Giant Panda ...

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), commonly known as the panda, is a mammal belonging to the family Ursidae, with a black and white body color. The panda grows in the mountains around the Sichuan Basin in west-central China, and is an endemic wildlife in China and a national treasure. There are about 3,100 pandas in the world, and they are endangered due to their low fertility rate and high requirements for their living environment. [1] Giant pandas have been known by many aliases: Pixi, Big Panda, Bamboo Bear, White Bear, Flower Bear, Tapir, Chinese Bear, Flower Head Bear, Silver Dog, Big Raccoon, Echu, Dudong Ga, Jieyi, Moru, Fierce Leopard, Mang's Beast, and Iron Eater, etc. The giant panda was originally divided into the genus Bear. The giant panda was originally classified as a bear. Name origin In Chinese, the animal is known by two names: panda and cat-bear. One version of its origin says that in 1869, Armand David, a French Catholic missionary, recognized the panda and named it "black and white bear", which belongs to the family Ursidae. Two years later, zoologists further examined the panda and studied that it belonged to the family Ursidae, and further named it "cat bear". 1940s, an exhibition of animal specimens was held in the Beibei Museum in Chongqing. At that time, it was named the cat bear, meaning that its face was round and fat like a cat's, but its whole body was like a bear. Since Chinese speakers are traditionally accustomed to right-to-left writing, the word cat and bear was written in a right-to-left manner at that time. In standard Chinese grammar, adjectives are usually placed before nouns. Since the panda is generally recognized as belonging to the bear family, cat is an adjective and bear is a noun. Therefore, the term cat and bear is grammatically correct in Chinese. By the 1940s, many Chinese speakers had become accustomed to the left-to-right reading of the Chinese language, so the word "cat and bear" displayed in the Beibei Museum in Chongqing at that time was misinterpreted as panda. Since then, the word "panda" has been popularized in the Sichuan area, and the word has been passed down from one generation to the next, and most people have become accustomed to the use of the word "panda" up to the present day. However, there are some people who believe that this is not true. The two terms, panda and cat-bear, have been inconclusive since the beginning. [1] The term panda is the most popular term in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore, while in Taiwan, panda is more commonly used, although some people also refer to cat bears. Species information Evolved "thumbs" allow pandas to flexibly grasp bamboo[edit] Distribution Giant pandas mainly inhabit mountain bamboo forests at altitudes of 1,400-3,500 meters, in deciduous broad-leaved forests, mixed coniferous-broad forests, and subalpine coniferous forest belts. They are mainly found in southern Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan in China. Evolution The ancestor of the giant panda is the first panda (Ailuaractos lufengensis), which was the earliest panda to evolve from a bear-like species with a predominantly carnivorous diet. The main branch of Ailuaractos lufengensis continued to evolve in central and southern China, with one species appearing at the beginning of the Pleistocene about 3 million years ago, smaller than the present-day panda, and inferred from its teeth to have evolved into an omnivore that was also a bamboo eater. Since then, this main branch has expanded into the subtropics and has a wide range of distributions, and fossils have been found in northern, northwestern, eastern, southwestern, and southern China as well as in Vietnam and northern Burma. During this process, giant pandas adapted to life in subtropical bamboo forests, gradually increasing in size and relying on bamboo for their livelihood. The middle and late Pleistocene period, 500-700,000 years ago, was the heyday of the giant panda. Nowadays, giant pandas have well-developed molars, and their claws have a "thumb" in addition to five toes. This "thumb" is actually a specialization of a carpal bone, scientifically known as the "radial seed bone", which mainly plays a role in holding bamboo. The American biologist Stephen Jay Gould - who wrote an essay on this - later used The Panda's Thumb as the title of a collection of essays. Taxonomy Because both the giant panda and the red panda share characteristics of both bears and raccoons, as well as being distinctly different from both families, its scientific classification has been controversial, and it has been proposed that the giant panda be classified as a separate family of pandas to resolve the issue. That is, using modern genetic testing techniques, comparison of different proteins or nucleic acids may yield very different results. Thus the classification of the giant panda remains highly controversial to this day, see Giant panda family for details. The American Journal of Mammalogy published a paper in its fourth issue in 2005, dividing the giant panda into two subspecies, the Sichuan giant panda and the Qinling giant panda. The Qinling giant panda was first proposed by Professor Zheng Guangmei of Beijing Normal University in 1964, and research by Professor Fang Guosheng of the School of Life Sciences at Zhejiang University and others has led to international recognition of this claim. Appearance Characteristics Sichuan giant pandas have large and long heads, small teeth, more