How the country to promote economic transformation, capacity restructuring governance haze problem

I. Standing in the height of ecological civilization construction focusing on the overall situation

The cause of haze is a comprehensive problem, atmospheric pollutants from our economy and society, production and life in all aspects, not a certain industry, a regional problem, not to mention a purely professional problem, technical problems. From the national level, the treatment of haze is a complex systematic project involving all people and all walks of life, requiring comprehensive treatment.

Under the new situation of emphasizing scientific, green and low-carbon development, combating haze to solve the problem of air pollution must change the current mode of production, lifestyle, consumption, way of thinking and values, and set up the concept of ecological civilization of respecting nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature to promote the construction of ecological civilization. It is necessary to accelerate the reform of the ecological civilization system in accordance with the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, implement a strict source protection system, damage compensation system and accountability system for the ecological environment, improve the environmental governance and ecological restoration system, and protect the ecological environment with the system. Therefore, it is necessary to stand in the height of ecological civilization construction to understand and manage the haze.

The fundamental way out of the treatment of haze is to change the way of energy development and adjust the structure. On the one hand, we should improve energy efficiency as the main line, encourage energy conservation, ensure reasonable energy use, control excessive energy use, and limit the rough use of energy. To resolve overcapacity, accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading, give full play to the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation in the construction of ecological civilization, change the mode of energy production and consumption, and control the rapid growth of total energy consumption. On the other hand, we should fully understand that deepening reform is a powerful driving force for the scientific development of energy, respect the laws of the market, accelerate exploration and innovation, and use reform and innovation to solve the deep-rooted contradictions and problems in energy development. To strengthen the reform of the energy system and mechanism, rationalize the overall path of reform, identify the entry point of reform and breakthroughs, and lose no time to promote reform in the field of energy. From the perspective of the energy industry, we should adhere to the "two hands", one hand to grasp the energy saving and consumption, including haze and other pollution control of the atmosphere, including haze, increase efforts to implement the State Council promulgated the "Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution"; the other hand to grasp the ecological civilization system construction, focusing on the overall situation, to ensure the completion of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" ecological civilization construction, to ensure the completion of the "five-year". Twelfth Five-Year" ecological civilization construction indicators, by 2020, the initial formation of ecological civilization compatible with the completion of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects.

Second, the establishment of a long-term mechanism

We must fully realize the enormity of combating the haze. "Three feet of ice, not a day's cold", the haze is the formation of long-term accumulation, dispel the haze, not a momentary effect, and more thorough treatment of the haze, the need for long-term, strategic investment, to fight a "protracted war", "war of attrition ". Only unswervingly carry out comprehensive deepening of reform, from the source of governance, the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the treatment of haze, in order to fundamentally and completely solve the problem of air pollution in China. Otherwise, no matter how "temporary" measures "immediate effect", in the long run, there is no guarantee that the haze weather will not reappear in the future. The author believes that the long-term mechanism to combat haze, should consider the following four aspects:

(a) Government departments to advocate green administration, abandon the traditional development of GDP is the only way to look forward to.

Establish the concept of promoting urbanization and industrialization on the basis of not destroying the original ecological environment as far as possible, combining environmental governance with economic restructuring, combining with innovation-driven development, focusing on the management of heavily polluted cities, the adjustment of the energy structure, the emission reduction of motor vehicle pollution, the management of high-pollution industries and key enterprises, and the management of pollution during the winter heating period, and strive to come out of a To combat pollution to promote scientific development, transformation and upgrading, improve people's livelihoods, environmental benefits, economic benefits and social benefits "win-win" new way. At the same time, it is necessary to reform the assessment standards for leading cadres, strengthen the performance assessment of ecological civilization construction, and correct the wrong performance concepts of some places and some leading cadres. To make the government officials can no longer rely on the sacrifice of the environment, people's health at the expense of GDP to achieve the purpose of promotion.

(2) from the comprehensive scientific top-level design to start, the governance of haze into the rule of law, the rule of law to play the role of norms and leadership, to create a fair legal environment. Only with the concept of the rule of law, the rule of law thinking, the rule of law means, cohesion of social *** knowledge, the formation of social cohesion, seeking economic development and ecological environmental protection between the largest convention and balance, the establishment of a sound by the government, scientific research institutions, enterprises, the public *** with the participation of the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution, including haze with the new mechanism, the only real solution to the root causes. It is recommended to amend the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law" as soon as possible, while the development and introduction of "haze prevention and control regulations", in-depth implementation of the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan".

