accidents cannot be separated from people's participation. People are the main body of road traffic safety, including all road users, such as motor vehicle drivers, passengers, cyclists and pedestrians. Some road traffic accidents are caused by motor vehicle drivers' faults, illegal driving and operational errors; Some are caused by pedestrians and non-motor vehicle drivers not obeying traffic rules.

With the development of society and frequent traffic activities, the probability of traffic conflicts between people and cars, cars and cars increases. In addition, due to the constraints of people's living environment, working environment, social environment, psychological quality and physiological conditions, people have great freedom and poor reliability compared with machinery, so the incidence of traffic accidents naturally increases. At the same time, although people's traditional traffic concepts and travel habits have changed, it is difficult to make great changes in a short time. People's cultural quality is low, and the improvement speed is fast, which is not in harmony with the rapid development of transportation. The speed of traffic consciousness change is not in harmony with the development of road traffic, the improvement of motorization level and the requirements of traffic management, and it is not in harmony with the new technology and means of traffic management, which has also become the main factor that puzzles traffic safety. The most prominent is the accident caused by motor vehicle drivers, which directly affects the road traffic safety in China. (1) Analysis from drivers. The number and growth rate of motor vehicle drivers are too high, the cultural quality of the group is not high, the technical level of safe driving is not high, some drivers lack professional ethics, and traffic violations are serious, which are the important reasons for traffic accidents. There are some potential psychological and physiological reasons, such as distraction, excessive fatigue, lack of rest, lack of sleep, drunk driving, poor health, etc., which cause slow response and lead to traffic accidents.

The main drivers' illegal behaviors causing traffic accidents and losses include five factors: negligence, speeding, improper measures, overtaking illegally and not giving way according to regulations. Among them, negligence and improper measures are related to the driver's driving skills, ability to observe external things and psychological quality, while speeding, overtaking illegally and not giving way according to regulations are mainly caused by the driver's subjective failure to obey traffic laws or negligence, and the driver's unskilled driving skills and emotional instability can also lead to traffic accidents. At the same time, drivers with driving experience of 2-3 years and 4-5 years have more traffic accidents and more deaths, while drivers with driving experience of 1 year are not dominant in the total number of drivers, but the loss ratio is the largest. (2) Analysis from cyclists. Do not take non-motor vehicle lanes and seize motor vehicle lanes; Grab at intersections and road sections; Insufficient observation of traffic; The bicycle brake system is out of order or completely out of order; Traffic accidents may be caused by unskilled cycling skills and teenagers chasing and fighting by bike. (3) Analysis from pedestrians. Do not take crosswalks, underpasses or overpasses; Crossing the guardrail, crossing and obliquely crossing the intersection; Crossing the motorway at will and crossing the middle isolation belt; Teenagers or children suddenly run to the road, unresponsive to the sudden moving vehicles, at a loss; Do not obey road traffic signals and signs, etc. , leading to traffic accidents. (2) Vehicle factors Vehicles are the main factors in modern road traffic, and the main factors affecting the safe driving of automobiles are steering, braking, driving and electricity. There are many kinds of motor vehicles in China, with great differences in dynamic performance, low safety performance and great difficulty in management. In the process of long-term use, cars are in various environments and bear various stresses, such as external environmental stress, internal functional stress and sports stress. Due to the differences in the structure and service conditions of automobiles, assemblies and parts, such as road climate, service intensity and driving conditions, the technical parameters of automobiles will change with different laws and intensities, or the performance parameters will deteriorate, resulting in poor performance of automobiles, failure of parts or damage of parts, which will eventually become the direct cause of road traffic accidents.