similar to bears, black chest spots and white abdominal fur. The Qinling subspecies of giant panda has a rounded head, small skull and large teeth, more similar to a cat, with a dark brown chest patch and brown abdominal fur, making it even more appealing to the eye. There are only 273 pandas left and they are even more endangered. Habits and reproduction Habits Pandas prefer to live alone, with each panda having a separate area. The panda's diet consists mainly of bamboo. Bamboo is characterized by its lush greenness throughout the year, and the nutrient content of all parts of the plant is roughly the same. They eat the heart of the bamboo, bamboo shoots, and sometimes the leaves as well. However, pandas have short intestines and no ****-growing bacteria for fermenting cellulose. Pandas can only absorb 17% of the bamboo they eat, whereas geese's food passes through the digestive tract quickly though, and they utilize 30% of it. This leaves pandas eating for upwards of 10 hours a day. Since the panda ingests many types of bamboo, and its habitat has many types of bamboo surviving. There is no conclusive research evidence that the panda's life would be jeopardized by starvation as a result of the periodic flowering and death of bamboo. Rather, it is the artificial development of the habitat that has shrunk the panda's habitat and made it impossible to find suitable bamboo forests. In ancient times, there are many accounts of pandas eating iron, which gave the panda its name of iron eater. This mostly happened when the panda intruded into human habitats, with jaws strong enough to bite down on iron pots, but why it ate them is not known. Adult pandas have a very short **** period, with females having a **** period of only a few days in a year, and after mating they separate, with the females breeding alone. In the wild, pandas are agile, good tree climbers and fast runners when in danger. Breeding Giant pandas often give birth in large caves in the firs, where they give birth to one or sometimes two cubs per litter, with no obvious change in physical appearance during pregnancy. The panda cubs that are born weigh only one or two taels and are pink in color, which is very different from the adult panda's form. Since pandas feed on bamboo, they need to eat for a long time every day to ensure their calorie supply, and during the nursery period the mother has to leave her cub for 2-4 hours to go out and forage for food. Prior to the 1990s, some people who saw mother pandas staying away from their cubs and delaying their return were skeptical of the mother's ability to raise her cubs and assumed that the cubs had been abandoned. It was suggested that these 'abandoned' cubs be adopted for captive breeding. Long-term observations of reproductive behavior in the wild have disproved this notion. The prolonged absence of a mother from her nest without external intervention is not abandonment of her cubs, but rather the need to eat enough bamboo to produce milk to feed her offspring. Breeding pandas in captivity has always been a challenge, and the natural *** reduction of pandas in captivity has made it difficult to breed in captivity. after the 1990s, artificial breeding of giant pandas has been completed, mostly by artificial insemination. Utilization and Conservation Ancient Times Unlike many wild animals in China, the panda was rarely thought to have medicinal value; the only thing thought to have possible medicinal properties was the panda's urine, and the use of this was to dissolve accidentally swallowed iron needles. In ancient times, pandas were regarded as valuable exotic animals, and the skull of a panda was used as a burial companion in the tomb of the mother of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty. It is also believed that Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty gave two live pandas and panda skins to Japan as a sign of goodwill. Since then, panda skins have been hunted as a symbol of valor. Westerners and Pandas Mature Pandas were first introduced to the West in 1869 by the French Catholic missionary Armand David, who was given only a panda skin, and the first Westerner to see a panda in the wild was J. H. Edgar, after which a large number of Westerners came to China to shoot pandas, and the catching of live pandas became a strong desire of theirs. On December 18, 1936, Ruth Harkness arrived in San Francisco with a live red panda named Shulin, whose certificate of passage through Chinese customs read, "One puppy, worth twenty dollars". Ruth thereafter published her story with Shulin, The Lady and the Panda. All these activities ceased after 1937 due to the effects of the war, and for more than half a century the West knew nothing about the species, which had built up a great curiosity about the panda. Twisted path to conservation Foreigners were unable to continue hunting pandas in China due to the Anti-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but the panda continued to be a source of soft fur for local people. population growth after 1949 put great pressure on the panda's habitat, and subsequent famines made the hunting of wildlife a source of food. During the Cultural Revolution, all research and conservation of the panda essentially ceased. After the reform and opening up, the demand for panda skins swelled in the fur markets of Hong Kong, China and Japan, resulting in poaching of panda skins becoming more and more rampant, while due protection measures could not be implemented due to local bureaucracy. Giant pandas are