What are the similarities and differences between ecological agriculture and sustainable agriculture?

I. Relevant concepts and theoretical analysis

1. Sustainable agricultural development. Participants believe that the sustainable development of agriculture refers to the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific concept of development as a guide, following the concept of ecological civilization, coordinating the relationship between population, land, resources and the environment, transforming the mode of agricultural development, adjusting the structure of the agricultural industry, transforming the agriculture with modern science and technology, equipping the agriculture with modern material technology and managing the agriculture with modern means, and constructing an economic and ecological environment through the technological, economic and environmental systems by means of the Through the mutual coordination of technological system, economic system and environmental system, we can build an agricultural economic system with a virtuous cycle of economy and ecology, and realize the specialization, intensification, scale and sustainable development of agricultural production and operation. Sustainable agricultural development is not a specific agricultural measure, but a long-term agricultural development strategy guided by the concept of sustainable development.

2. Ecological agriculture. Eco-agriculture refers to the use of the principles of ecology and systems engineering, the essence of traditional agriculture and modern agricultural technology combined to achieve economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits of the unity of modern agriculture. Eco-agriculture is a development model of sustainable agriculture.

3. Organic agriculture. Organic agriculture refers to in accordance with the laws of nature and the principles of ecology on the basis of not using synthetic chemicals and genetic engineering organisms and other detrimental to the environment and human health of modern agricultural technology, but rely on traditional methods of agricultural production and natural resources, to ensure that agricultural products and the environment is not subject to any pollution of agriculture.

4. Circular agriculture. Circular agriculture to "reduce, reuse, resource" as the principle of efficient recycling of agricultural resources and ecological environmental protection as the core, through the cultivation and improvement of agricultural production cycle chain, the implementation of eco-agriculture, etc., to achieve the maximization of the economic benefits of agriculture, to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture.

5. Ecological animal husbandry. Eco-animal husbandry refers to environmentally friendly animal husbandry without destroying the ecological environment, polluting the environment or increasing carbon emissions. Ecological animal husbandry can be divided into pastoral ecological animal husbandry, peri-urban ecological animal husbandry and agricultural ecological animal husbandry according to geographical division. The ecological animal husbandry model of the western developed countries are mainly the Australian and New Zealand model, the North American model and the European model.

6. The similarities and differences between ecological agriculture and organic agriculture. Eco-agriculture and organic agriculture are mainly different in the following aspects: ① different extents. Eco-agriculture requires micro and macro ecological balance; organic agriculture, although the requirements of the micro-agricultural system to maintain internal ecological balance, but did not comprehensively consider the ecological and economic, social interrelationships. ② different requirements for technology. Eco-agriculture focuses on high-yield, high-efficiency, full use of solar energy, by improving labor productivity and land productivity to achieve high efficiency; organic agriculture focuses on natural agricultural products, non-polluting, yield and economic efficiency is not the goal of the development of organic agriculture. ③ suitable for the development of different areas. Eco-agriculture on the soil and environmental requirements are relatively low, suitable for any region; organic agriculture requires that the soil is not contaminated by chemical substances, suitable for no chemical substances have been applied to the environment of the good areas. The products produced are different. China does not have a unified name for products produced by eco-agriculture, and according to the standards of eco-agriculture, there are mainly pollution-free food and green food from low to high; products produced by organic agriculture are organic food, which need to meet the strict requirements and certification review of organic food in the international arena. ⑤ The target markets of production are different. Pollution-free food and green food produced by ecological agriculture are mainly oriented to domestic sales in large and medium-sized cities; organic food produced by organic agriculture is mainly oriented to international market sales. (6) Different management organizations in China. Eco-agriculture is mainly managed by the Ministry of Agriculture; organic agriculture is mainly managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Eco-agriculture and organic agriculture are the same mainly in the following areas: ① the core concept is basically the same. ② in line with the future trend of agricultural development. ③ the use of traditional agricultural technology and certain modern agricultural technology. ④ It has strong regionalization. ⑤ Good economic benefits. ⑥ It needs ** strong support.