(C) rationalize the management system and improve regulatory efficiency.

Strengthening the monitoring capacity of clean utilization, forming an independent system of environmental supervision, administrative law enforcement, environmental information disclosure and social supervision from top to bottom, and strengthening the construction of systems related to environmental protection responsibilities, as well as eliminating the "local protectionism" that resists environmental protection. Relevant departments should promote the automatic monitoring of pollution sources and data networking***sharing, closely tracking the situation of governance, and urging local departments to implement the target responsibility, a clear timetable and roadmap. Strengthen the enforcement and supervision of clean utilization, and improve the supervision of key energy-consuming units, key pollution sources and the operation of treatment facilities. Improve the market access standards for enterprise pollutant emissions, and increase the penalties for illegal emissions, etc., to solve the problem of low cost of illegal emissions and high cost of law-abiding pollution control.

(D) must establish cross-administrative joint mechanism.

"The problem of environmental governance in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Bohai Rim is not a problem of a single administrative block, but a problem of the whole region. It is necessary to establish a cross-administrative region linkage mechanism to track the generation and process of polluted air, comprehensively consider the planning and layout of high-energy-consuming and high-polluting enterprises, limit the size and emissions of motor vehicles under the current conditions of high population concentration, as well as make good planning for the construction of future cities (clusters), etc., and progressively, through the adjustment of the economic structure, industrial restructuring and upgrading, improvement of energy efficiency, development of environmentally friendly enterprises and use of environmentally friendly equipment, to Realize the treatment and abatement of many kinds of pollutant emissions.

Three, accelerate the development of clean energy

China has become the world's largest energy producer and consumer, energy consumption of 3.76 billion tons of standard coal in 2013, it can be predicted that the future demand for energy will continue to maintain a certain growth rate. The adjustment and optimization of the energy structure is a long-term process that cannot be achieved overnight. The energy industry, as the pillar industry of China's national economy, plays a pivotal role in the construction of China's ecological civilization and beautiful China. How to ensure economic and social development of energy demand at the same time, to achieve the harmonious development of ecological civilization construction? It is to accelerate the energy structure adjustment and promote the green development of energy.

(a) Drawing on international experience, adjusting the coal-based energy structure

Related information shows that the developed countries, haze high period, without exception, is characterized by coal accounted for a high proportion of primary energy consumption; its experience in the management of the haze also shows that effective management of the haze needs to be as soon as possible to change the coal-based energy structure, coal accounted for the proportion of primary energy consumption down to a relatively low level. level. China's haze control must also start from the adjustment of energy structure, gradually change the coal-based energy structure, reduce coal consumption.

However, for a long time, the position of coal as the main source of energy will be difficult to change, and it will continue to bear the heavy responsibility of guaranteeing the safe and stable supply of energy.

1, from the energy security point of view, based on the domestic is the starting point of China's energy strategy. Coal-rich and oil-poor less gas energy resource endowment characteristics, determines China's future for a long time, coal as the main source of energy status is difficult to change. From the point of view of resource reserves, coal reserves are abundant, as of the end of 2012, the country has identified resource reserves of 1.42 trillion tons, accounting for 94% of the total primary energy resources. 2013 oil and natural gas external dependence has reached 58.1% and 31.6% respectively. There must be a stable, reliable and economic energy resources to guarantee national energy security.

2. In the past three years, the share of coal in China's primary energy consumption has declined at a rate of about 1% per year, from 69% in 2011 to 65.7% in 2013. From the perspective of non-fossil energy development, although great achievements have been made, subject to technical, economic and security constraints, there is still uncertainty about the future supply capacity, and it is difficult to replace traditional fossil energy on a large scale in the short term. In order to realize the "two hundred years" strategic goal put forward in the report of the 18th National Congress, to ensure the development of the national economy, China's energy demand will continue to increase. According to estimates, by 2020 China's total energy demand will reach 5.2 billion tons of standard coal, coal demand 4.7 billion tons, accounting for about 60%. Although the proportion of coal consumption in primary energy declines year by year, but in the long term, coal will remain China's main source of energy, it is difficult to judge when the peak of coal consumption, coal will still bear the burden of guaranteeing the safe and stable supply of energy.

