In the ancient "three cardinal guides and five permanent members", what does "five permanent members" mean?

Three cardinal guides: the monarch is the minister's cardinal guide, the father is the son's cardinal guide, and the husband is the wife's cardinal guide. The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

So what is the performance of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust in behavior? Zhu pointed out that "benevolence" means "love" and "benevolence"; "Righteousness" means taking reasonable responsibility; "Rite" is a moral constraint, which plays a preventive role in realizing "righteousness"; "Wisdom" refers to knowledge, especially in the era of modern knowledge economy. "Faith" means trust and honesty.

"Benevolence shows compassion; Courtesy and reciprocity; Righteousness is manifested as shame and evil; Wisdom is the principle of discerning, and its psychological expression is right and wrong; Faith shows loyalty. In Zhu's view, if people can truly master the laws of nature, abide by the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members, and possess the five permanent members, they will be able to have sympathy, respect, shame, distinguish right from wrong, loyalty and faith in people's lives, and society will be stable and harmonious, which is the purpose of Zhu's theory of the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members.

Three cardinal guides and five permanents are important thoughts in China's Confucian ethical culture. Confucianism maintained social ethics and political system through the enlightenment of the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles, which played an extremely important role in the long feudal society. ?

Three cardinal guides became a tool for feudal rulers to enslave the people after Song and Ming Dynasties. The idea of hierarchical education society is called "natural justice" and has become a shackle that imprisons people's words and deeds. If it violates feudal ethics, it is regarded as a "sinner".

This statement distorts Confucius' theory of "Jun Jun, minister, father, son, husband and wife". Its core is to obey the correct principle or unconditional obedience to the relationship between superiors and subordinates. The Three Cardinal Principles are based on the obedience under the relationship, while Confucius is based on the correct principle, and advocates that no matter how high or low the position, one should do his duty according to the correct principle.

Extended data:

The evolution of three basic principles and five permanent principles;

Dong Zhongshu's "Five Lun"

The words "three cardinal guides" and "five permanent members" come from Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Stories in the Western Han Dynasty. But as a moral principle and standard, it originated from Confucius in the pre-Qin period. Confucius once put forward ethical concepts such as monarch, monarch, minister, father and son, benevolence, courtesy and wisdom. Mencius further put forward the "five ethics" of "father and son are blind, the monarch and the minister are righteous, the husband and wife are different, the ages are orderly, and friends are trustworthy".

According to his theory that "Yang is worse than Yin", Dong Zhongshu further developed the concept of five ethics and put forward the way of three cardinal guides and five permanents. Dong Zhongshu believes that the monarch, father and son, and husband and wife are the most important relationships in interpersonal relationships, and these three relationships have a natural and eternal master-slave relationship: the monarch is the master and the minister is the follower; The father is the master and the son is the slave; The husband is the master and the wife is the slave. The so-called "the monarch is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife".

The three cardinal guides and the five permanents are all taken from the way of yin and yang. Specifically, monarch, father and husband embody the "yang" side of heaven, while ministers, sons and wives embody the "yin" side of heaven; Yang is always in a dominant and noble position, while Yin is always in a subordinate and humble position. Dong Zhongshu thus established the dominant position of monarchical power, patriarchal power and husband power, and sanctified the feudal hierarchy and political order into the fundamental law of the universe.

"Five Principles" is actually the embodiment of "Three Cardinals". Dong Zhongshu also believes that benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith are the basic principles for dealing with the relationship between monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife, and superior and subordinate relations, and the rulers should pay enough attention to them. In his view, an important feature that distinguishes human beings from other creatures is the innate five permanent members of human beings. Adhering to the principle of "five permanents" can maintain social stability and interpersonal harmony.

"Three Basic Principles" and "Six Disciplines"

White Tiger Yi Tong is an important work written by Gu Hanban (32~92) in Han Dynasty, which explores the similarities and differences of the Five Classics and unifies the meaning of this text. White Tiger Yi Tong summarizes the achievements of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, and is a collection of classics in Han Dynasty. The main content is to describe the discussion of Confucian classics in Baihuguan Conference, mostly repeating Dong Zhongshu's theory and basic viewpoints, and giving full play to them.

And put forward the ethical gold bars of "three cardinal guides" and "six disciplines", and "three cardinal guides" means "several cardinal guides". Father is the class of children. The husband is the wife's program, and the Six Classics are "father, brother, clan, uncle, teacher and friend". It is believed that "the third discipline is the law of heaven and earth, and the sixth discipline is the law of six rivers", which comes from the third discipline, is the law of the third discipline, and is an ethical relationship in feudal society, which is said to be an eternal natural relationship in line with God's will.

"White Tiger Yi Tong" constructed a set of theological teleology and political ethics ideology with the three cardinal guides and five permanent members as the core, which was fully reflected through a series of specific systems and actually played the role of a code in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhu's "three cardinal guides and five permanents"

The Song Dynasty began with Zhu, and the three cardinal guides and five permanents were combined into one.

The concept of Mingjiao also originated from Confucius. Confucius emphasized the education of rank and title to society, and thought that the first thing to do in politics was to "correct one's name" and be "Jun Jun, minister, father and son". Dong Zhongshu advocates testing names and educating the whole people. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the political concepts and moral norms in line with the ruling interests were established as birthright, named after names, named after festivals, and made into famous festivals to educate the people. It's called "A great teacher makes a great apprentice". Its content is mainly the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members.

However, the word "Mingjiao" appeared in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it was used to refer to the ethical code with Confucius' thought of "correcting the name" as its main content. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was an argument about the relationship between Zoroastrianism and Nature. Wang Bi's thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi is based on Confucianism, and he believes that famous religion originates from nature. Ji Kang put forward the idea of "let nature take its course beyond the Christian name". Guo Xiang of the Western Jin Dynasty believed that the famous religion was nature. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, Mingjiao was called "Tian Li", which became the shackles that imprisoned people's words and deeds. If you violate the moral code, you will be regarded as a "sinner".

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