II. Typical Models of Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development and Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Construction

1. Model of Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development in Key Ecological Functional Areas based on the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Mechanisms. It was suggested that, in view of the importance of the ecological function of the Sanjiangyuan area in Qinghai, the fragility of the ecological environment and the close correlation between ecological protection and the production and living styles of local residents, a sound ecological compensation mechanism must be established in order to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in the Sanjiangyuan area. Combined with the main factors constraining the ecological protection and sustainable development of the Sanjiangyuan region, the current ecological compensation in the Sanjiangyuan region should mainly include two parts: one part is the compensation for the cost of ecological protection in the Sanjiangyuan region, and the other part is the compensation for the spillover benefits of ecological protection in the Sanjiangyuan region. Among them, the ecological protection cost compensation can be further subdivided into three parts: pasture management cost, forest land management cost and livestock reduction cost. The compensation for spillover benefits can be determined by the method of "(national per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen - per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen in the Sanjiangyuan area) x the population of farmers and herdsmen in the Sanjiangyuan area x the adjustment coefficient of the effectiveness of ecological protection". If truly realize the sustainable development of the Sanjiangyuan area, but also in the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism on the basis of further changes in the mode of economic development, improve the foundation of animal husbandry development, the establishment of a sound agricultural and animal husbandry socialized service system, the active development of ecological animal husbandry, and vigorously develop the development of organic livestock products, and to improve the comprehensive benefits of grassland animal husbandry.

2. Southern China's sustainable agricultural and rural development model centered on biogas utilization. In recent years, many provinces in southern China have gradually established an ecological agricultural development model centered on biogas utilization. Among them, Jiangxi has, since the mid-1980s, successively established an ecological agriculture test and demonstration network system basically covering the whole province, consisting of ten major categories, 31 experimental bases and more than 100 extension points, in areas with different topographic landscapes. Jiangxi eco-agriculture in the technical route has a **** the same point, is to biogas digester construction as the core, planting, forestry and fruit industry, animal husbandry, aquaculture and processing services and other different ecological sub-systems linked to form a biogas as a link to the large agricultural cycle system. In this big system, planting industry provides feed to animal husbandry to promote the development of animal husbandry, and animal husbandry provides manure to form biogas, biogas liquid and biogas residue through microbial fermentation under the anaerobic condition of biogas digester, which is used as living energy in rural areas, and the biogas liquid and biogas residue are used as organic fertilizers for agricultural crops. As Jiangxi's animal husbandry is dominated by pig production, a number of typical eco-agricultural models have been formed in different agricultural regions around pig and biogas production. For example, pig-biog-fruit eco-agriculture model has been formed in fruit production area, pig-biog-fish model in Poyang Lake aquatic area, pig-biog-vegetable model in suburban area, pig-biog-vegetable model in the main grain production area, and pig-biog-vegetable model in the main grain production area. The pig-marsh-grain model has been formed in the main grain producing area, etc.

3. The sustainable development model of agriculture and rural areas in suburban areas focusing on resource conservation and environmental friendliness. Wuhan City Circle and ChangZhuTan City Cluster are China's "two-type society" construction comprehensive supporting reform pilot area. In the course of reform and development, people have gradually realized that in human economic activities, agriculture can best reflect the close relationship between human beings and the natural world, and that agriculture and the countryside are the cornerstones on which the national economy and society depend for their development, and that the construction of a "two-type society" cannot be started without the sustainable development of the agriculture and the countryside, which occupy the majority of the territorial space and the vast majority of the population. Without the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas, which occupy most of the geographical space and account for the vast majority of the population, the construction of a "two-type society" would be impossible. For this reason, the region has creatively put forward a "two-type agriculture" development model, which focuses on the development of resource-saving and environmentally friendly agriculture in the outskirts of cities, and promotes the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Among them, resource-saving agriculture emphasizes the saving of agricultural resources or agricultural production inputs, and is a mode of agricultural production that focuses on improving the efficiency of resource use, saving land, water, fertilizer, pesticides, seeds, energy and the comprehensive recycling of agricultural resources. Environmentally friendly agriculture is to the limit of environmental carrying capacity, follow the laws of nature and promote harmony between man and nature economic development model. The "two types of agriculture" is a circular agricultural economic development model that follows the feedback process of "agricultural resources - green agricultural products - renewable resources", characterized by low resource and energy consumption, high economic efficiency, low pollution emissions and low production costs. Economic efficiency, low pollution emissions and low ecological damage.