China's national-level protected animal and a world endangered animal, and the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan, established in 1958, focuses on pandas and is under the direct jurisdiction of the State Forestry Administration (SFA). However, due to outdated conservation concepts and a lack of ecological knowledge, during the 1980s, although the whole of China shouted "Protect the pandas", very little was actually done to benefit the pandas. Many people believed that the best way to protect pandas was to catch them from the wild and keep them in cages, and poor breeding conditions and a lack of compassion and basic scientific knowledge on the part of the staff made many research bases permanent cages for pandas. The stress of bamboo flowering on the panda is also usually addressed by capturing the panda, without studying the evolution of its diet and assessing the actual impact of bamboo death on it. Due to habitat destruction, environmental pollution, and isolation from the population, it is the reproduction of the wild population that is in crisis. the total ban on natural forest logging and the implementation of the ban on personal gun ownership in 1998 have protected the panda's survival to a certain extent. after 1992, migration into the reserve was banned and arrangements were made for the inhabitants to be relocated one after the other, so that the panda's habitat has been secured to a certain extent. After years of conservation efforts, the wild population of giant pandas began to rise in some places. In 1961 the image of the panda was chosen as the logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).Since the second half of the 20th century, the panda has been seen as a symbol of China.In the 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) lent pandas to zoos in the United States and Japan, which was regarded as the first cultural exchange between the new China and the West, and was an important part of China's diplomacy at that time. By the mid-1980s, the diplomatic use of pandas had diminished considerably, and China only lent pandas to other countries for ten years. Nowadays, most of the pandas in foreign zoos are lent by China *** and if a panda marries or breeds abroad, the offspring still belong to the People's Republic of China *** and the State. Due to the love and curiosity of pandas among the people of various countries, displaying pandas can bring considerable economic income to local zoos, and China also hopes to increase foreign exchange income by lending pandas to be used for the construction of protected areas. Unfortunately, a large portion of this income is used to continue capturing pandas from the wild for display. Many international organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) are therefore opposed to this practice of lending pandas. Since 1988, the United States has banned zoos in the United States from renting out wild-caught pandas for profit. There are now a number of pandas in zoos throughout China, and captive breeding of pandas was largely resolved in the 1990s, so loaning out pandas since then no longer jeopardizes wild pandas. See also Panda lending.

Reference: inter^^

Image reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/7/75/Information-silk Giant panda Image reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/b/b0/Panda/ 250px-Panda Conservation Status Image Reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/e/ee/Status_iu2.3_EN.svg/200px-Status_iu2.3_EN.svg Endangered (IUCN Version 2.3) Classification: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Animalia, Animalia, Chordata, Chordata, Mammalia, Carnivora, Carnivora, Carnivora, Carnivora, Ursidae, Ursidae, Genus: Giant Panda, Ailuropoda, Species: Giant Panda, A. melanoleuca, binomial name: Ailuropoda melanoleuca, David

1869 The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an endangered species of animal. （The giant panda (scientific name Ailuropoda melanoleuca), commonly known as the panda, is a mammal of the family Ursidae, with a black and white body color. The panda grows in the mountains around the Sichuan Basin in west-central China, and is an endemic wildlife in China and a national treasure. There are about 3,100 pandas in the world, and they are endangered due to their low fertility rate and high demands on their living environment. Giant pandas have been known by many aliases: Pixi, Panda, Bamboo Bear, White Bear, Flower Bear, Tapir, Chinese Bear, Flower Head Bear, Silver Dog, Big Raccoon, Equ, Dudong Ga, Jieyi, Moru, Fierce Leopard, Mang's Beast, and Iron-eating Beast, among others. The name is derived from the fact that in Chinese, the animal is known by two names: the panda and the cat bear. One version of its origin says that in 1869, Armand David, a French Catholic missionary, recognized the panda and named it "black and white bear", which belongs to the family Ursidae. Two years later, zoologists further investigated the panda and studied that it belonged to the family Ursidae, further naming it "cat and bear".In the 1940s, a taxidermy exhibition was held at the Beibei Museum in Chongqing. At that time, it was named the cat bear, meaning that its face was round and fat like a cat's, but its whole body was like a bear. Since Chinese speakers are traditionally accustomed to right-to-left writing, the word cat and bear was written in a right-to-left manner at that time. In standard Chinese grammar, adjectives are usually placed before nouns. Since the panda is generally recognized as