About History

At dawn on June 22, 1941, German fascists tore up the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact and used 190 divisions, nearly 5,000 planes and 3,410 tanks to launch a surprise attack on the Soviet Union in the vain hope of conquering it in three months. The people of the Soviet Union rose in self-defense and the Great Patriotic War against fascist Germany began. At the beginning of the war, the Soviet army actively defended itself; from October 1941 to January 1942, the Soviet army annihilated more than 500,000 enemies and won the Battle of Moscow, which made Hitler's "Blitzkrieg" fail miserably. on November 19, 1942, the Soviet army launched a counterattack, and in the following year, forced Hitler to switch to strategic defense. 1944, the Soviet army launched a general counterattack against the Germans, forcing Hitler to shift to strategic defense. In 1944, the Soviets launched a general counter-offensive against the Germans and eventually drove them out of the Soviet Union. on May 2, 1945, the Soviets conquered Berlin. on May 8, Germany unconditionally surrendered. on May 9, Germany signed the unconditional surrender of Germany to the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States of America in Berlin. this day became the Victory Day for the crushing of Fascist Germany. The Patriotic War of the Soviet Union made an important contribution to the victory of the world's people in the war against fascism

At dawn on June 22, 1941, the German fascists tore up the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact and used 190 divisions, nearly 5,000 airplanes, and 3,410 tanks to launch a surprise attack on the Soviet Union, hoping to conquer the USSR within three months. The people of the Soviet Union rose in self-defense and the Great Patriotic War against fascist Germany began. At the beginning of the war, the Soviet army actively defended itself; from October 1941 to January 1942, the Soviet army annihilated more than 500,000 enemies and won the Battle of Moscow, which made Hitler's "Blitzkrieg" fail miserably. on November 19, 1942, the Soviet army launched a counterattack, and in the following year, forced Hitler to switch to strategic defense. 1944, the Soviet army launched a general counterattack against the Germans, forcing Hitler to shift to strategic defense. In 1944, the Soviets launched a general counter-offensive against the Germans and eventually drove them out of the Soviet Union. on May 2, 1945, the Soviets conquered Berlin. on May 8, Germany unconditionally surrendered. on May 9, Germany signed the unconditional surrender of Germany to the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States of America in Berlin. this day became the Victory Day for the crushing of Fascist Germany. The Soviet Patriotic War made an important contribution to the victory of the world people in the war against fascism

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Modern World History Knowledge System Modern World History from the From the October Socialist Revolution of 1917 to the present, modern world history is the history of the further development of monopoly capitalism, the tortuous progress of socialism, the long-term coexistence of the two social systems against each other, and the struggle of the world's people for independence, democracy, peace and development. It is the history of the development of modern capitalism and socialism.

Modern world history is the continuation and development of the world's modern history, the contradictions of recent history still exist, but there has been development. Its contradictions are, the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie within the capitalist countries, the contradiction between the socialist countries and the capitalist countries, the contradiction between the developed capitalist countries, the contradiction between the colonial semi-colonial developing countries of the third world and the imperialist, colonialist and developed capitalist countries, the contradiction between the socialist countries, the contradiction between the national independent countries and so on. These basic contradictions and struggles are intertwined and mutually reinforcing, becoming the main contradictions at different times and creating a very complex situation. For the present, peace and development are the two main themes.

By the development of modern world history and the change of the main contradictions, it is divided into two major periods, 1917 to 1945, the end of the Second World War for the first period, which is the stage of war and revolution; 1945 to the 1990s, for the second period, which is the revolution and war gradually turned to the stage of fighting for peace and development. Each period can be further divided into different phases.

The first period (1917 ping to the end of the 1920s), which was generally characterized by the revolutionary upsurge and the restructuring of international relations. The conflict between imperialism and Soviet Russia was the main contradiction of this stage.

The outbreak of the October Socialist Revolution turned the theory of socialism into reality and established a new social system. With the consolidation of the Soviet power, thus forming the center of the world proletarian revolution. Under this influence, the climax of the proletarian revolution broke out in the western countries after the war; there was a new development of international ****proletarianism, with the establishment of ****proletarian parties in various countries and the birth of the ****proletarian International.

The First World War, which greatly weakened imperialism, created a new imbalance in imperialism. Proletarian revolutions in European countries failed one after another, and bourgeois rule was further stabilized. Britain and France were weakened, and the United States and Japan grew in power, with the United States holding world economic hegemony. Into the 20th century, countries in a period of relative stability, economic recovery and development, the United States also appeared Coleridge boom situation.

