What are the similarities and differences between China's business culture and western developed countries?

What are the similarities and differences between China's business culture and western developed countries? (1) Collectivism and individualism.

In international business activities, there are differences between Chinese and western cultures in terms of individual-based competition and group-based harmony;

People engaged in business in the west have a strong sense of personal struggle and competition, and emphasize the role of individuals. Usually, individuals have enough rights to handle all kinds of daily and unexpected affairs. Enterprises encourage employees to constantly strive for innovation. Personal ability is based on individual's actual business performance, which combines personal ability with enterprise's reward and salary.

China's corporate culture often emphasizes that individual interests are subordinate to group interests, and corporate interests are subordinate to national interests. Individual achievements are shared by enterprises and countries. A person's achievement depends not on how outstanding his personal ability is, but on how much he has contributed to the public welfare of enterprises and countries. As a cultural value with profound historical tradition, harmony is fair, just and stable in the business activities of enterprises.

(2) Power distance

Power distance refers to the acceptance of the fact that power distribution among people in a society is unequal.

Countries with a high degree of acceptance tend to adopt top-down decision-making methods because of their large power distance and clear social hierarchy. Countries with low acceptance have smaller power distances, more equal relationships among people, and are more inclined to make bottom-up decisions. Although the American Declaration of Human Rights has long given the basic idea that "all men are created equal". In fact, all individuals in every culture cannot enjoy equal social status and rights. People of different cultures enjoy different treatment because of their different personal wealth, age, sex, education, physical strength, achievements, family background and occupation. The difference is that in the "high power distance" culture, everyone has his own protected position according to social class, social class and inequality are reasonable and effective, and authority has the right to use any means for any purpose. Eastern countries such as China belong to "high power" culture. The so-called "low power" holds that society should strive to narrow the hierarchy difference, people should dare to challenge authority and eliminate hierarchy, and power can only be used for legitimate purposes. Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, the United States and other western countries belong to the "low power" culture.

When regulating and handling commercial disputes, China people are used to avoiding the law and paying attention to solving them from an ethical perspective. Some people value officials over the rule of law and are used to "backstage" transactions, taking this "smooth" approach for granted. When commercial disputes occur, the first thing is to win the support of public opinion and not be used to using the law. Westerners, on the other hand, think more from the legal point of view, and usually deal with disputes by legal means, regardless of conscience and morality. Western culture is a kind of contract culture. They attach great importance to the accuracy and authority of the contract, and once the contract comes into effect, it will be strictly implemented. But in the tradition of oriental culture, more attention is paid to credibility and trust. Behind this difference is actually the difference in values, whether it is the difference in rules and regulations or the difference in human feelings. In terms of how to treat the relationship between employees and enterprises, western enterprises pay attention to the concept of law and contract, which permeates all aspects of enterprise management. The contract or enterprise regulations and established work plan procedures and regulations have supreme status, and the entrusted agent of the enterprise or company may have the right to cancel all unwritten regulations. The traditional ethical thought of oriental culture pays attention to the relationship between interpersonal relationship and friendship, and pursues psychological identity and harmony.

Avoid uncertainty

Uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity or feel the threat of ambiguity and uncertainty. In any society, people will feel threatened by uncertain, vague and uncertain situations and always try to prevent them. Weak "uncertainty avoidance" culture is easy to tolerate non-traditional behaviors and is good at coping with stress and anxiety through uncertain factors and ambiguous situations, so people are more active, flexible and comfortable in communication, such as Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland and the United States. In the strong "uncertainty avoidance" culture, people are used to living in a certain environment, pursuing a stable living and working environment, thinking that change will bring a turbulent environment, and taking risk avoidance as their core values. These countries include Greece, Portugal, Uruguay, Japan and China. It should be noted that uncertainty avoidance should distinguish specific fields (or points) and cannot be generalized.

Male and female degrees

Masculinity and femininity are mainly regarded as the dominant values of society. For example, in a country with prominent masculinity, there is a strong sense of social competition, and the standard for measuring success is wealth and reputation, and work takes precedence over other responsibilities. People advocate resolving conflicts in organizations in a decisive way, and their culture emphasizes fairness, competition and work performance. The concept of quality of life is more attractive to people in countries where femininity is prominent. People are generally willing to solve conflicts in organizations through reconciliation and consultation. Their culture emphasizes equality and unity, and thinks that the most important thing in life is not material possession, but spiritual exchange. Research shows that Scandinavian countries have strong cultural flexibility; Japan and Austria have the strongest cultural rigidity.