belonging to the bear family, cat is an adjective and bear is a noun. Therefore, the term cat and bear is grammatically correct in Chinese. By the 1940s, many Chinese speakers had become accustomed to the left-to-right reading of the Chinese language, so the word "cat and bear" displayed in the Beibei Museum in Chongqing at that time was misinterpreted as panda. Since then, the word "panda" has been popularized in the Sichuan area, and the word has been passed down from one generation to the next, and most people have become accustomed to the use of the word "panda" up to the present day. However, there are some people who believe that this is not true. The two terms, panda and cat-bear, have been inconclusive from the beginning. [1] The term panda is the most popular term in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore, while in Taiwan, cat and bear are more commonly used, although some people also refer to pandas. Distribution Image reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/2/26/Mapa_distribuicao_Ailuropoda_melanoleuca/180px-Mapa_distribuicao_Ailuropoda_ melanoleuca Image reference: zh. *** /skins-1.5/mon/images/magnify-clip Giant Panda Distribution Map Giant pandas mainly inhabit mountain bamboo forests at altitudes of 1,400-3,500 meters, in deciduous broad-leaved forests, mixed coniferous-broad forests, and subalpine coniferous forest belts. They are mainly found in southern Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan in China. Evolution Image reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/7/75/Panda-AnAn/180px-Panda-AnAn Image reference: zh. *** /skins-1.5/mon/images/magnify-clip The "thumb" that evolved to allow the The giant panda's flexible grip on bamboo The giant panda's ancestor was the first panda (Ailuaractos lufengensis), the earliest carnivorous panda that evolved from the bear-like species. The main branch of the first panda continued to evolve in central and southern China, and one of them appeared in the early Pleistocene about 3 million years ago, with a body size smaller than that of the present-day panda, and it was inferred from its teeth that it had evolved into an omnivore that also ate bamboo, and since then, this main branch has expanded to the subtropics with a wide range of distributions, and fossils have been found in northern, northwestern, eastern, southwestern, and southern China as well as in Vietnam and northern Burma. During this process, giant pandas adapted to life in subtropical bamboo forests, gradually increasing in size and relying on bamboo for their livelihood. The middle and late Pleistocene period, 500-700,000 years ago, was the heyday of the giant panda. Nowadays, giant pandas have well-developed molars, and their claws have a "thumb" in addition to five toes. This "thumb" is actually a specialization of a carpal bone, scientifically known as the "radial seed bone", which mainly plays the role of holding bamboo. The American biologist Stephen Jay Gould - who wrote an essay on this - later used The Panda's Thumb as the title of a collection of essays. Taxonomy Because both the giant panda and the red panda share characteristics of both bears and raccoons, as well as being distinctly different from both families, its scientific classification has been controversial, and it has been proposed that the giant panda be classified as a separate family of pandas to resolve the issue. That is, using modern genetic testing techniques, comparison of different proteins or nucleic acids may yield very different results. Thus the classification of giant pandas remains highly controversial to this day, see Giant panda family for details. The American Journal of Mammalogy published a paper in its fourth issue in 2005, dividing the giant panda into two subspecies, the Sichuan giant panda and the Qinling giant panda. Among them, the Qinling giant panda was first proposed by Professor Zheng Guangmei of Beijing Normal University in 1964, and the research of Professor Fang Shengguo and others at the School of Life Sciences of Zhejiang University has made this claim internationally recognized [2]. Appearance Characteristics The Sichuan giant panda has a large and long head, small teeth, more similar to a bear, black chest spots and white abdominal fur. The Qinling subspecies of giant panda (lesser panda) has a round head, small skull and large teeth, more similar to a cat, with dark brown chest patches and brown abdominal fur, making it more appealing to the eye. There are only 273 pandas left and they are even more endangered. Habits The panda prefers to live alone, with each panda having a separate area. The panda's diet consists mainly of sword bamboo. Bamboo is characterized by its lush greenness all year round, and the nutrient content of all parts is more or less the same. They eat the heart and shoots of the bamboo, and sometimes the leaves as well. However, pandas have short intestines and no ****-growing bacteria for fermenting cellulose. Pandas can only absorb 17% of the bamboo they eat, whereas geese utilize 30% of their food, even though it passes through the digestive tract very quickly. This leaves pandas eating for upwards of 10 hours a day. Since the panda ingests many types of bamboo, and its habitat has many types of bamboo surviving. There is no conclusive research evidence that the panda's life would be jeopardized by starvation as a result of the periodic flowering and death of bamboo. Rather, it is the artificial development of the habitat that has shrunk the panda's habitat and