4. The sustainable development model of agriculture and rural areas in grassland areas with ecological animal husbandry as the carrier. In China, the grassland is a relatively unique type of agro-ecosystem, the grassland herdsmen's mode of production and way of life with the general rural areas have a big difference, take the ecological animal husbandry development road is basically the only choice of the grassland area to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Qinghai has a vast grassland, rich in animal husbandry resources, and is one of the five major pastoral areas in China. since 2008, the pastoral areas of Qinghai have followed the general idea of "taking the protection of grassland ecological environment as a prerequisite, making scientific and reasonable use of grassland resources as a foundation, promoting the balance of grass and livestock as the core, changing the mode of production and operation as the key, setting up cooperative economic organizations as the entry point, and realizing the harmony between human beings and nature as the goal", and actively pursued the development of the grassland ecosystem. "the overall idea, actively carry out grassland ecological animal husbandry construction pilot, initially formed with plateau characteristics, Qinghai characteristics of grassland ecological animal husbandry development model. In the pilot process, the pilot villages from breaking the single-family production and management mode, to achieve grassland, forage land, livestock and other animal husbandry resources optimization combination to start, and actively mobilize the masses, in the establishment of cooperatives on the basis of the pasture, arable land, livestock for shares, the labor force according to the skills of the division of labor, and vigorously change the traditional animal husbandry production and management mode, and actively develop the scale of grassland management, so that the use of pasture is more scientific, the The herd structure is more reasonable, livestock commodity rate increased significantly, not only achieved good economic benefits, but also strengthened the ecological protection of grasslands, enhance the ability of sustainable development of pastoral areas. 2009, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, has been identified as the country's only national demonstration base of ecological animal husbandry.

5. The model of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas supported by modern agriculture in the developed regions of eastern China. In the developed regions of eastern China, with the reduction of rural population, the increase in the level of intensive utilization of rural land and the improvement of agricultural production conditions, the vigorous development of modern agriculture has become an important way to realize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in the region. Tengtou Village is located in the north of Fenghua City, Zhejiang Province, 27 kilometers away from Ningbo City, which is a typical small village in the south of the Yangtze River. In recent years, Tengtou Village seriously implement the policy of science and education to promote agriculture, vigorously adjust the structure of rural industries, with high efficiency, ecology as a grip, and strive to explore the development of multi-functional, modern agriculture, initially formed a set of foreign exchange, high-quality goods, high efficiency, ecological and tourism in one of the modern agricultural production pattern. Tengtou Village actively develop modern agriculture, the main measures are: the active development of export-exchange earning agriculture; focus on the development of high-quality goods, high-efficiency agriculture; vigorously develop eco-agriculture, the formation of spatial multi-level, multi-sequence of three-dimensional breeding mode; explore the development of leisure and tourism agriculture.

