How to solve the problem of land use in the process of urbanization

Hello! China is in a period of rapid urbanization, with vigorous urban construction and rapid expansion of urban scale. Land is the main carrier of spatial expansion of urban and rural development. Although China is rich in total land resources, its per capita is relatively scarce. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan period is a crucial period for China to build a well-off society in an all-round way. With the acceleration of industrialization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization, China has entered a stage of rapid growth in resource consumption. Due to the limitation of the total land supply, the land use pattern of urban development that relies on the requisition of cultivated land as incremental land has reached the bottom line, and the contradiction between land supply and demand is sharp, which has become the bottleneck of the healthy development of the national economy. The task of protecting cultivated land and saving intensive land is very arduous. Under the background that sustainable development has gradually become the knowledge of modern society, the sustainable utilization of limited land resources has been paid more and more attention by governments all over the world and has become the focus of academic research and production practice. In order to solve a series of problems in urban land use, urban land intensive use has become an inevitable choice.

First, the urbanization process in China

Urbanization is an inevitable choice for the development of productive forces and the transformation of production methods. Since the founding of New China nearly 60 years ago, the urbanization of China has experienced a tortuous process: 1949 to 1960 is the initial stage of urbanization in China; 1961-1965, which is the stage of anti-urbanization; During the period of 1966- 1977, the urbanization process in China was at a standstill due to the Cultural Revolution. After 1978, it is the high-speed development stage of urbanization in China. Since the reform and opening up, China's urban construction has achieved good results, the number of cities has been rising, and the level of urbanization and urban economic and social development has been continuously improved. At present, the urbanization process in China has entered a new stage of development, and the level of urbanization continues to increase at the rate of 1% per year. At present, the number of cities in China has increased to 660, and the urbanization level is as high as 4 1.7%, which has entered the stage of rapid industrial urbanization.

Second, land use in the process of urbanization.

(A) the structural contradiction between supply and demand of urban construction land is acute.

In the past twenty years, the urbanization of China has entered a period of accelerated development, with 668 cities and 654.38+900,000 towns. From 1978 to 1998, the urbanization level of China increased from 17.92% to 30.40%. The built-up area of all cities increased from 9386 square kilometers to 19264 square kilometers, with an average annual growth rate of 7.5%. During the period of 1985- 1996, the urbanization level of China increased from 19.5% to 29.4%, and the urban construction land increased from 19 1 10,000 hectares to 44 1 10,000 hectares. The level of urbanization has only increased by 10 percentage point. According to the statistics from 1987 to 2003, every time the urbanization level of China is increased by 1 percentage point, the urban built-up area will be expanded by 162 square kilometers, and the cultivated land will be reduced by 448,000 hectares. Statistics from the Ministry of Land and Resources show that during the seven years from 1996 to 2003, the cultivated land in China decreased by1000000 mu, accounting for 5% of the total cultivated land in China. Another data shows that the speed of urbanization in China obviously lags behind the speed of the reduction of cultivated land area, which shows that the urbanization in China is based on a large number of "eroded" cultivated land, and there is amazing land waste in the process of urban expansion, which has not been effectively curbed so far.

(2) The per capita utilization level of urban land is high, and the output efficiency of urban land is low.

The growth rate of urban land use in China is higher than that of urban population, and the per capita land use in cities is increasing, and the per capita land area is growing too fast. In 1980s, the per capita land area of cities and towns in China increased by 6 square meters in 10, with an average annual increase of 0.6 square meters. In 1990s 10, it increased by 22 square meters, and the per capita land use increased by 3.5 times compared with that in 1980s. At present, China's per capita urban construction land has reached more than 130 square meters (not only exceeding the urban construction land index of 13 square meters recommended by China's urban planning department, but also far exceeding this standard in most areas), exceeding the level of 82.4 square meters per capita urban construction land in developed countries and 83.3 square meters per capita in developing countries. The following table compares the per capita area of several representative cities in China 1999 and several cities abroad 1992.

From the perspective of per capita area, there is a certain gap between China and developed countries in the world, and extensive land use is obvious. In addition, compared with cities in developed countries, the land output of cities in China is lower in GDP per unit land area. Take Shenzhen, an economically developed city, as an example. In 1998, the land output per unit of built-up area was HK$ 830 million /km2, while in 1996, the land output per unit of Hong Kong SAR was HK$ 7.42 billion, equivalent to 9 times that of Shenzhen and even higher than that of other mainland cities.

