When was the American Nurses Association American Foundation founded?

American Foundation, English name American Foundation, was established in 190 1.

The evolution of the role of American foundations;

1. The foundation is solid and fragile. When the financial market shrinks, foundations are not as vulnerable to economic storms as other non-profit organizations and enterprises, thus protecting their property from losses. Its private and self-renewing board members are not affected by public voting, not restricted by market rules, and only have very low government regulation and supervision. However, they are fragile. Because in a democratic society, institutions must maintain their legal status, they are often suspected of collecting money, making secret decisions, and despising experts and utopian social reformers. In this century, the position and role of government departments and markets have changed, and foundations must adapt to these changes and reposition their roles. Because the scale and form of the non-profit sector have changed (usually driven by foundations), foundations must find new ways to operate. As far as the methods and strategies adopted by foundations are concerned, American foundations have not been a fixed institutional form; More profoundly, they must find new reasons to safeguard their legal status in different times.

2. In the late19th century, people who thought about social problems regarded the germ theory not only as the hope to find the specific root of diseases, but also as the medical discourse to think about and solve social problems. The theory of bacteria fills philanthropists and social reformers with hope and believes that long-standing social problems can not only be understood through scientific investigation methods, but also be permanently eradicated or prevented. Many people use this new biomedical discourse; Frederick T. Gatz, Rockefeller's adviser and former Baptist pastor, is more enthusiastic and confident about this argument than most people. In the summer of 1897, he spent most of his time immersed in the textbooks of William osler. Later, when talking about the strange choice of vacation, he said, reading this book "I was led by it from the beginning, reading from page to page." Gates quickly urged Rockefeller to establish an American research institution modeled on the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the Keke Institute in Berlin, where researchers can fully explore the causes of diseases. Rockefeller Institute of Medicine (founded in 190 1, now Rockefeller University) and the Health Committee for the Eradication of Ancylostomiasis are famous stories.

The attack of the Great Depression further damaged people's confidence in social science research. 1934, a committee appointed by Rockefeller Foundation evaluated the foundation project. "If strictly defined, the progress of knowledge is very limited, with narrow scope and strong purpose". Raymond Fosdick, the director of the foundation, questioned the opportunistic policy, especially when human beings are in urgent need of help. In fact, in the early 1960s, a new metaphor began to permeate the discourse used by foundations. At that time, people were talking about exploring the causes of mental disorders and system balance that caused sudden physical discomfort. Most of these metaphors come from physics and relatively new psychological principles. In the early1965-1938+1930, these metaphors about adjustment and balance opened a new era to define the working mode of foundations. Especially in the social science projects of Rockefeller Foundation, the words balance and adjustment are constantly used. In the words of Edmund Day of the Foundation, the ups and downs of the economic cycle "are the main reasons for physical pain, disease, insanity, family division, crime, political turmoil and social instability".

6. In 1934, the evaluation committee of Rockefeller Foundation appealed: "The foundation's projects and organizations should be adaptable, so that the foundation can make timely adjustments to external changes. If we want our work not to become obsolete, if we want to avoid setbacks and stagnation, our projects must remain flexible, innovative, dynamic and extensive. " The concept of balance and adjustment determines the attitude of the foundation during the economic crisis and World War II, especially when its resources are reduced, it turns to a series of government emergency assistance projects and finally turns to the role decided by the federal government.

7. The years after World War II marked the beginning of another charity era. In the late1965-1940s, large foundations began to re-evaluate their projects. Soon, the Ford Foundation joined these old foundations. Since the 1960s, the Ford Foundation has been committed to local charities in Michigan. However, at this time, they are preparing to accept a huge stake in Ford Motor Company. When Ron Gaither was invited to discuss how the Ford Foundation pursued the overall goal of improving human welfare in 1948, the Foundation had already begun to plan post-war projects. Rockefeller Foundation also saw the influence of war and the challenge of charity in the project evaluation of 1945 and 1946: "It has substantially and greatly damaged the beliefs and rules of social organizations, knowledge institutions and human beings. Numerous self-regulating balance points that existed in all fields before the war are no longer effective; Formal and informal rules that regulate interpersonal relationships in a wide range of fields have also lost their role. " The Rockefeller Foundation agrees that it should start to pay attention to human behavior, ways to make democracy more effective and ways to deepen international understanding.

8. The engineering era of charity ended with the adoption of the tax law amendment of 1969 and the collapse of the financial market of 1973- 1974, especially with people losing confidence in large-scale government participation. We are too close to this era to name it or find signs of its end. However, we can elaborate on some of its salient features. First of all, foundation philanthropy at the turn of the century seems to be a tool to transcend political differences by studying and evaluating policy reforms. For some foundations, charity has become an ideological behavior with strong self-significance. The obvious ideological boundaries make our definition of professional knowledge and funding for foundation groups of university-based research more influential. At least in the social and economic fields, foundations have changed from accumulating knowledge in the past to seeking a set of methods to promote social justice by granting political and economic rights (whether from the left or the right) through conservative legal and political strategies, or lobbying public policies in many fields.