The national liberation movement saw a new upsurge, and the national democratic movements in Asia and Africa flourished, dealing a heavy blow to imperialist rule. The national liberation movements became part of the proletarian world revolution, thus entering a new phase.

In international relations, the question of German reparations and European security was surrounded by contradictions and struggles among the victorious countries and among the defeated ones. After the war, a new pattern of international relations was formed, the Versailles-Washington system, which readjusted the post-war imperialist relations between the East and the West. This adjustment was temporary and implied a number of new contradictions. Britain and France made use of the Versailles Conference and the League of Nations to maintain Europe's hegemony over the world, while the United States challenged Europe's hegemony by making use of its superiority in the Pacific Ocean and its economic control over the West. In general, however, Europe still maintained the center of international relations.

The second stage (the outbreak of the capitalist world economic crisis in 1929 to the end of the Second World War in 1945). This stage was generally characterized by the capitalist economic crisis, the establishment of the socialist system in the Soviet Union and the Second World War. Fascism and anti-fascism were the main conflicts of this period.

The USSR overcame the economic blockade and political encirclement of imperialism, took a series of measures to consolidate the dictatorship of the proletariat, carried out socialist construction, basically realized the industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture, and established the basic socialist system in 1936. However, a highly centralized political and economic system was also formed, and problems such as the disproportionate ratio of the national economy emerged. As the center of the revolutionary struggle of the world proletariat, the *** Proletarian International has played an important role in guiding the activities of the *** proletarian parties of various countries and in promoting the development of the revolutions of various countries; in particular, in the face of the threat of fascism, it has put forward the strategy of establishing a united front against fascism, which has given impetus to the antifascist struggles of various countries. However, there have also been a number of blunders, which have had a certain impact on the revolutions of various countries and on the international ****productivist movement.

This was a period of disaster in the history of capitalist development. the unprecedented economic and political crisis that broke out in the 1930s dealt a heavy blow to the capitalist system, and the bourgeois democratic system of government was seriously affected. In order to get out of the crisis, Germany and Japan embarked on the path of fascism, and Italy strengthened its fascist dictatorship. Roosevelt's New Deal set the precedent for the development of state intervention and state monopoly capitalism in the post-war period. Countries with democratic traditions, such as Britain, the United States and France, adopted the policy of state intervention. Both aimed at maintaining the rule of monopoly capitalism. After the fascist countries provoked the Great War, Britain, France and the United States were forced into the war and the countries entered the wartime system. The Great War wreaked havoc on the capitalist economy, destroyed fascism and dealt a heavy blow to imperialism.

The national liberation movement and the world anti-fascist movement were combined, and the people of China, Korea, Spain, Ethiopia and other countries waged heroic anti-fascist struggles, which became an important part of the world anti-fascist war. The blow dealt to imperialism by the Second World War contributed to the vigorous development of national liberation movements. The revolutionary forces in the colonies and semi-colonies were strengthened, creating conditions for the development of national liberation movements after the war.

The outbreak of the economic crisis and the formation of the war curators led to the disintegration of the Versailles-Washington system in the mid-1930s. Intricate relations were formed among the countries around the change of the main contradictions and the threat of fascism. In the run-up to the Great War, the United States, Britain, and France pursued a policy of appeasement; the Soviet Union maneuvered with Britain, the United States, and Germany out of self-preservation; and the fascist countries accelerated the pace of union. Under the constraints of the main contradiction between fascism and anti-fascism, the fascist countries formed the Axis fascist bloc; and capitalism and ****productivism also temporarily gave up ideological confrontation and formed an alliance to establish a broad anti-fascist alliance, ****together to fight fascism. In World War II, the anti-fascist alliance was further coordinated through a series of national conferences, thus providing a guarantee for the anti-fascist war and laying the groundwork for more intricate relations after World War II.

The third stage (1940s to 1970s). This stage is a period of cold war **** and fierce competition between the two social systems of socialism and capitalism and peaceful ****; it is also a period of the tortuous development of contemporary capitalism and contemporary socialism; at the same time, it is also a period of the national liberation movement to the depth of the development of the period; and it is also a period of the formation of the pattern of U.S. and Soviet Union hegemony under the Yalta system.

