The Modern Value of Traditional Dwellings

I. Overview of Traditional Dwellings in China

1, the history of traditional houses in China.

China traditional houses have a long history. From the pre-Qin dynasty to the Chu in this century, its basic feature has always been the wooden frame as the main structure and the single building as the constituent unit. Although with the passage of history, different dynasties and regions have different styles and characteristics, on the whole, there is not much breakthrough in the style change of this kind of house, thus forming a unique system different from western traditional houses. Traditional folk houses have rich traditional cultural characteristics of China, revealing the ideological connotation of China.

2. Classification and layout of traditional residential buildings in China.

China has a vast territory, and there are more than 40 residential forms. It can be roughly divided into seven categories, namely, quadrangle-style dwellings, cave-style dwellings,

Ganlan dwellings, felt tents, Tibetan dwellings (as shown in Figure 2), Uygur dwellings and other special types of dwellings. Courtyard houses are the most common, and Han, Hui, Manchu, Bai, Naxi and even some Mongolians have used them for a long time with a long history. The so-called courtyard-style residence is a strip-shaped single residence with a single room as the basic unit (usually three rooms in a building), which is arranged once a week to form a courtyard and become a living and living space that can be used indoors and outdoors. Due to the differences in climate, tradition and customs, quadrangles can be divided into three types, namely courtyard type, hall well type and group type.

3. The significance of the existence of traditional houses;

Architectural culture is not closed, but the product of inheritance, creation and continuation. As far as the sustainable development of traditional folk houses is concerned, under the new historical conditions, we can only constantly explore its positive side for today's development from the very precious realistic heritage left by our ancestors, and take the essence of China traditional culture as the source of today's design. Only in this way can we embark on a road of design with China characteristics. Inheriting the excellent architectural culture tradition, we must understand and study the connotation of traditional culture. Only in this way can the remaining "reluctant" space be fundamentally improved and the historical context continue to develop.

Second, the study on the inheritability of local traditional houses.

1, with strong geographical inheritance.

For example, the sunken quadrangle is a strong embodiment of regionality. On the flat garden, people have no gullies to borrow, and wood resources are very scarce. In this case, people created the most distinctive cave village hidden underground. Villages composed of such submerged quadrangles are not restricted by topography, and can be arranged in a row, a row or a scattered pattern as long as a certain distance is kept between households. There are no houses on the ground in this village. Walking into the village, we can see that every household is hidden underground, which constitutes the most distinctive underground village on the Loess Plateau, such as Zhongtou Village in Mangshan District of Luoyang, No.1 Village in Sanmenxia City and West Zhang Cun in lingbao city. (Figure 3) Folk craftsmen skillfully use the terrain according to local conditions to design various entrance arrangements for sunken cave villages, which are divided into three types: straight type, curved scale type and rotary type. The sunken cave village has a unique landscape: from the ground to the courtyard, and then through the courtyard into the cave, forming an orderly spatial sequence. On the ground, people's vision is very broad, and the vision is limited when they step into the ramp. When they entered the courtyard, they felt suddenly enlightened. The whole space is full of contrast between light and shade, reality and rhythm. The sunken courtyard also has a strong sense of space. There is not only a wall in the courtyard, but also fruit trees and flowers. The hole is decorated with materials such as masonry, which makes the small environment quiet and pleasant. ①

2. Strong ecological inheritance

Xidi and Hongcun, two traditional ancient villages, have largely maintained the features of those villages that disappeared or changed in the last century. Its streets and lanes, ancient buildings and decorations, and houses with complete water supply system are all very unique cultural relics (Figure 4). Hongcun is a "bull-shaped village". Seen from a height, the whole village is like a green cow lying on a stream in front of the mountain. This ingenious design of village water system not only provides convenience for villagers to use water for production, life and fire fighting, but also can adjust the temperature and environment. The villages in Xidi and Hongcun reflect the traditional philosophy of China people living in harmony with nature and their yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. Xidi and Hongcun's unique water system is a model of water conservancy project combining practicality and aesthetics, especially the cow-shaped water system in Hongcun, which deeply embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in using and transforming nature and is a strong regional embodiment. ②