America is a country with a strong degree of masculinity. Major decisions of enterprises are usually made by senior managers. Employees often change jobs and lack a sense of identity with the enterprise, so employees usually don't actively participate in management. China is a female society, paying attention to harmonious morality and advocating the spirit of actively joining the WTO.

(E) High background culture and low background culture

Also known as "strong environment" culture and "weak environment" culture. In cross-cultural communication, strong environment and weak environment culture involve the relationship between communication and communicative environment. When people communicate in a strong environment and culture, more information is contained in the social and cultural environment and situation, or internalized in the communicators themselves. Relatively speaking, language itself carries less information. This means that in a strong environmental culture, the environment (including body language) can express the meaning of the communicator better than words, which also explains why what China people don't say is sometimes more important than what they say. In the weak communication environment culture, most of the information generated in the communication process is loaded by explicit code, that is, it is directly expressed and transmitted by words. Relatively speaking, only a small amount of information needs to be expressed through the environment. There are great differences between China and the West in this respect. China culture belongs to strong communicative environment culture, while the west belongs to weak communicative environment culture. In cross-cultural communication and communication, there are differences in verbal dialogue, nonverbal communication, spatial distance and time concept. This is why people in China attach importance to "understanding" in communication, while Americans attach importance to "speaking" in communication. Therefore, China people are often reserved, reserved, rarely exposed, with close interpersonal relationships and highly flexible time handling; Americans, on the other hand, tend to be clear, clear, responsive, not close in interpersonal relationship and highly organized in time.

(vi) Time value orientation

Time value orientation refers to the values held by members of a certain culture on the passage of time, which mainly involves two levels: first, time orientation, that is, whether a nation and country pay attention to the past, present or future; in addition

One aspect is the use of time, that is, time is linear-whether one thing should be done at one time or nonlinear-and multiple things can be done at the same time.

China culture pays attention to the past and present, but not to the future; American culture pays little attention to the past, but mainly pays attention to the present and the future. In the past-oriented culture, past experiences and events are the most important, so people should respect the traditions and wisdom handed down by their ancestors. When solving practical problems, it is always correct to look for "prescriptions" in the long river of history. In a future-oriented culture, I believe that tomorrow or some time in the future is the most important. What I am doing now is not for performance, but for potential benefits in the future. Many countries in Europe and America belong to this culture that values the future. The difference of time value orientation is reflected in commercial activities. Americans pay more attention to planning, have a strong sense of time and regard time as a limited resource.

What are the similarities and differences between higher education in China and developed countries? China's higher education is an educational model that is eager for quick success and instant benefit, mercenary, and only exam-oriented. Higher education in developed countries is an educational model based on professional, technical and academic education. Therefore, under the current education mode in China, it is impossible to cultivate high-end talents.

What are the similarities and differences between the parking characteristics of big cities in China and developed countries? China is in chaos, and developed countries are in chaos.

This is related to the planning level of the country.

What are the differences between China's CPI and western developed countries? 1. Judging whether the economy is overheated from the price index. In all kinds of analysis about the "cold" and "hot" of the current economic situation, what we see most is the argument about the price index level of CPI (consumer price index), PPI (industrial product ex-factory price index) and GDP deflator. A few years ago, people were worried about deflation, and people gradually agreed to take-1% in western countries as the standard of deflation. In the past two years, people have been worried about inflation, and it seems that people have turned around again, forgetting that developed market economies generally use 3% to 4% or more as a measure of inflation. According to the latest estimate and forecast of national authority, the CPI of China this year (2007) is 3%. Therefore, China's price index is still in the moderate range of-1% ~ 3%. From the driving factors of total supply and total demand, the possibility of inflation and deflation is relatively small, and macro-control is suitable for fine-tuning.

