What are the characteristics of China's ancient military thought?

the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the formation period of China's ancient military thoughts. During this period, the influence of Cheng Zhou was weak, and it only became a nominal "* * *, and the ceremony collapsed and the music was bad", and the society changed dramatically. The warring countries attacked each other, and the number of wars increased and the scale of wars increased. In the soil of war, many outstanding generals were born, and militarists became an important school of thought at that time. On the basis of war experience, many military strategists wrote books and made statements, and then famous military books such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, Wei Liaozi and Tamia Liu appeared.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military thought has made great progress, basically jumping out of the shackles of the concept of destiny, and has been able to treat war more rationally. Therefore, compared with Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the military thought at this stage was more profound. "Soldiers are cunning" and "soldiers stand by and cheat" show that war has become a special field in people's minds, and the victory of war often depends on the use of people's intelligence to some extent.

Qin and Han Dynasties to the Early Qing Dynasty

The Qin and Han Dynasties to the early Qing Dynasty was the development period of China's ancient military thought. This period is divided into two stages:

The first stage is from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Five Dynasties. Qin Shihuang unified China 22 1 years ago, which was followed by the "prosperous period of Han and Tang dynasties" in feudal society. The development of politics, economy, culture and war further enriched and perfected military thought. At this stage, multi-arms and large groups cooperated to fight, and political struggle was combined with military struggle. The art of strategy and decision-making and operational command reached a fairly high level.

However, due to Qin Shihuang's destruction or prohibition of the art of war, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone" and banned folk collections of the art of war, the status of military strategists declined and the number of art of war declined. The representative military books in this period mainly include: Three Views in the Early Han Dynasty, Li Zhiwen in the Tang Dynasty, Taibai and so on.

The second stage is from the Northern Song Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, great progress was made in military technology, gunpowder and compass were used in the war, and frequent wars promoted the development of strategy and tactics. The Northern Song Dynasty summarized the ancient and modern art of war and compiled China's first collection of art of war, The General Outline of Art of War. During the Yuanfeng period, Sun Tzu, Sima Fa, Liu Tao, Wei Liaozi, San lue and Li compiled the questions into seven books, which had a great influence on military science and war practice in the future.

From the Ming dynasty to the early Qing dynasty, on the one hand, there appeared a very conservative passive defense thought of guarding the city and protecting the village; On the other hand, military thoughts with strong innovative contents are summarized from practice, such as Qi Jiguang's New Book of Military Discipline in Ming Dynasty and Mao's Military Encyclopedia. However, due to the fact that the tactics of the Qing Dynasty were still dominated by cavalry tactics, fire weapons were not fully innovated and developed, and their combat power was weak, so they could not compete with western ships and guns. After the Opium War, China entered the period of modern military thought.