(2) control total energy consumption, accelerate the development of clean energy

Despite the fact that China has been vigorously developing clean energy over the years, clean energy consumption accounted for only 9.8% of the proportion of primary energy consumption in 2013, and there is still a 1.6-percentage-point distance from the planning target of 11.4% for the proportion of clean energy in 2015, which means that this year and next year, on average, must be increased each year for two years. and next year, an average of 0.8 percentage points must be raised each year. By 2020, the task of meeting the two commitments made by our government to the international community - non-fossil energy accounts for about 15% of primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP are reduced by 40% - 45% compared with 2005 - is still very difficult. It is necessary to control total energy consumption and accelerate the development of clean energy.

(C) Hydropower and nuclear power should be the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy

In 2013, the country's installed power generation capacity reached 1.247 billion kilowatts, an increase of 9.25% over the previous year. The nation's full-caliber power generation capacity reached 5,347.4 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 7.52% over the previous year. Among them, hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power, grid-connected solar power generation installed capacity reached 280 million kilowatts, 14.61 million kilowatts, 75.48 million kilowatts, 14.79 million kilowatts, *** totaling 385 million kilowatts, respectively, accounting for 22.45% of the country's installed capacity of power generation, 1.17%, 6.05%, 1.19%, and the proportion of clean energy installed capacity of power generation reached 30.86%; hydroelectric power, nuclear power, hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power, grid-connected solar power generation reached 8963, 1121, 1401, 8.7 billion kilowatt-hours respectively, accounting for 16.76%, 2.10%, 2.62%, 0.16% of the national power generation, clean energy power generation accounted for 21.64% of the national power generation. From the above data, it can be seen that at this stage, hydropower and nuclear power are clean energy sources that can play a supporting role in optimizing the energy structure, and are the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy.

1, accelerate the Southwest hydropower base construction. China's abundant hydropower resources, with the centralized scale development conditions, is the supply of safe, cost-effective renewable green energy, alternative coal power security, economy and flexibility are very high, need to be placed in a strategic position to prioritize the development. To strengthen ecological protection and do a good job of resettlement of immigrants under the premise of accelerating the approval of a number of large and medium-sized hydropower projects, improve hydropower-related policies and measures to ensure that water resources are fully utilized. China's southwest region is rich in hydropower resources, but also the economic and social development of the more backward areas, promote the construction of hydropower base in southwest China can provide clean and renewable energy for China's economic and social development, but also to promote the local economic and social development to achieve faster development.

2, promote the development and construction of coastal nuclear power, and start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power is a high load factor, high power intensive energy. At present, China's nuclear power generation costs have been lower than the cost of coal power in the load center, coal power is economically competitive alternative power source, and has a low emission characteristics, is conducive to reducing environmental pollution. On the basis of ensuring safety and efficient development of nuclear power, to ensure China's energy and power supply, to achieve sustainable development has a key role. To start a number of nuclear power projects as soon as possible. At the same time, nuclear power investment should be diversified, and the State should encourage large-scale power generation groups with strength and relevant experience to participate in the development of nuclear power along the eastern coast, cultivate their nuclear power development, construction and operation and management capabilities, and obtain the qualification for the development of nuclear power projects, so that large-scale power generation groups will have the ability to undertake mainly or even independently the development, construction and operation and management of nuclear power as soon as possible. Start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible. (Tip: Pu Wei Xin U.S. imports, J@@@@D can be found)

3, the active development of wind power, solar power and other non-water renewable energy generation and distributed energy systems. Non-water renewable energy development should be in full consideration of the power system's ability to consume, the ability to bear the price of electricity as well as to maintain the international competitiveness of the domestic industry under the conditions of active promotion. We should actively promote the development of renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar power and biomass power generation, which have more mature technologies and greater development potential; accelerate the construction of distributed renewable energy power generation; improve the research and development capacity of renewable energy technologies, master the core technologies of equipment and operation, gradually reduce power generation costs and improve the level of industrialization. Combined with urban and rural natural gas pipeline layout to promote the development of distributed cooling, heating and power multi-connected supply to improve the efficiency of natural gas utilization; in the development of water resources, wind resources or solar energy resources in the region to encourage the development of small hydroelectric power, small-scale wind power, solar energy utilization and other distributed energy system development, accelerate the study and application of micro-grid technology.

(D) Accelerating the construction of power grids

In order to promote the intensive development of large-scale energy bases and the efficient use of clean energy, it is necessary to base on independent innovation, accelerate the construction of a strong main grid, accelerate the construction of trans-regional transmission corridors, and continue to increase investment in strengthening the urban and rural distribution network construction and renovation, and to promote the coordinated development of power grids of various voltage levels and primary and secondary systems, and continuously improve the power grid's resource allocation capacity, security and stability level and economic operation efficiency of the power grid. Relying on modern information, communication and control technologies, we will improve the level of grid intelligence and adapt to the requirements of sustainable development in the future.