Facing the fear of inflation in China's economy, the best theoretical "prescription" is to review our analysis of the low CPI. At that time, it was believed that the main reasons for the low consumer price in China were as follows: first, economic globalization and internationalization of industrial division of labor gave every country an opportunity to give full play to its comparative advantages, so that factors of production could be allocated on a global scale, which could reduce production costs and improve labor productivity; Now, has this trend of improving labor productivity changed? Obviously not. On the contrary, with the rapid accumulation of human capital in China and the production of high-end products in the value chain, the China market has a stronger ability to digest excessive demand and high costs. Second, China's labor supply is very abundant, and the implementation of social security system is not in place, resulting in artificially low labor costs; Now, as China's economy as a whole approaches the turning point of "dual economy", the labor cost inevitably needs to be raised. However, this increase is largely offset by the improvement of labor productivity. Third, high savings rate, high foreign exchange reserves and a large number of foreign direct investment bring relatively cheap capital prices; Obviously, there is no sign of this trend changing today. Fourth, due to the competition between regions, the utilization of resources is still unreasonable and the protection of the environment is not in place; This situation is a severe challenge for China's economy at present. However, if we still insist on the low-end production of global value chain as the main body, this challenge may cause economic and social collapse in China, not inflation. If we take this challenge as an opportunity to realize industrial upgrading and new industrialization, as well as the transformation of growth mode and development mode, then the rising cost of resources and environment will not necessarily lead to inflation, as experienced by western developed countries. Fifth, in recent years, large-scale investment in fixed assets has resulted in the centralized release of production capacity, and overcapacity may lead to a situation in which total supply exceeds total demand; Judging from the factors that push up the production price at home and abroad, whether it is the increase in the prices of agricultural products and houses, or the increase in the prices of energy and raw materials, its impact is partial and short-term, and it is still effectively restricted by other total supply factors. Sixth, there is a relatively closed self-circulation between China's fixed asset investment, investment product production industry and investment product price, which makes it difficult for the price increase of upstream products to be transmitted to consumer prices. This is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of equipment renewal and re-industrialization in China. Before China's industrialization was completed, China's price-digesting ability could not be ignored.

What are the similarities and differences between environmental problems in developed and developing countries? The environment in developed countries has changed from bad to good because they put heavily polluting enterprises in developing countries, while the environment in developing countries is changing from good to bad. They blindly pursue development and ignore the environment.

The gap between China and western developed countries has been cultivated by * * * from beginning to end. Any working class can live in a villa with a garden and lawn, own a private car, have a good education, spend no money from primary school to high school, have a comfortable job and good social welfare when they grow up, and can pursue their dreams and do what they like. This is called life.

China, can't afford to go to school. Many children in mountainous areas don't even have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. They pay a lot of taxes to the country, but they don't give you any social benefits you deserve. Walking casually in the street can be beaten by the urban management, and you can exchange cheap labor for the abnormal rise of the country. You have put in a lot of work, but you can't get the reward you deserve. You can't afford to raise children, you can't give them a good education, and you have to pay for the red scarf yourself. The richer you are, the richer you are. People who have no money are getting poorer and poorer, so they can't have dreams. Because they can't afford it, they can only struggle in the bustling cities, rely on cheap labor to maintain food and clothing, and can't afford a house for life. This is called survival.

Moreover, the basic qualities of people in China and western countries are different. It can't be said that people abroad are good people, but there is no denying that people abroad are simpler than us.

We like to beat around the bush, so it may be much easier for people from other countries.

What are the similarities and differences between Panasonic corporate culture and state-owned enterprises? Similarity: From the organizational structure of the company, it is similar to the traditional state-owned enterprise system in China. The structure of the division of labor between the general deputy manager and various functional departments, each department in turn has classes, departments, lines, classes and other units, and the level is complete and strict. Everyone attaches great importance to the company's ideological education and corporate culture construction. But the promotion of employees is slow, step by step. Better welfare and more stable work.

Difference: In the ideological education of the company, Panasonic mainly inculcates business philosophy, while state-owned enterprises mainly give political and ideological guidance.

In terms of personnel training, Panasonic has invested a lot of money in staff training and has a complete training system. Moreover, Panasonic Wanbao does not accept job-hopping employees, but only recruits young students who have just graduated from school and have no work experience, and shapes them into "Panasonic people". State-owned enterprises lack training for employees, and the managers of the company are mainly appointed by * * *, or directly recruited from the market.

Is Japan a developed country in the East or in the West? This is a system problem, not a regional problem.

Comparing the similarities and differences of decision-making systems between contemporary China and western developed countries, there are basically no similarities, but there are many differences.

China is a learning-only country, which monopolizes power, does not delegate power to the people, and * * * manages the people. The beach house worship is serious, and bad elements infiltrate from the lower level to the upper level. Struggle is an internal power struggle, which has adverse effects on management, economy and system.

Western countries are democratic multi-party countries, where power is delegated to the people, and the people are highly honest in management. The power struggle between parties has a positive impact on management and economy. Because of this, we don't think these struggles are internal friction.

Now democracy is a general trend all over the world. The landlord thinks for himself, which countries in the world, such as Cuba, North Korea and Iran, are not poor.

What can the policies of western developed countries learn from China? Innovation is the soul of a nation and an important driving force for national economic and social development. The key to the lasting influence of western developed countries is to create a cultural environment suitable for innovation and establish and improve the mechanism to encourage innovation. It is undoubtedly of great significance to learn from the internal motivation and mechanism of innovation in western developed countries for building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.