Composition of traditional folk activities in western Fujian

Fuzhou's New Year's Eve dinner, with horseshoes for ancestor worship, was mediocre.

Heng Chong said that Fuzhou people began to be busy with the New Year as early as December 24 of the lunar calendar. According to the tradition of Fuzhou people, no killing is allowed after the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month, so the meat to be eaten in the first month must be prepared before that. At home, women hang the killed chickens and pigs on the ceiling, dry them, stew them, and put them in an urn to pickle them with wine and various ingredients.

Hou Hengchong said that such a jar of dishes is not only delicious on the reunion dinner table, but also can often be eaten until the end of the month.

On New Year's Eve, before having a reunion dinner, Fuzhou people should worship their ancestors first. Among the many sacrifices, Hou Hengchong was most impressed by horseshoes and rice cakes. Horseshoe grows in the field and has strong vitality. I hope the ancestors will bless the meaning of the family heirs.

Fuzhou people's rice cakes are different from those common in the local market. They are as big as trays and have different tastes. Therefore, every year, Fuzhou Guild Hall will order rice cakes for its members, so that villagers can taste the rice cakes with unique Fuzhou flavor.

When offering sacrifices to ancestors, the rice cake should be sliced and fried, and then put on a plate for sacrifice. Fuzhou people attach great importance to rice cakes. In addition to ancestor worship, the rice cake is also a dessert on the reunion dinner table. Even if you don't eat them, they are indispensable on the table. In addition, red-cooked chicken, Fuzhou fish balls and meat swallows are also delicious on the table of Fuzhou people.

Fuzhou people also have an interesting annual custom. After the reunion dinner, parents should wipe their children's mouths with toilet paper, which means the children are talking nonsense. If the child says something wrong, I hope the gods will not blame him.

On the first day of New Year's Day, Fuzhou people have to make sacrifices to heaven before going out to pay a New Year call, and bamboo rice is a necessary sacrifice. Rice is served in a bamboo container with a paper red flower and chopsticks around it, which means to pray to heaven.

According to tradition, Fuzhou people eat a peaceful bowl on this day. That's noodles soaked in red fermented chicken soup, with two eggs added to it. Now someone has replaced it with quail eggs. As the name implies, flat ones can be safely eaten.

Hou Hengchong remembers that the Lantern Festival in Fuzhou is also very lively. Worship is a big festival, and the atmosphere of the festival is pushed to a climax by drums, crowds and firecrackers.

Hou Hengchong returned to Singapore at the age of 20 on 1959. For decades, due to various factors, the traditional customs of Fuzhou people have not been completely preserved.

Hou Hengchong said, for example, many Fuzhou families have joined non-Fuzhou members. In order to adapt to the eating habits and preferences of different native members, these families have to add some non-Fuzhou food, so that the food on the reunion dinner table is no longer just Fuzhou food.

He said: "This is the result of the changes of the times. Older Fuzhou people, don't be stubborn. Under the principle of harmony, we should make appropriate adjustments in line with the times. "

"Old" and "White-fronted Spring Festival couplets" —— The unique custom of Chinese New Year in Putian, Fujian

Putian and Xianyou, two counties under the jurisdiction of Putian City, belonged to Xinghua in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were customarily called Xinghua only. The custom of Xinghua people is that relatives and friends visit each other from the first day of the first lunar month, which is called "New Year greetings" and say some auspicious words. This custom is the same in China. But in Xinghua, we still follow the custom of "getting old" and pasting "Spring Festival couplets with white forehead" ...

"getting old"

On April1year and1month in Jiajing, Ming Dynasty, the Japanese invaded Xinghua, killing and plundering, and did not retreat until the end of the following year. The city is full of corpses, which is terrible.

On the second day of the second lunar month, people who went out to take refuge came back one after another with mixed feelings of sadness and joy, both for the living and the dead. At this time, relatives and friends are anxious to visit each other first, then dry their tears, celebrate the Spring Festival, make up for their old age and celebrate their recovery.

Since none of them had a new year's day, they decided to make it up on the evening of the fourth day. In order to commemorate that painful history, people will get together on New Year's Eve. The fourth day of the first month is called "New Year's Eve", which is also called "New Year's Eve" (Xianyou is the "New Year's Eve" on the fifth day). On the second day of the first month, people don't visit each other to show their condolences to their dead relatives.

Later, because I thought it was inconvenient to visit each other during the Spring Festival, I changed it to the first day. If I visited my relatives and friends, I wouldn't have to be taboo on the second day.