Four, further improve the cleanliness of coal power

China's coal resource endowment characteristics determine the coal power has a better security of supply and economy, in the current total coal consumption, the future will also increase the situation, we must put the clean and efficient use of coal and the development of clean energy integrated planning, *** with the promotion, in order to build the sky blue, green, clean water, energy ecological Civilization to contribute.

(I) China's coal-fired power generation production

In 2013, China's installed capacity of coal-fired units reached 786.21 million kilowatts, an increase of 4.86% over 2012, accounting for 63.03% of the country's installed capacity of power generation, accounting for a decrease of 2.64 percentage points. Coal-fired power generation reached 394.74 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 6.70% over 2012, accounting for 73.82% of the national power generation capacity, a decrease of 0.57 percentage points. Meanwhile, in 2013, 4.47 million kilowatts of small coal-fired units were shut down, and the proportion of units of 300,000 kilowatts and above increased by 1 percentage point. The standard coal consumption of power supply for coal-fired units of 6,000 kilowatts and above was 321 grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh), a decrease of 4 g/kWh compared with that of 2012. The above shows that coal power is still the main power source in China at present and in the coming period.

(2) China's coal-fired power plant pollution control has reached the world's advanced level

According to preliminary statistical analysis, as of the end of 2013, with the ability to desulfurization of coal-fired units accounted for the proportion of coal-fired power generation units close to 100%, desulfurization facilities to further improve the level of operational reliability; nearly 200 million kilowatts of units to complete the renovation of the flue gas denitrification, the country's denitrification units into the capacity of close to 430 million kilowatts, coal-fired power units to put capacity. Nearly 200 million kilowatts of units to complete the flue gas denitrification transformation, the national denitrification unit capacity of nearly 4.3 million kilowatts, the proportion of denitrification of coal power generation is close to 55%; coal power unit dust collector to increase the transformation of high-efficiency electric bag dust collector, the proportion of the application of bag filter to further improve.

Because these pollution control devices have played a huge role in reducing emissions, in the case of continuous growth in power generation and increasing coal combustion, the total annual soot emissions from coal-fired power plants across the country fell from 3.99 million tons in 1980 to 1.51 million tons in 2012, and soot emissions per kilowatt-hour fell from 16.5 grams in 1980 to 0.4 grams in 2012; Sulfur dioxide emissions decreased from 13 million tons in 2005 to 8.83 million tons in 2012, and sulfur dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour decreased from 6.4 grams in 2005 to 2.26 grams in 2012; nitrogen oxide emissions per kilowatt-hour also decreased from 3.6 grams in 2005 to 2.4 grams in 2012.In 2013, although the year-on-year growth of coal power generation was about 6.70%, but it is expected that the total emissions of soot, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from the power industry will decline by about 6%, 7%, and 12%, respectively, and the total emissions will fall to about 1.42 million tons, 8.2 million tons, and 8.34 million tons, respectively, and the corresponding pollutants per kilowatt-hour emission performance will decline by about 12%, 13%, and 18%, respectively. At the same time, over the past 20 years, in addition to urban heating power plants, the vast majority of pure power generation power plant construction in the western and northern regions of China or relatively small environmental impact. Of course, the space for coal-fired power plants to continue to reduce emissions is shrinking.

Since the revision of China's new ambient air quality standards to reduce PM2.5 emissions for the purpose of soot, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides emission standards and a variety of environmental protection requirements, a new round of technological transformation of power plant pollution control is underway. It is understood that in 2013, Zhenergy Group took the lead in the country to start the construction of the project of "ultra-low emission of flue gas from coal-fired units", adopting the world's most advanced dust removal technology - wet electric dust removal technology, after the implementation of the project so that the emissions of coal-fired units can reach the emission standards of natural gas units, which will significantly reduce the PM2.5 content of other substances. The content of PM2.5 and other substances will be greatly reduced. From the above, due to the maturity of the air pollutant emission control technology in the power generation industry, the pollutant emission intensity per unit of coal combustion is low, and the environmental impact of coal-fired power plants continues to diminish.

In short, it is necessary to attach great importance to the clean and efficient utilization of coal power, and to put the further promotion of the clean and efficient utilization of coal power on an equal footing with the development of clean energy power generation.