After World War II, a series of socialist countries appeared in Eurasia, a socialist camp emerged, and the international socialist force grew unprecedentedly. Each item was modeled after the Soviet Union and built a highly centralized political and economic system. For a time, this system played a positive role in the construction of socialism in various countries. Later, however, its shortcomings were increasingly exposed, and each country began one after another to explore the path of socialist development through reforms. Due to the constraints of the political and economic systems, the reforms in various countries went through a tortuous process. As a result of the Soviet Union's promotion of chauvinism and hegemony, the struggle between Soviet control and opposition to control became increasingly intense, relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia deteriorated, China and the Soviet Union turned against each other, and the socialist camp split.

There was further development of monopoly capitalism during this period, and the model of state intervention in the economy laid down by Roosevelt's New Deal was widely borrowed, as capitalism developed to the stage of state monopoly capitalism. After a brief post-war recovery, the capitalist economy entered a period of relatively stable and rapid development from the 1950s to the early 1970s, known as the "Golden Age", with the help of the achievements of the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution and the development of state monopoly capitalism. The United States, with its strongest industrial strength and the advantages of the monetary system, became the number one power in the capitalist world. The economic development of Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany was particularly outstanding from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. Western European countries accelerated the pace of cooperation and gradually began to challenge the hegemony of the United States.

This was also a period of great development of national liberation movements and the rise of the Third World. After the war, dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America became independent, and there was a climax of national independence movements. On this basis, in the face of the formation of the U.S.S.R. pattern of rivalry, a large number of newly independent countries to strengthen the unity and solidarity, began a joint anti-colonial, anti-hegemony struggle, the Non-Aligned Movement was born in 1961. The rise of the third world as an independent force on the international political stage.

In international relations, the global character became more prominent, and the United Nations became an important organization in international political life. The traditional European-centered pattern was broken, and the Yalta system, with its bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union, was formed. It was also a period of "cold war" confrontation between the capitalist and socialist camps. Within the two camps, there were contradictions and struggles. Socialist camp within the control and anti-control struggle; in the imperialist camp, with the establishment of the Western European **** the same body, Japan's cap, but also formed with the United States to counterbalance the force, in the wider context of the United States and the Soviet Union to fight for hegemony, the rise of the Third World after the complexity of the struggle.

The fourth stage (1970 to the 1990s), which is the new and old world pattern alternation period.

This phase was a period of major twists and turns and new explorations in the socialist movement. Since the mid-1980s, the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe experienced major setbacks in the process of reform, and a severe political and economic situation emerged, which in turn led to successive political upheavals. Various contradictions further intensified, finally leading to the dramatic changes in the Soviet Union and the transition from the socialist system to the capitalist system, and the socialist movement suffered a major setback. And China began to explore the road of socialist market economy development with Chinese characteristics, the unified model of the socialist movement was broken, and thus began the exploration of the model adapted to the national conditions of the country.

Taking the 1973 Middle East oil crisis as the starting point, the capitalist countries entered a 10-year period of "stagflation". The right-wing forces in the western countries gained power, and with the help of new economic theories, they took a series of measures to develop the economy, and by the mid-80s, the western capitalist countries came out of the economic "stagflation" stage. By the mid-1980s, the western capitalist countries had emerged from the stage of economic "stagflation". After the 1990s, there were new changes in the economic development of the western countries, but with the exception of the United States, the economic growth of the countries was not obvious. As a result of the fundamental contradictions of capitalism and the influence of the old and new political patterns, the capitalist world monetary system controlled by the United States collapsed, and the economic hegemony of the United States faltered, leading to the formation of a new pattern of capitalist development in which the United States, Japan and Western Europe were the three dominant players. At the same time, economic regionalization has intensified, and the three industrially developed regions of North America, Western Europe and East Asia have become the mainstay of the present capitalist world pattern. However, the United States still has the economic power to maintain its superpower, and the situation of "one superpower, many powers" in the capitalist world is still maintained.

The national liberation movement entered a new era, and in the 1990s the imperialist colonial system finally collapsed. At the same time, the third world forces developed, established influential international organizations, fought for the establishment of a new international economic order, and played a growing role in international affairs. During this period, the national economies of the newly independent countries of Asia and the Gulf States developed rapidly.

In international relations, there was a tendency to evolve from the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union to a multipolar world. In the struggle for supremacy between the United States and the Soviet Union, there were mutual attacks and defenses, but the general trend was that the Soviet Union was on the defensive and at a disadvantage. After the dramatic changes in the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union and the Cold War came to an end, and the Yalta system collapsed. The United States became the only major power, and the United States, Japan, Western Europe, China and Russia competed and depended on each other, becoming a strong multipolar state. On the economic front, regional blocs developed in the direction of global integration. Comprehensive national power competition has become the center of international competition, peace and development is a major issue of international life.

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