Mongolian concubine grade

1206 Temujin established the Mongolian khanate. 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne, and established "United China". 127 1 year, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "great zai" in the Book of Changes and changed the title of the country to Yuan. 1279 destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the whole of China.

The Mongol Empire was founded by Temujin (Genghis Khan), a Mongolian with a weight of only one catty, with the title of Great Mongolia. According to the Secret History of Mongolia, it was established on the south bank of Bell Lake, and it is generally believed that it was established before and after Genghis Khan unified the tribes in the Mongolian Plateau. After the establishment of the Mongolian khanate, it expanded many times. When Genghis Khan was in power, he successively attacked Xixia, Jin Dynasty, Xiliao, Huatuo Mozi and other countries, and his successor experienced two large-scale western expeditions. By 1259, before his death, Borjijin Menggehan had ruled a vast territory, including the Mongolian Plateau, most areas north of the Yangtze River in China today, Central Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe and North Africa.

The number of harems in Yuan Dynasty is simple and simple, with only three grades: queen, concubine and concubine, but the number is uncertain. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, the status of empresses was distinguished by their children's cribs. A palace tent can accommodate several queens or concubines at the same time. Among all the palace tents, the first queen in the first palace tent is the most respected. In the later period, the children's bed system disappeared, and the grades were still only three, such as queen, princess and concubine. In the later period, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty tried to keep only one queen in office. Khan's wife is called the queen, and your concubine can also be called the queen.

Genghis Khan established a palace account system with big ears and four ears, which belonged to four queens respectively. Equivalent to the big queen, two queens, three queens and four queens. Khan's private wealth belongs to four models. After Khan died, it was inherited by Mo Er. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, a special management organization was set up for the four ears to collect five household silk and Jiangnan household banknotes. The Yuan court named King Gan Spicy and his descendants as Jin kings, guarding Mobei and taking charge of the four big ears, which was called "guarding the palace". Kublai Khan also has four big ears. He also has a lot of wealth and private population. Other emperors had their own ears, which were inherited by Hou Ji after their death and managed by specialized officials.

The costumes of ancient Mongols are closely related to their living habits. According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "Its clothes are square collar and right hem, the old ones are felt leather, the new ones are silk and gold thread, the colors are red, purple and green, and the patterns are dragon and phoenix, so there is no difference between noble and low." Both men and women wear robes and gird their waists with belts. Wear flat hats of various colors, with slightly bulging brim and wide and long back. It is tied under the collar with two straps, and there are straps under it to let the wind flutter. Bonnet are mostly made of birch bark or bamboo. They are more than two feet high, shaped like a cylinder, with a square top and paper or leather outside, decorated with colorful silk, gold and silk. Insert a slender feather at the top, or decorate it with willow branches and irons. This kind of hat is called "Goo Goo Guan", and it is called Hei Hei A in Mongolian. In the Yuan Dynasty, some aristocratic women still kept this headdress. According to "Caomuzi", "The concubines and ministers of the Yuan Dynasty all wore aunts and robes. The second is to wear a fur hat. Aunt is two feet tall, round and has a red luogai. "

The hairstyles of the ancient Mongols were similar to those of the Khitans, and they were quite popular. Shave off a bend of hair around, cut the hair in front of it short, hang it down on both sides, weave it into two buns and hang it on the left and right coats. "History of Korea" said: "It is a custom of Mongolia to shave the top to the forehead to preserve its shape, which is called fear and hate." Mongolian is called "Kegule", which means braiding hair. Women "pull the spine in a bun", that is, comb it into braids and wear it on their heads, and then put on the ancient crown, with gorgeous headdress.

Ancient Mongols believed in Shamanism, worshiped the supreme "immortal heaven" and paid special attention to offering sacrifices to heaven. Genghis Khan often held sacrificial activities. 1254, Mengge Khan sacrificed to heaven at Sun Moon Mountain in Mobei. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, a ceremony to worship heaven was held in Shangdu on June 24th every year.

Mongolians pay special attention to ancestor worship. From Wokuotai, he began to offer sacrifices to Genghis Khan. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, the ancestral temple was built in 1266, which was basically sacrificed according to the traditional sacrificial system of Han nationality in China, but it still retained a strong Mongolian national color. For example, the information of sacrifice is written in Mongolian and read by Mongolian wizards. As for the "drinking" in the ancestral hall, it is also a Mongolian ceremony. During the sacrifice, Mongolian Boers knelt down on their knees, cut off the meat for libation, put it on the sacrificial plate entrusted by the servant, sprinkled with koumiss, and then offered sacrifices.

Every year, the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty visited the capital on July 7 or 9 and held a ceremony to worship their ancestors. The emperor and queen looked at the cemetery in the north in plain clothes and offered koumiss as a sacrifice. After the ancestor worship, a horse milk banquet was held.

Following the customs of Khitan and Nuzhen, Mongolia has a "cooking" ceremony, which is called "kneading Lu" in Mongolian. In the "cooking" ceremony, the shaman wizard presided over the ceremony, read a congratulatory message in Mongolian, sprinkled koumiss on the sacrificed livestock, then burned the bones and shared the meat with the participants. This is also the custom of ancient Mongols to sacrifice their ancestors.