made it impossible to find suitable bamboo forests. Pandas also eat meat, especially during pregnancy, and often need to eat meat for nutrition. There are many accounts of pandas eating iron, which gave them the name "iron eaters", mostly when they intruded into human habitats with jaws strong enough to bite down on iron pots and pans, but it is not known why they ate such things. Adult pandas have a very short **** period, with females having a **** period of only a few days in a year, and after mating they separate, with the females breeding alone. In the wild, pandas are agile, good tree climbers and fast runners when in danger. Breeding Giant pandas often give birth in large tree caves in the firs, where they give birth to one or sometimes two cubs per litter, with no obvious change in physical appearance during pregnancy. The panda cubs that are born weigh only one or two taels and are pink in color, which is very different from the adult panda's form. Since pandas feed on bamboo, they need to eat for a long time every day to ensure their calorie supply, and during the nursery period the mother has to leave her cub for 2-4 hours to go out and forage for food. Prior to the 1990s, some people who saw mother pandas staying away from their cubs and delaying their return were skeptical of the mother's ability to raise her cubs and assumed that the cubs had been abandoned. It was suggested that these 'abandoned' cubs be adopted for captive breeding. Long-term observations of reproductive behavior in the wild have disproved this notion. The prolonged absence of a mother from her nest without external intervention is not abandonment of her cubs, but rather the need to eat enough bamboo to produce milk to feed her offspring. Breeding pandas in captivity has always been a challenge. the natural *** reduction of pandas in captivity has made it difficult for them to breed in captivity. after the 1990s, artificial breeding of pandas has been completed, mostly by artificial insemination. Prehistory According to archaeological excavations, giant pandas used to breed in large numbers in today's Henan Province during the prehistoric era. Because of its large size, the giant panda was hunted by the ancients in large numbers because it provided meat and bone marrow, and its beautiful fur was also favored by the ancients [3]. Ancient times Unlike many wild animals in China, pandas were seldom thought to have medicinal value; the only thing thought to have possible medicinal properties was panda urine, and the use was to dissolve accidentally swallowed iron needles. In ancient times, pandas were regarded as valuable exotic animals, and the skull of a panda was used as a burial companion in the tomb of the mother of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty. It is also believed that Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty gave two live pandas and panda skins to Japan as a sign of goodwill. Since then, panda skin has been hunted as a symbol of valor. Westerner with panda image reference: upload.wikimedia/ *** /mons/thumb/8/8d/Ligatter_panda/250px-Ligatter_panda image reference: zh. *** /skins-1.5/mon/images/magnify-clip Mature Giant Panda The first Westerner to be introduced to the giant panda (1869) was the French Catholic missionary Armand David, who got his hands on a panda skin, and the first Westerner to see a panda in the wild was J. H. Edgar, after which a large number of Westerners came to China to shoot pandas, and the capture of live pandas became a strong desire for them.December 1936 On December 18, 1936, Ruth Harkness arrived in San Francisco with a live red panda named Shulin, whose certificate of passage through Chinese customs read, "One puppy, worth twenty dollars". Ruth thereafter published her story with Shulin, The Lady and the Panda. All these activities ceased after 1937 due to the effects of the war, and for more than half a century the West knew nothing about the species, which had built up a huge curiosity about the panda.

Reference: zh. *** /wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), commonly known as the panda, is a mammal belonging to the family Ursidae, with a black-and-white body color. The panda grows in the mountains around the Sichuan Basin in west-central China. It is a wild animal unique to China and a national treasure. There are about 3,100 pandas in the world, and they are endangered due to their low fertility rate and high requirements for their living environment.

The giant panda is called Ailuropode mdandeuca, David, and the red panda is called Aelurus fulgens. On its head

it wears four laurels: precious, rare, living fossil, and a Chinese specialty. The red panda is much smaller than it is, and somewhat larger than a cat, and is built like a raccoon, very slightly like a cat, and can also climb trees. Its fur is russet brown with white ears, a few white spots on its face, black legs and feet, and a russet tail with black rings. It also grows in the western part of China, and its food is mainly bamboo, but it likes to eat the whisker-like lichen that grows on trees. It also belongs to the meat-eating category, but now I don't know why, but also no longer eat meat. Its local name is called the Nine-jointed Coyote. Nine knots, because its tail has a black ring, into the shape of a section, as for the word coyote do not know how to add the word, because its shape is not like a coyote, but like a cat. It is called the lesser panda, to distinguish it from the more gigantic giant panda of the former species.