The routes of transmission that are part of horizontal transmission of viruses are

When pathogens are transmitted between individuals in a population, they mainly invade the organism through the following ways.

1. Transmission through mucous membranesMany viruses are infected through mucous membranes and cause disease. Some viral infections may be confined to the mucous membranes, while others may spread to neighboring tissues and lymphatic vessels and enter the bloodstream, causing viremia. The bloodstream then spreads to the target organ, causing typical lesions and clinical manifestations. Some viruses may also form a secondary viremia during the course of infection and finally invade the target organ to cause disease.

2. Transmission through the skin some viruses can be transmitted through insect bites or animal bites, injections or mechanical damage to the skin invasion of the body and cause infection. Such as mosquito bites can spread epidemic B encephalitis virus, rabid dog bites can spread rabies virus.

3. medical transmission? Some viruses can also be transmitted by injection, blood transfusion, dental extraction, surgery, organ transplantation, such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.