3. Strong landscape can be inherited.

The ancient buildings in Sichuan attach great importance to the environment. Whether they are located in hills, mountains, plains or river valleys, the buildings and the environment have achieved mutual coordination and harmony (Figure 5). The architecture is based on the environment, with the environment as the background, and integrates the architecture into the environment according to natural conditions, which embodies China's traditional environmental view of "harmony between man and nature", Taoist spirit of "Tao and nature" and strong environmental consciousness. No matter cities, towns, temples and houses, their site selection pays great attention to the environment. Free and flexible layout. In most parts of Sichuan, the climate is rainy and hot, the building space is open and circulating, and the courtyards and patios are as dense as honeycombs. There are also many open halls and flower covers, which integrate the internal and external spaces and have rich spatial levels. Flowers and trees are often planted in the courtyard, forming a pattern of gardens in the courtyard, which is poetic and picturesque with "the moss on the upper steps is green and the willow on the front steps is green". I-shaped and L-shaped houses in western Sichuan, with bamboo forests and trees as the interface, enclose the outdoor space in front of the house into a courtyard dam. This layout principle centered on outdoor space is actually the embodiment of landscape consciousness. ③

4. Strong ethical inheritance

Understand that housing is the earliest, most basic and largest type in history. China folk houses reflect the contents of feudal legal system and ethics, and are the crystallization of the wisdom of working people. Therefore, dross and essence coexist, and it is necessary to inherit and master the living characteristics of different regions. Ordinary folk houses not only show their practicality and aesthetics, but also have sociality and ethics. As far as we Han people are concerned, a residential building is mostly a few houses, and there are also competing rooms (or stalls) in the name, including wing rooms, front rooms and back rooms (Figure 6). Some have attached rooms, such as kitchens, staff rooms and warehouses. In those formal rooms, who lives in the first room, who lives in the second room, who lives in the back room, ... most of them have some pressure and can't mess around at will. Some still have certain taboos, such as the daughter's boudoir, and not only outsiders, but even family and brothers are not allowed to enter casually. There is also room for the reception and reservation of foreign guests. This kind of housing arrangement is quite ethical. Ethnic minorities have a similar situation in this ethical bedroom layout. Who lives in the main room (or main hall) and who lives in the wing or the upper and lower floors of the building, although different, are arranged according to their own ethical logic and are not allowed to be confused. In a word, people can clearly see the family ethics and norms of these residents and even the nation from the arrangement of the internal layout of the houses. China's architectural culture is the unity of ceremony and music, the unity of ceremony and music (first of all, the art and aesthetics that appeal to emotion), the harmony between the internal ethics that cleans up people's spiritual will, the thought-provoking natural philosophy and the external emotional forms that make people happy, and the satisfaction of justice and people's desires at the same time.

Thirdly, the design of modern rural residence.

1, Design and Development of Urban Housing

Shortcomings of current urban design

With the development of society, people pay more and more attention to the quality of living environment. A single material function can no longer satisfy people's overall pursuit, and people are tired of low-quality, crowded and monotonous living environment. In addition, most of the houses have no local characteristics and do not pay attention to the inheritance and development of traditional houses. The disconnection between the past and the present is one of the characteristics of modern urban housing. Judging from the market demand for housing. People are eager for practical and comfortable housing. The quality of visual landscape environment is an important embodiment of the psychological and spiritual needs of functional and comfortable housing. Due to a series of factors such as limited land use, being far away from nature, anti-theft, ventilation and management, the existing living mode is closed, inconvenient and the visual environment is not good. Modern housing embodies the people-oriented modern society and has higher requirements, which can improve the environmental taste of urban housing. Create a healthy and civilized living environment.

1.2 Combining with the inheritability of traditional folk houses, this paper puts forward some methods to solve the disadvantages.