In China, the number of motor vehicles (all kinds of cars, agricultural tricycles, loaders and motorcycles) has increased rapidly, and the surge in the number of motor vehicles has become one of the signs of modern social and economic development and the improvement of people's quality of life. The growth rate of motor vehicle ownership greatly exceeds the growth rate of roads, which makes the already poor roads worse, and makes the absolute number of traffic accidents and the number of traffic accident casualties rise sharply. In addition, the pace of expressway construction in China is relatively fast. However, the speed of vehicle performance update has not kept up with the pace of expressway construction, and the reliability and safety of vehicles driving at high speed are poor, which leads to a rapid growth trend of expressway traffic accidents in China. The surge of vehicles is getting stronger and stronger, especially some people try to buy obsolete and almost scrapped vehicles cheaply in some big cities, which makes the traffic safety situation complicated. In some places, vehicles are not up to standard, the safety and technical inspection status is poor, and scrapped vehicles are still driving. Some self-employed taxis run around the clock and only need maintenance, which leads to poor technical performance, many faults and easy failure of parts, thus leading to traffic accidents. (3) Road factors Road is the infrastructure of transportation and one of the important factors affecting road traffic safety. With the gradual increase of road construction, highway mileage, high-grade highway, passenger and freight consumption, and the improvement of road structure and traffic conditions, the improvement of road traffic safety has been laid the foundation. However, in China, especially in urban areas, the traffic composition is unreasonable, the vehicles in the traffic flow are complex, and the problems of mixed traffic between people and vehicles are serious. In some places, public transportation is underdeveloped, with low service level and poor safety; The proportion of bicycle traffic is large, and the level and personality of cyclists are different. Non-motor vehicles compete with motor vehicles and pedestrians for roads; Ineffective traffic, such as more empty taxis and more private cars, has undoubtedly worsened the traffic safety situation in our city. In many cities, the road structure is unreasonable, the straight section is too long, and the road landscape is too monotonous, which is easy to make drivers tired and distracted, leading to slow response and accidents.

The turning radius of the car is too small and it is easy to slip. The driver's driving sight distance is too small and the blind area of vision is too large; The sudden change of alignment and the bad alignment combination such as "back-folding" curve can easily make the driver have the illusion and improper operation, which will lead to accidents. In addition, road conditions have a great influence on traffic safety. The road grade collocation is unscientific, the road network density is insufficient, the traffic flow is unbalanced, the traffic load of individual roads is too large, and the traffic safety is poor; Lack of effective traffic impact analysis, adequate supporting measures, traffic management measures, parking facilities, etc. It is easy to form traffic safety hazards in road construction. The construction speed of road infrastructure in China is lower than the development speed of traffic demand, and some road design requirements are not in harmony with actual operation; Different road alignment, road structure and road facilities in different areas objectively make it difficult for drivers of transit vehicles to adapt to the traffic environment; The setting of road signs and markings is unscientific, insufficient and discontinuous; The environmental construction and supporting facilities around the road are not confused with traffic safety, and the design standards are not in harmony with reality, which will inevitably lead to endless traffic accidents. (4) Economic factors China is a developing country with a large area and a large population. The national economic level is underdeveloped, and the economic development between the east and the west is extremely uneven. Economic growth has brought many negative effects on traffic safety. Due to the rapid economic development, it stimulates the growth of transportation demand and intensifies the contradiction between transportation supply and demand, which brings great pressure to China's transportation facilities. The rapid economic growth has also affected the traffic safety in some areas. There are many traffic accidents in eastern provinces and coastal economically developed provinces (such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, etc.). ), mainly due to strong local traffic demand and active traffic. The economic conditions in these areas are quite developed and are in the forefront of the national economy.

On the contrary, most areas in China are inland, with slow economic development, relatively small traffic demand, imperfect traffic facilities, small traffic flow and relatively few traffic accidents. In addition, with the improvement of the economy, the productivity level in rural areas has been continuously improved, and the number of amphibious vehicles that can work in the fields and replace the means of transportation has increased rapidly. In particular, agricultural transport vehicles have developed rapidly and become the main means of transportation for farmers to go up and down mountains, visit relatives and friends, and gather in cities, resulting in the continuous decrease of animal-drawn vehicles and the sharp increase of motor vehicles on the roads leading to the countryside. However, due to the backwardness and shortage of various social management institutions, managers and management mechanisms in rural areas, only a few management departments are also understaffed, and farmers' original cultural and legal awareness is insufficient. All kinds of intentional or unintentional refusal to manage, tax resistance and fee evasion have formed a considerable management "vacuum" area in rural areas, leading to the wheels spinning on the way to the countryside, all kinds of vehicles running rampant, and "three noes" vehicles can be seen everywhere. (V) Management factors The main manifestations of traffic accidents caused by inadequate traffic management are: (1) The police force is seriously inadequate and the overall law enforcement level is not high. (2) Insufficient road traffic facilities. (3) Traffic science and technology management is backward, and the technology content is not high. (4) Various measures such as prevention and treatment, comprehensive management and socialized traffic management have not been implemented. (5) The relevant departments lack close and long-term cooperation in the management of legislative planning. (6) The ideas of management decision makers are inappropriate.

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