(c) "Overflow" in the construction of development zones, resulting in idle urban land and serious waste.

Because some local leaders hope to attract investment from the land, blindly pursue investment promotion to promote economic development, and promote regional economic development through the construction of large projects, various development zones such as bonded zones and high-tech parks have sprung up everywhere. According to the latest statistics of the Ministry of Land and Resources on development zones above the provincial level, there are 9 16 development zones above the provincial level in China, with an approved planning area of10.58 million hectares and a built-up area of10.7 million hectares. Among them, there are 140 national development zones and 776 provincial development zones in China. The approved planning area is 2 1.000 hectares at the national level and 0/.73 million hectares at the provincial level; In developed areas, 90,000 hectares are at the national level and 750,000 hectares are at the provincial level. In the built-up area, 50,000 hectares are at the national level and 6,543.8+200,000 hectares are at the provincial level. The land utilization rate of national development zones is 55%, and that of provincial development zones is 16%. This does not include the industrial parks in the nature of development zones established by cities and counties in various names. In the process of construction, many development zones in China do not pay attention to reality and expand blindly, which not only wastes land resources, but also is not conducive to the construction of supporting facilities. Moreover, the industrial nature of some development zones is chaotic, various industrial enterprises are mixed, supporting facilities are imperfect, pollution is serious, and external conditions for enterprise development are poor, which directly affects the development, adjustment and utilization of foreign capital. In addition, some development zones have a large number of land for farmers' residence and township enterprises, which leads to low plot ratio and can not give full play to the land use value of development zones.

(D) The urban land use structure is unreasonable, making it difficult to play the role of the city.

Land use structure reflects the proportion of land units in cities, which is directly related to the effect of land use. Due to historical reasons, the urban land use structure in China has been in an unreasonable state for a long time. Some units with low land use efficiency, such as party, government and military organs, universities and industries, occupy urban central areas and high land price areas, and the differential rent of urban land is not reflected, resulting in low urban land output rate. In addition, the unreasonable urban land structure in China is also reflected in the phenomenon that the proportion of industrial land is too large, and the proportion of urban green land and traffic land is too small (the reasonable urban land structure is that residential land accounts for 40% ~ 50%, industrial land accounts for 10% ~ 15%, road square land accounts for 8% ~ 15%, and green land accounts for 8%. Due to the large proportion of industrial land in the city, many industrial enterprises occupy important areas of the city, resulting in a serious waste of land assets; The shortage of urban traffic land and green space has caused serious "urban diseases" such as traffic congestion and poor environmental quality in China.

Third, the countermeasures and ways of intensive land use

Land resources are limited. Due to the limitation of its total supply, it has reached the bottom line that urban development land depends on expropriation of cultivated land as spatial incremental land. The sharp contradiction between land supply and demand has become the bottleneck of the healthy development of the national economy, and the task of protecting cultivated land and saving intensive land is very arduous.

Urban land intensity is influenced by many factors, including urban positioning, location conditions, social and economic development level, land investment intensity, land use intensity, land spatial intensive utilization degree (plot ratio), land output (profit per unit land output) and so on. There are many indicators to measure the intensive use of urban land. Generally speaking, the greater the intensity of land investment, the greater the plot ratio, the greater the intensity of land use, the higher the efficiency of land output and the higher the degree of intensive land use. From the aspects of land use structure, industrial upgrading, regional overall layout, revitalizing urban stock land, rationally utilizing new construction land and optimizing the allocation of land resources, the ways to realize urban land intensive use are considered. The purpose of studying the intensive use of urban land is to coordinate the relationship between the shortage of land resources and the benign development of the city and promote the intensive use of urban land.

As far as the overall situation of the country is concerned, in order to effectively improve the level of intensive utilization of land resources, combined with the specific situation of urban development in China, various means such as administration, economy, law, technology and system should be comprehensively used in the process of intensive utilization of land resources, and emphasis should be placed on the actual operation according to local characteristics.

Combined with the above-mentioned series of problems in land use, in the specific production practice, we can start with the following aspects for intensive land use:

1. Scientifically formulate the overall land use planning, coordinate all kinds of special plans, and improve the construction land index.

First of all, we can learn from the successful experience of land use planning at home and abroad (such as the comprehensive land development planning in Japan and the spatial planning in Europe). ), based on land use planning, taking land use as the theme of regulation, integrating land use-related planning, strengthening the spatial control role of land use in regional, industrial and infrastructure construction, and coordinating the preparation time, adjustment scope and land use scale. Focus on planning basic farmland protection areas and urban development control areas, and clarify their boundaries, strictly control the total supply of urban construction land, and curb the blind expansion of urban scale and occupation of cultivated land.