Excellent urban design should have a clear and natural historical development vein, and yesterday and today are seamlessly connected. It doesn't stick to the past, and it doesn't need to tear down real antiques mercilessly before making up specious fake antiques. We will not just pick up some pieces of ancient buildings and messy symbols to splice the "ancient capital style". Of course, it will not simply imitate the ready-made style of the outside world and disguise "trendy fashion" in a ostentatious way. The form of a city may change rapidly in some periods, but there must be a stable internal cultural force, which always determines the form of the city to maintain the continuity of cultural memory, increase the affinity between the city and people living in it, and prevent the external form from being too abrupt and perverse between history and reality, and between the national characteristics of China and the characteristics of other nationalities in the world, so that the overall image lacks the integration power of the "cultural hand" and is chaotic, which fundamentally destroys and hinders the normal growth of the city. The spiritual connotation of China's long architectural history is the perfect harmony between man and nature in terms of place, time and materials. In particular, the distinctive regional characteristics embodied in China's residential buildings and the affinity between artificial buildings and natural ecology are examples of architectural patterns. A good city is a good book. Cutting, dismembering, doodling and then destroying are extremely irresponsible. ④

2. Design and development of rural housing.

2. 1 disadvantages of current rural housing design

Rural and urban areas are also closely linked. The development of urban architecture has changed the traditional architectural style left over for many years and replaced it with a "new house" composed of "square boxes" of brick-concrete structure. In blind worship, houses in many places have lost the spirit and culture of architecture. The form of China local traditional architecture has not been reasonably inherited and developed.

2.2 Combining the inheritability of traditional folk houses, this paper puts forward the methods to solve the disadvantages.

China has a long history and cultural tradition, and people attach great importance to it. Folk houses have also left many traditional practices that are adapted to local conditions, simple and elegant, and have strong regional characteristics, which are worth learning and learning from. The design of Xiangshan Hotel in North Yu Ming absorbed the treatment methods of China Jiangnan garden architecture, and integrated architectural space, indoor space and nature, which was elegant and simple. It is not a palace style, but a traditional poetic style in China. In the process of China's modernization, people's lifestyles have changed. New environmental construction projects should focus on solving modern functional requirements, but if they adopt ancient forms, it will be difficult to succeed. We should realize that tradition is not a fixed form, but a spirit, and use it in essence to reflect the different traditional styles of traditional spirit and national spirit.

Fourth, summary.

By studying the layout of ancient residential buildings, we can get a glimpse of the folk cultural characteristics of China residential buildings. China's residential architecture culture is a combination of multi-ethnic cultures, but it is still dominated by China culture, which mainly absorbs the elements of multi-ethnic cultures. As we all know, the harmony between lakes, mountains and buildings, natural landscape and humanistic connotation complement each other, which is the characteristic of Hongcun that distinguishes it from other residential buildings and becomes a great miracle of today's world historical and cultural heritage. Jilin folk houses have developed their own architectural layout characteristics, and the most unique representative is Manchu's "large-scale urban residence"; The plane layout of the family building is a rectangle with long front and back and narrow ends; Mongolians adopted the traditional way of rural landlord courtyard, and the formation and development of many architectural layouts in their territory were in line with their humanistic and economic conditions at that time.

Ancient folk houses provide a theoretical basis for the protection and inheritance of traditional folk houses in the ancient city, and also play a certain role in the development of modern architecture, which has important historical and cultural value.

In a word, ancient residential buildings are rich in content and have some special techniques in building structure. At the same time, we can see that people of all ethnic groups have exerted great wisdom and creativity for their daily needs. It is greatly influenced by natural conditions, such as climate and material resources, which are the basic factors that determine the change of architectural form. On the other hand, it is also limited by economic conditions. If you have strong economic strength, you will also pay attention to the building structure and decoration. If economic conditions change, building standards will also change.

The spirit and culture of traditional folk houses should be inherited and carried forward, and they should also be given life, full of vitality, and truly safe, comfortable, adaptable to the environment and convenient to use. Architectural culture is not closed, but the product of inheritance, creation and continuation. We should learn the traditional culture of our nation and absorb the essence of foreign countries in architectural creation. In the future, it is impossible to uniformly use a fixed standard design for new residential buildings. We should not only inherit the national, traditional and local practices, but also combine the local experience.