What are the characteristics of India's industrial layout

At the beginning of India's independence, industry was highly concentrated in a few large coastal cities. Mumbai, Kolkata and Ahmedabad alone account for more than 70% of the country's industrial output value.

Over-concentration of industry has improved in recent years. At present, India can be divided into five important industrial zones:

1. Industrial Zone centered on Kolkata: This is the earliest industrial zone in China. It has declined slightly in recent decades. Hemp textile and machinery are the two major industrial sectors in this area. The output value accounts for 40% and 30% of the country.

2. The industrial zone centered on Mumbai-Pune: the proportion of labor force is equivalent to that of Kolkata, with a large output value. The cotton textile industry has long occupied a dominant position, accounting for 30% of the country. In addition, machinery, chemical industry, oil refining and other departments have developed rapidly recently.

3. The industrial zone centered on Ahmedabad: the scale is equivalent to half that of Kolkata, and it is dominated by traditional industries.

4. Industrial Zone centered on Madras-Bangalore: This is the fastest-growing industrial zone, and its scale is close to Kolkata. Electric power, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding and oil refining are concentrated in this area, and light industry and heavy industry are developing at the same time.

5. Nagpur-centered industrial zone: This is a heavy industrial zone developed in 1950s, and it is known as "Ruhr District" in India.

India's industrial layout has the following characteristics: high concentration and point distribution. The main layout types are coal-iron composite, coastal type and emerging "pavement type".

Extended data:

industry

During the British colonial rule, India's industry was dominated by textiles and mining. After independence, iron and steel, machinery, electric power, chemistry and other industries have all developed and formed a complete system.

India's textile, food, precision instruments, automobiles, software manufacturing and aerospace industries have developed rapidly.

There are two major Indian automobile companies: Tata Motors and Ma Hengda, among which Tata Motors acquired Jaguar Land Rover in 2008 and Ma Hengda acquired Ssangyong Motor on 20 10.

India is rich in mineral resources, with bauxite reserves and coal production ranking fifth in the world, and mica exports account for 60% of the world's exports.

By the end of 1996, the recoverable reserves of major resources in India are estimated as follows:

46.389 billion tons of coal (excluding coking coal), 9.754 billion tons of iron ore, 2.253 billion tons of bauxite, 65.438+0.24 billion tons of chromite, 65.5 million tons of manganese ore, 5.89 million tons of zinc, 3.52 million tons of copper, 65.438+0.36 million tons of lead, 68.477 billion tons of limestone and 86.5438 million tons of phosphate.

In addition, there are mica, gypsum, diamonds and minerals such as titanium, thorium and uranium. The forest coverage rate is 2 1.9%.

India is one of the fastest growing countries in the world, and its economic growth rate is remarkable. If measured by the same purchasing power, India's GDP of 20 1 1 is US$ 4.457 trillion, ranking third in the world with Japan, second only to the United States and China.

However, if evaluated at the exchange rate of US dollars, India's GDP is only 1.676 trillion US dollars, ranking 1 1 in the world, which is almost the same as that of Australia, a developed country with a population of only 23 million.

India's annual growth rate is 5.8%, from 20 1 1 to 20 12, reaching 6. 1%. In a developing country like India, social wealth is extremely unbalanced, and 10% of the population controls 33% of the national income.

Because of India's large population, the average gross national product is very low. 20 1 1 year, India's average gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) is 3694 US dollars, ranking 129 in the world. The exchange rate of USD 1.389 USD, ranking 140 in the world.

199 1 years ago, influenced by the socialist planned economy, the economic policy adopted trade protectionism, and the Indian government excessively intervened in the labor and financial markets and supervised commercial activities.

Due to 199 1 India's economic crisis and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the New Congress Party government began to implement economic liberalization reform in India, and gradually transformed into a free market through foreign trade and direct investment, and India's economic scale achieved rapid growth.

India's economy is dominated by planting, modern agriculture, handicrafts, modern industry and its supporting industries. A quarter of the country's population still has no food and clothes. India has abundant foreign exchange reserves and a stable exchange rate. In the future, the government will completely abolish foreign exchange control, and the market will determine the value of money.

India's manufacturing exports have begun to decline, and power supply in many parts of the country is still insufficient. India has a large population proficient in English. At present, it is the world's leading information service manufacturer, computer software exporter and the motherland of many software engineers in the 2/kloc-0 century.

India practices socialism while practicing democracy, and the government strictly controls private economic activities, foreign trade and foreign direct investment.

However, in 199 1, the control of foreign trade and foreign investment was relaxed and the domestic market was gradually opened through economic reform. Privatization of state-owned enterprises and the opening up of some fields have imposed restrictions on private and foreign investment, and the relevant political debate continues.

Baidu Encyclopedia-India