Secondly, in accordance with the requirements of building an intensive society, we should formulate construction land indicators and area quotas that are in line with China's national conditions, establish an intensive land use evaluation system, strengthen management, and assess the implementation in various places. For example, according to the reality of the development of market economy, the land use standards of various projects are clearly refined, and the requirements of intensive utilization indicators such as investment intensity, floor area ratio, industrial output value, taxation and development progress are clearly stipulated in the land transfer contract.

2. Replace urban land according to local conditions and improve land use efficiency.

The key to intensive land use lies in the optimal allocation of urban land, so as to obtain as much output as possible with the same land input, or to obtain the same output with as little land input as possible, that is, through the optimal allocation and utilization of land resources, an intensive urban land use model with appropriate spatial layout, reasonable land use structure, and the highest land use efficiency and comprehensive benefits can be formed. In order to achieve such a goal of optimizing land use, the best way at present is to change the land use function and adjust the land use structure on the basis of enterprise restructuring and urban land use system reform, and replace and reconfigure the land with low utilization rate and poor comprehensive benefit. Through land replacement, we should combine the relocation of enterprises with the revitalization of enterprise assets and the introduction of funds, combine the development of business finance with real estate, and combine the transformation of enterprises themselves, give full play to the advantages of "land and money" in the city center, develop the tertiary industry and high-tech industries, improve urban functions, improve urban environment and optimize urban industrial structure.

Land replacement can reconfigure urban land resources, which is not only conducive to promoting the deepening of urban land use system reform, but also conducive to revitalizing enterprise assets and saving enterprises; At the same time, it is also helpful to improve the social economy and ecological environment, promote the transformation of the old city and the rational reorganization and strategic structural adjustment of the city's social and economic functions. In particular, it is necessary to gradually replace the urban secondary industrial land with the tertiary industrial land, so as to realize the "retreat from two to three" of urban land. In addition, through the replacement of urban collective land, the problem of "village in city" can be effectively solved.

3. Reasonably plan the development zone construction-control the total land supply and improve the land utilization rate.

It is necessary to give full play to the control role of planning and formulate scientific and reasonable land use planning for development zones. Incorporate the land use planning of the development zone into the overall land use planning and urban planning. According to the local actual situation, after reasonable argumentation, fully consider the local industrial structure, location characteristics and environmental protection requirements, and reasonably determine the nature and scale of the development zone. Through rational layout and planning, we will increase the proportion of land that can be sold in the development zone. Taking Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone as an example, by rationally arranging roads and laying underground pipe network in the region, the proportion of land transfer in the initial region was increased from 64.3% to 69% without reducing the density of road network, and the land utilization rate was improved.

At the same time, it is necessary to reasonably control the total land supply, and never requisition the newly occupied land before the existing land is fully utilized. When introducing projects, strengthen the examination and approval of land use projects. When determining the scale of land for the project, relevant experts can be hired to comprehensively determine the scale of land for the project according to the nature, scale, investment amount, land output rate and other factors of the project. In terms of land supply, we must first ensure the demand for land for national key projects and infrastructure such as transportation and energy. When selecting a site for a land use project, we should correctly handle the contradiction between the need for land for the project and the strict implementation of the plan, and try our best to meet the requirements for land for the project under the condition of meeting the overall requirements of the plan.

4. Adjust the structure and layout of land use and allocate land resources efficiently and reasonably.

Urban land use structure is the basis of urban industrial structure. The rationality of urban land use structure directly affects the sustained, coordinated and healthy development of the whole society and national economy. In view of the imbalance of urban land structure and unreasonable layout, reduce the proportion of industrial land, increase the proportion of residential, transportation, public facilities and other land, and optimize the land structure through planning means; Rationally adjust the layout of land use, encourage and guide industries to concentrate on parks, communities to concentrate on living, and cities to concentrate on commerce, and give play to the effect of land resource agglomeration and utilization, so as to make resource allocation more efficient and reasonable.

The above mainly introduces the problem of land use in the process of urbanization in China, points out that intensive land use is an inevitable choice to solve the problem of land use, and preliminarily discusses the countermeasures and ways of intensive land use, which provides a theoretical basis for how to carry out intensive land use. The later research will focus on the mode of intensive land use, especially for the construction and development of development zones in China.

Thanks for reading!