Three, sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas and ecological agriculture and animal husbandry in the construction of outstanding issues

To realize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas is China's effective way to solve the "three rural" problem, but also a long-term strategic task. Delegates believe that the current sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas across China and the construction of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, although some progress has been made, but there are also many difficulties and problems, highlighted in the following areas:

1. Natural risks and market risks are double constraints on the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas are facing greater difficulties. Agricultural production cycle is long, greatly affected by natural conditions, coupled with the fact that most of China's agricultural production is still in the state of relying on the sky to eat, making the national agricultural output in different years vary greatly. In addition, due to the small demand elasticity of the majority of agricultural products, storage and preservation of freshness is difficult, price fluctuations are violent, so that the increase in production does not increase the income of the agricultural production of the norm, China's traditional smallholder economy can not adapt to the market changes. The double superposition of natural risk and market risk has decided that China's family-run agricultural production is still a typical weak industry, and it is difficult to fully mobilize farmers to engage in agricultural production, but also difficult to attract industrial and commercial capital to enter the field of agricultural production, so that the hollowing out of the countryside, the aging of the farmers, agricultural part-time employment has increasingly become a common phenomenon in China's agricultural and rural development. The direct economic benefits of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry are relatively low, and the above problems may be more fully reflected in ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, thus inhibiting the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas.

2. The contradiction between agricultural and animal husbandry development and ecological environmental protection is prominent. Rural surface pollution caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as large quantities of animal and poultry manure produced by animal husbandry has become one of the most serious pollution problems in China, directly affecting not only the sustainable development of China's agriculture and rural areas, but also, to a certain extent, the sustainable development of the country as a whole. According to estimates, China has more than 5 million tons of waste nitrogen loss to the farmland outside each year, resulting in groundwater pollution, rivers and lakes, shallow sea water ecosystem eutrophication; China's annual amount of pesticides reached 800,000 to 1 million tons, is the world's largest pesticide use, especially some of the continued use of high-residue chemical pesticides, not only to the environment, but also lead to the increase of harmful residues in food, a direct threat to people's health. This is a direct threat to human health. In addition, China's large amount of agricultural waste, recycling rate is low, a large number of straw burning, livestock and poultry manure discharged at will, and other situations on the ecological environment has caused greater damage, restricting China's sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas.

3. Pre-investment and market risk, ecological agriculture and animal husbandry development difficulties. Although in the long run, the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry is to realize China's sustainable development of agriculture is an inevitable choice, but in the current technical conditions, the level of consumption and market acceptance, the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, especially the production of organic agricultural and livestock products, still has a capital investment, market risk, low returns. Therefore, farmers, commercial banks, private capital and other lack of long-term investment enthusiasm, ecological agriculture and animal husbandry development in many places have fallen into the "loud thunder, small raindrops" embarrassing situation.

4. The low degree of organization of farmers, the lack of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas necessary to achieve the mechanism. China's modern market economic system, industrial and commercial development has increasingly taken a highly socialized form of organization (such as limited liability companies and joint-stock companies), while agricultural production is still dominated by one-family, atomized form of non-organization, "company + farmers", "company + base + The forms of agricultural production organization with a certain level of socialization, such as "company + farm household", "company + base + farm household", "company + association + farm household", etc., are still in the exploratory stage in the vast majority of regions in China, and traditional natural villages and administrative villages in rural China have basically lost their functions of economic organization in the process of reform. As a result, there is a serious disparity in competition between farmers and industrial and commercial entrepreneurs, and between agriculture and industry and commerce, and problems such as the scissors gap between the prices of industrial and agricultural products, the disadvantaged position of farmers in market transactions, and the inefficiency of agricultural production are still prominent. Under such circumstances, whether it is to develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, intensive agriculture and animal husbandry, modern agriculture and animal husbandry, or to promote the construction of new rural areas and urban-rural integration, it is difficult to ensure that the farmers' entitlements are not infringed upon, and it is difficult to mobilize the farmers' enthusiasm effectively in the long term.

