What do you mean by academic?

Academic, systematic and specialized knowledge generally refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.

By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.

Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.

Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two modes of universities: the European mode developed from ancient times and the American mode initiated by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-8th century and Thomas Jefferson in the early 9th century.

I. Structure

Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.

With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.

Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.

1, education and degree

Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.

2. Academic conference

In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. As the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.

3. Conflict objectives

In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.

① Practicality and theory.

Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic world is isolated from the real world, it does not mean that academic research is worthless. In fact, many academic developments eventually turned into fruitful application results. However, if scholars consider academic narrowness, it may increase the value and influence of their research.

② The town where the school is located and the teachers and students at school.

Universities are usually located in the suburbs of towns. In some cases, this has caused local residents and university members to feel uneasy in political, economic and other fields. Some residents in the northeastern United States try to prevent students from registering as local residents, instead of encouraging them to vote in absentia at their parents' homes, just to retain control over local politics. This conflict was brought to the screen by the movie "Surviving from Danger".

(3) Funding from enterprises and scholars

The research purpose of commercial aid is often more important than the pursuit of profit. This is a bit in conflict with the pursuit of knowledge.

Second, history.

1, ancient

The academic circle was named "Academy" because it was a refuge outside the walls of ancient Athens. Named after the legendary hero Akkadmos, it has several olive groves, gyms and places suitable for intimate gatherings. In these gardens, there are many plants and statues of former gardeners, where Plato speaks loudly and inspires his followers. These informal gatherings are called colleges. Later, Plato developed his party into a philosophical educational method. In 387 BC, he established the "Old College".