(C) increase the proportion of coal used in power generation, conducive to China's air pollution prevention and control

Practice has shown that the key to the cleaner use of coal is to improve the centralized use of coal and reduce the proportion of its decentralized use in the terminal. Let coal more concentrated in power generation and other emission reduction advantage obvious field, realize the centralized application, centralized management, at the same time, as far as possible to reduce the terminal dispersed use of coal. In this way, the emissions of air pollutants can be effectively reduced. This is a major international trend, according to information from Zhejiang University, in 2012, China's power industry consumed coal accounting for 52.8% of total coal consumption. During the same period, the United States and Germany's share of coal for power generation was as high as 93.3% and 83.9% respectively. This shows that there is still much room for improvement in the proportion of coal used for power generation in China. Further increase in the proportion of coal used in power generation in China will be more conducive to the prevention and control of air pollution in China.

(4) Further improve the cleanliness of coal-fired power generation from the stock and incremental aspects

It is recommended that the government increase policy support to encourage power generation enterprises to further improve the cleanliness of coal-fired power generation from the stock and incremental aspects. In terms of stock, power generation enterprises should actively adopt the world's advanced technology as Zhenneng Group does, and upgrade and remodel the operating units so that the coal-fired units can meet the emission standards of natural gas units and substantially reduce the level of pollutant emissions. This is of great significance for China to optimize the development of coal power under the conditions of few natural gas resources and high prices. In terms of incremental capacity, it is necessary to optimize the layout of coal power, accelerate the integrated development of coal power in western and northern coal bases, and promote the transmission of coal and electricity. In the area of heating load implementation, the development of cogeneration is prioritized. Power generation enterprises should, like Huaneng Group, research and innovate clean power generation technologies in new projects, build large-capacity, high-parameter coal power units and overall coal gasification combined-cycle units and circulating fluidized bed units to further reduce pollution emissions.

V. Emphasis on non-electricity coal industry and bulk coal users to reduce emissions management

(A) a brief analysis of coal combustion and pollution emissions

Related research data show that: China's coal combustion ratio is roughly power generation accounted for a little more than 50% of the industrial kilns accounted for about 25% of the small and medium-sized boilers accounted for about 25%. Coal combustion caused by soot and sulfur dioxide emissions accounted for about 70% of the country, industrial kiln emissions accounted for about 25%, coal-fired power generation accounted for only about 15%, the rest is mainly small and medium-sized coal-fired boiler emissions. In other words, the various pollutants emitted by small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers, which account for about 25% of coal consumption, account for more than 60% of all coal pollutant emissions. Therefore, to reduce coal consumption and reduce pollution, we must avoid the suspicion of "whipping the cow" and pay close attention to non-electricity coal industry and bulk coal users to reduce emissions management.

(2) strengthen the non-electricity coal industry emission control and transformation

The state of the power generation industry to formulate the most stringent pollutant emission standards, the effect is also the most significant, which for the iron and steel, cement, chemical industry and other key coal industry pollutant emission standards set up to provide a precedent experience. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of emission reduction in the non-electricity coal-using industries as in the case of the power generation industry, and to speed up the construction of desulfurization, denitrification and dedusting renovation projects. The implementation of iron and steel sintering flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, non-ferrous metal industry smelting flue gas with high sulfur dioxide content of smelting facilities to install sulfur recovery devices. Significantly improve the coking industry coke oven barren gas hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency. Cement industry to implement new dry kiln nitrogen denitrification, implementation of flue gas desulfurization transformation. Coal-fired boilers and industrial kilns existing dust removal facilities to be implemented to upgrade. Accelerate the use of high-efficiency low-pollution pulverized coal boilers to replace the existing inefficient and highly polluting small and medium-sized boilers.

(C) strengthen the control of emission reduction and transformation of bulk coal users

China's winter heating needs of more than 700 million people, of which at least 200 million people live in a relatively decentralized, China's energy structure and economic development and other realities dictate the coal-fired small and medium-sized boilers and part of the residential use of coal will be there for a long time. Due to the lack of professional management of most small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers, there are equipment and system design is not scientific, the operation is complex and unstable, environmental protection facilities are imperfect or lagging behind the construction, coupled with the coal combustion chaotic and variable as well as the government supervision is not in place, the legal and regulatory system is not sound and other reasons, so that its high pollution, inefficiency and safety hazards are very serious, so control of small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers of various types of pollutant emissions are imperative.

It is recommended that the state conduct an in-depth survey of bulk coal users to study the reasons for their existence, the cost of transformation and alternative methods; research and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, residents as soon as possible to use clean energy and natural gas, electricity instead of coal to support policies and government measures to strengthen supervision.