5. The rural grassroots governance mechanism is not sound, and there is a greater artificial risk to the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. In the rural grassroots democratic political construction, not only need to have an election system to realize the official by the people (one-time power transfer), but also need to have democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision system as a safeguard, to realize the masses of grass-roots affairs of the right to know (minimum), the right to participate in and supervise. Without the guarantee of grass-roots democracy, the rural collective economy may be reduced to a "cadre economy", the development of ecological and modern agriculture may become the beginning of industrial and commercial capital's infringement on the interests of peasants, and urban-rural integration may evolve into the encroachment of urban land on rural areas. At present, however, due to lagging reforms, China's rural grassroots governance mechanism is very unsound, and there is still a long way to go in building genuine grassroots democracy and politics. This situation not only makes some rural grass-roots organizations lack cohesion and appeal, making it difficult to organize and implement ecological agriculture and animal husbandry development projects, but also makes some villages lack transparency and fairness in the distribution of collective benefits, which frustrates farmers and herdsmen's enthusiasm to participate in the construction of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry and modern agriculture and animal husbandry.

Fourth, the realization of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas and ecological agriculture and animal husbandry construction of policy options

On how to develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry and realize the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas, delegates put forward a large number of valuable policy recommendations from different perspectives.

1. Develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry and take the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics. First, we must respect and protect farmers' land contract management rights, and reform and improve the rural land system. On the basis of respecting and protecting farmers' right to land contract management, it is necessary to encourage farmers to transfer their land contract management rights in the form of subcontracting, leasing, swapping, transferring and joint-stock cooperation in accordance with the principle of voluntary and remunerative management in accordance with the law, and to develop various forms of moderate-scale operation. Secondly, we should establish a fair and reasonable interest linkage mechanism between farmers and leading enterprises, especially in the process of industrial and commercial capital participation in agricultural industrialization should pay special attention to the protection of farmers' land property income and labor rights and interests. Thirdly, we should give full consideration to the resources and environmental conditions of each region and focus on the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry. Increase the protection of the agro-ecological environment, and do our best to achieve clean, recycled and standardized production in agriculture and animal husbandry. Increase the quality certification of ecological agricultural and livestock products, increase publicity and market promotion efforts to improve the economic benefits of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry.

2. Strengthen the comprehensive management of agro-ecological environment. Good ecological environment is a prerequisite for the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, but also an important guarantee for the realization of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. First, we must implement point source pollution and surface pollution integrated management measures. To further increase environmental law enforcement efforts, strict control of township enterprises, "three wastes", to eliminate point source pollution. To fully implement soil formula fertilization and biological pest control technology, strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic, high-residue pesticides, to limit the use of non-biodegradable agricultural film, film, to reduce agricultural surface pollution. Secondly, we should strictly implement the basic farmland protection system. Pay attention to the combination of use and nourishment, grasp the straw to return to the field and green manure planting, the use of humus to maintain soil fertility, combined crop rotation, reduce soil nutrient consumption, promote nutrient balance and accumulation. Land improvement projects have been implemented, and a series of land development, reclamation and governance measures have been taken to provide land resource security for agricultural and animal husbandry development and urban and rural construction. Combined with rural infrastructure construction planning and small watershed management, comprehensively improve fields, forests, canals and roads, build a number of water-saving irrigation standardized farmland, and improve agricultural production conditions and the agro-ecological environment. Three to strengthen greening, vigorously carry out afforestation, construction of farmland protection forest system, for agricultural production to create ecological benefits, economic benefits, social benefits of the unity of the green barrier.

