Try to list the five periods of the formation of the ancient Chinese official system

The formation and development of the ancient Chinese official system was divided into five periods or stages:

1. the period of the witch-history system, 2. the period of the prime minister system, 4. the period of the provincial book system, 5. the period of the cabinet system.

1. The period of the ministerial system: referring to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, the "Shiqing Shilu system," which determined the appointment of officials at all levels of government through family blood relations, and set the rank and title of officials according to the closeness of the bloodline. Nobles of all sizes who served as officials were required to undergo a national education program to learn the relevant etiquette before taking office.

2. The Period of Military Honors and Titles: The Qin State took the lead in implementing the "Military Honors and Titles System," which broke the system of hereditary titles for slave-owning aristocrats, and was conducive to the strengthening of the power of the emerging landowning class.

3. The Chaju and Levy Period: The Han Dynasty established a whole set of election system to elect talents, including the Chaju system and the Levy system. Chaju system, the initial "township election" as the basis, focusing on the township public opinion on the authority of a scholar's moral judgment. However, the system of selecting officials became more and more corrupted, and the aristocracy of the family with a long history of public officials was formed and developed as a result. In the later period, the system of selecting officials became even more corrupt, and there was a rotten situation that "if you raise a scholar, you don't know how to read a book; if you inspect a filial piety scholar, your father doesn't have a place to live". In addition, the Western Han emperors also recruited talented people and made the officials accompany them to the capital and conferred them with official positions. The conscription system is a top-down system of selecting officials, mainly in two ways: the emperor's recruitment and the public office, the state and counties.

4, nine products in the period: from the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties period to implement the nine products in the system, focusing on the origin of the family. Zhongzheng official set up, both retained the tradition of the Han Dynasty township review, but also changed the end of the Han Dynasty, the famous scholar to discuss the left and right of the township discussion and local clans to manipulate the situation of the election, the evaluation and the power to select the central government. In the early stage of its implementation, it played a certain positive role in the strengthening of the regime, but later on, there was a situation of monopolization of the regime by the clansmen of the "top grade without the cold family, and the bottom grade without the powerful clan", and the Nine-Principles Medium-Justice System has always been a bureaucratic selection system that protects the hereditary political privileges of the clansmen of the clergy.

5, the period of the imperial examination system: Sui Wendi abolished the nine-pin system, the establishment of the scholar section, the formation of the imperial examination system. Later dynasties followed the development, until 1905, the Qing government abolished the imperial examination system. Positive effects of the imperial examination system: open examination, absorbed a lot of poor people into the regime, is conducive to the expansion and consolidation of the political basis of feudal rule, changing the situation of the pre-feudal clan clan to hold the dynasty; the majority of landlords of the common people through the imperial examination into the scholar to do the official, to the feudal regime injected vigor and vitality; the selection of officials from now on there is a level of culture and knowledge of the objective basis for the formation of a high-quality civil service team. Negative effect: the Ming and Qing dynasties to implement the eight shares of the scholar, from the content to the form of serious restrictions on the applicants, do not talk about the actual learning, binding ideas, shackling the growth of talent; the end of the Qing dynasty, the imperial examination system is a serious impediment to the development of science and culture.