The quality sun banquet in Yuan Dynasty (quality sun, meaning color in Mongolian) is quite distinctive. At the beginning of the banquet, one or two ministers must announce the relevant laws of Genghis Khan, and then the banquet can be held. During the dinner, there was a "drink" ceremony, someone shouted "Yue Tuo" (meaning "please use it"), and everyone raised their glasses. At the banquet, there were women's music and horn and sacrum performances from Jiao Fang.

Quality grandson is a unique monochrome suit of Dream Circle. The emperor's grandson, winter clothes 11, summer clothes 15; Guan Bai's grandson has nine grades of winter clothes and fourteen grades of summer clothes. His clothes are decorated with many treasures, and he uses a lot of high-grade silk and foreign silk (brocade), cutting Li Mian (cutting wool) and fast husband (returning to refined woolen cloth), which is extremely luxurious. The generation of high-quality grandchildren also has certain regulations, which are very strict. All the people attending the high-quality sunshine banquet should wear high-quality sunshine clothes.

Elephant chariot is a unique mount in Yuan Dynasty, which was first made in 1280. Offerings from other countries such as Southwest China and Myanmar, Zhancheng and Annan. When the emperor visited Shanghai every year, the elephant chariot was the emperor's special means of transportation. This "elephant webbed" is a big wooden sedan chair, which is mounted on the backs of four elephants. There is a standard in the sedan chair, lined with gold and covered with lion's skin. Every elephant has a rider. Therefore, the elephant chariot is also called the "elephant sedan chair".

The ancient Mongolian custom of discussing marriage is very common. The father can propose to the woman for his son, and if the woman's father agrees, he will drink "Buhunchar". Mongolian nobles don't marry civilians. The marriage between nobles is called "sudden answer", that is, in-laws. "Ansan" also married each other, forming "Ansan-Sudden Answer", which is the marriage between righteous brothers.

The ancient Mongols practiced polygamy. The privileged Han nationality and nobles live a polygamous life in marriage. In the case of polygamy, the oldest wife has the highest status, and the status of her children is also respected by the mother. However, if the oldest wife has no children, her status may be lower than that of the wife of her husband's other children. Adultery with married women is strictly prohibited, and offenders will be executed. Polygamy at that time was a reflection of the remnants of the original marriage system.

Ancient Mongolians also practiced the system of inherited marriage, that is, "the father's dead wife followed the mother, and the brother's dead wife followed." This marriage system has been practiced by many northern nationalities in China. When Mongolia rose, neighboring ethnic groups such as Jurchen, Tangut and Uighur also had this custom. Therefore, in the Mongolian concept at that time, it was natural.

Funerals in the Yuan Dynasty followed their own customs. The Mongolians practice burial, but there is no burial. Rich people have coffins, but their shapes are different from those of Han people. "The middle is divided into two parts, only one figure, wide and short, only enough for accommodation." Mink coats, fur hats, boots, waist ties, boxes and bowls are all made of white powder. The coffin was transported to the burial place by car, and a Mongolian guide rode along the way. This horse is called Jinling Horse. When we arrived at the mausoleum, the clods taken out of the cave were arranged in an orderly way, buried in the coffin and covered. This is the emperor's funeral. Since Genghis Khan was buried underground in this way, he immediately drove the horse to make it flat, making it like a flat slope, leaving no trace and no one knows. Both the Great Khan of Mongolia and the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty were buried in Qiti Valley (around Mandahl and Zenkel in Kent, Mongolia), which was declared as a forbidden area.

When the ancient Mongols buried in the earth, they all used the materials of the deceased as funerary objects. Ordinary people only have tents, horses, weapons and so on. Noble funerary objects include gold and silver treasures.

When Kishan founded the People's Republic of China, he patrolled nine times to set up a white flag. After his death, he set up eight white sacrificial tents in his mausoleum, and all his grandchildren were dressed in white. Mongolia also advocates the number of nine, and sacrifices are usually made in multiples of nine. For example, eight sheep are sacrificed in Shangdu every year, and nine silks are practiced on colorful roads. Genghis Khan gave the honorary minister who was awarded the title of "Answering Han" "Nine crimes without punishment". Mongolia is still on the right. "Its position is based on the middle, followed by the right and left." There were two prime ministers in the Yuan Dynasty, and the right prime minister was above the left prime minister. In the tent, men sit on the right, women sit on the left, and they have to take other people's meat with their right hands.

There are still many taboos in the ancient Mongolian customs. When entering the Mongolian tent, it is forbidden to step on the threshold with your feet and whip the horse's head and face. For fear of thunder and lightning, they don't wash their hands and draw water in the river in spring and summer, or even hang their washed clothes on the leaves. Some taboos are related to shamanism, for example, it is forbidden to insert a knife into a fire, to take meat from a cauldron with a knife, and to cut things with an axe by the fire. Violating these taboos is regarded as a sin, and those who intentionally violate them will be put to death. Mongols believe that fire burns two fires and passes through two fires, which can purify everything and avoid evil spirits.