3. Enhance the ability of scientific and technological innovation, and improve the level of scientific and technological support for the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry. Scientific and technological progress is the intrinsic driving force of sustainable agricultural development, but also the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, organic agriculture and animal husbandry and other necessary conditions for modern agriculture. First, we should effectively strengthen the research, demonstration and promotion of key agricultural technologies, technical systems, technical standards and typical models, and establish and improve the technical guarantee system for the healthy development of agriculture as soon as possible. Through the development of three-dimensional planting technology, breeding technology, processing technology, fertilization technology, water-saving irrigation technology, land sustainable use technology, integrated pest control technology, rural clean energy development and energy-saving technology, waste recycling technology, comprehensive agricultural environmental pollution remediation and pollutant purification and treatment technology, pollution-free product production technology, etc., we will promote high-yield and high-efficiency agriculture and the mutual benefit of different products and resources **** Bio. Increase the effective supply of agricultural technology, and promote the modernization of agriculture and sustainable development of agriculture with scientific and technological innovation. Secondly, we should carry out a number of targeted scientific research projects on the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry, focusing on the development of interface technologies, key technologies and environmental testing technologies required for ecological agricultural projects, so as to provide technological guarantee for the development of ecological agriculture. Third, we should increase the training of farmers, enhance the scientific and technological quality of farmers, and improve the conscientiousness and enthusiasm of farmers to develop eco-agriculture. The actual promotion and application of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in the final analysis is still dependent on farmers, therefore, we should formulate relevant preferential policies and give the necessary financial support, and further strengthen the rural basic education, vigorously develop rural vocational education, to attract all kinds of agricultural technical personnel to devote themselves to the modern agricultural production, and to increase the knowledge and technical training of the rural labor force, to guide the farmers to change their attitudes, and to enhance the ability to navigate the market, the use of modern agricultural technology. The ability to use modern agricultural technology.

4. Establish diversified cooperative organizations to promote sustainable agricultural development. In the era of increasingly fierce market competition, the establishment of diversified cooperative organizations to enhance the ability of farmers to cope with the market, is to improve the comparative returns of agriculture, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture is an important guarantee. First, we should vigorously cultivate professional cooperative organizations adapted to the market competition mechanism, take the form of companies or associations, organize the scattered farmers, improve the weak position of farmers in the production and circulation areas, and liberate and develop rural productive forces. Secondly, we should support and establish a number of associations or non-profit organizations of a social nature according to local conditions, representing farmers' interests, organizing cultural and recreational activities, expressing farmers' demands, and changing the disadvantaged position of farmers in the whole society. Third, we should strengthen the management and guidance of rural economic cooperation organizations, improve the organization's constitution, disclose the organization's activities, profitability and distribution of benefits, and enhance the organization's self-restraint and self-development momentum. Fourth, we should establish and develop professional cooperative organizations around ecological agriculture and animal husbandry. The ecological agriculture and animal husbandry of the various production links to refine the division of labor, the establishment of the corresponding professional cooperative organizations. Give full play to the information, technology, talent advantages of professional cooperative organizations, leading farmers and herdsmen to standardized production, improve the quality of ecological agricultural and livestock products and market recognition.

5. Improve the rural grassroots governance mechanism to provide a guarantee for the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. A perfect system is an important guarantee for promoting the development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry and realizing sustainable rural development. First, we should further improve the rural income distribution system, rationalize the distribution of benefits between different industries and production segments, and ensure the benefits. Second, we must accelerate the promotion of grass-roots democracy, focusing on strengthening democratic decision-making, democratic management and protection of farmers from modern agriculture and animal husbandry, ecological agriculture and animal husbandry production and management in the actual reasoning and democratic supervision, so that the new rural collective economy is truly for the agriculture and farmers, so that the rural party branch, the leadership of the village committee can only be for the benefit of the peasants. Third, at all levels of the National People's Congress, especially at the county and township levels of the National People's Congress, to maintain a corresponding proportion of farmers' representatives, to broaden the channels for the expression of farmers' interests, to ensure that the guidelines and policies formulated at the local level are always conducive to the protection of the interests of the peasants and the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas.

6. Improve the policy system to promote the development of eco-agriculture and animal husbandry, and create a relaxed institutional and policy environment for the development of eco-agriculture and animal husbandry. First, we should actively formulate policies and monitoring mechanisms to guarantee, incentivize and compensate for the development of eco-agriculture and animal husbandry, and improve the enthusiasm and initiative of farmers and herdsmen in developing eco-agriculture and animal husbandry. Secondly, it is necessary to establish and improve the indicators, monitoring, evaluation and management system of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry to ensure the healthy development of ecological agriculture and animal husbandry. Third, to further establish and improve the rural social security system, to alleviate the farmers and herdsmen to develop ecological agriculture and animal husbandry worries.