"White Spring Festival couplets"

Spring Festival couplets all over the country are all red, but Xinghua's Spring Festival couplets have two-inch long white couplets, which are particularly eye-catching

According to legend, after the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they implemented a high-handed policy and killed innocent people. Many people put up white couplets for the funeral. It was the Spring Festival, and the Qing court forced every household to stick red couplets to decorate "the country is peaceful and the people are safe". When someone posted a red couplet, he deliberately exposed a small piece of white couplet on the door to show his grief. The custom of "White-fronted Spring Festival couplets" has been formed since it came into effect.

The custom of "honoring God for the New Year" in Quanzhou

On the first day of the first month, it is usually called "China New Year" and "Celebrating the New Year". It can be seen that "Nian" is not only a time unit, but also a festival name, which is a big festival between years. Nian is the oldest and grandest folk festival in China. Yao and Shun called it "slaughter", Xia called it "sui", Shang called it "sacrifice" and Zhou called it "year", which is still in use today (only Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty once called it "slaughter"). The time of the Chinese New Year was determined from the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, the first day of the first month was taken as the New Year, also known as "January Day"; Therefore, this day began in Dan, also known as "New Year's Day". After the Revolution of 1911, it was changed to Gregorian calendar, with 65438+ 10/as New Year's Day, so the first day of the first lunar month was originally called "New Year's Day" and renamed as "Spring Festival", but it was still called "Year".

Celebrate the Spring Festival

From the first day to the fifteenth day of the first month, Quanzhou is called "New Year", and "New Year" takes fifteen days. Folk cloud:

"On the first day, the second day, and the third day, there is no posture Niang (posture Niang means a woman, and today women don't go to the streets); On the fourth day, the gods landed (the kitchen god returned from heaven); On the fifth day, shovel fertilizer (dig out feces and start farming); Six-day separator (finishing loom, separating warp and weft, women start weaving); The first 77 yuan (man-day, take seven kinds of vegetables and fruits to make' Qibao soup'); Completed on the eighth day (rice cake completed); The ninth day of' Tiangong Victory'; The tenth day of the tenth lunar month is a good day to eat (referring to drinking at home in cold weather); Eleven please son-in-law; Twelve times (women go back to their parents' home to visit again); Thirteen eat minced meat with mustard (minced meat is porridge, and I am tired of eating wine and meat for a few days, change my taste); Fourteen-knot lamp shed; Fifteen Shangyuan pills; Sixteen "mother" students; Seventeen' how can you be born' (the festival passed like this). "

Jingtiangong

A couple of children (zero), firecrackers everywhere, people set up a case in the hall at home, put three sacrifices, fruits, green tea, gold and other offerings, burn three pots of incense, light candles, worship "God" and worship their ancestors. This sacrifice lasted until the fourth day.

Ryan

The bell on New Year's Eve rings at midnight 12, ushering in the dawn of the new year. While "honoring God", every household sets off firecrackers and opens the door to welcome the spring, commonly known as "opening the door".

Hezheng

In the morning, men, women and children get up to wash their hands and put on new clothes that have already been prepared. For breakfast, the family eats noodles with eggs, and the eggs are shelled, which is intended to remove mold and welcome good luck. Noodles symbolize longevity. After breakfast, I went out to visit my neighbors and relatives and greeted them with a smile. When you meet for the first time, you should say "congratulations" to each other, commonly known as "He Zheng", which also means to pay a New Year call to the Lantern Festival. When guests come to the door, they should provide candy, candied fruit, or drink sweet tea and coffee to make them "sweet" to show a sweet start.

Collective congratulations

Qing Qianlong's "The Customs of Quanzhou Prefecture" quoted the county annals of Song Dynasty as saying: "Jacky is a gift, and the old people worship each other when they meet, saving the trouble of going back and forth. The county magistrate and the county magistrate led the subordinates to a meeting. Old, later in Chengtian Temple, to Chunyou (124 1- 1252) is Pan Gong. Neighborhood close to the temple, will gather tooth dragon, push a person one year old, with wine and fruit as a gift. This ceremony is now abolished. " After liberation, it resumed.

lucky money

The minor mistress pays New Year greetings to the elders, and the elders give a "red envelope" as lucky money.

taboo

On the first day of the first month, at the beginning of the new year, Najib takes welcoming auspiciousness as the criterion and has many taboos:

Don't drink tea and eat porridge, so as not to go out in the future.

Eat dry rice for breakfast, supplemented by whole leaf cooked food, commonly known as "longevity dish".

Don't beat and scold children, don't quarrel with others, don't say unlucky words, and don't force debts with money.

Avoid cutting things with a knife as a sign of abstinence. If all the food needs to be cut, make good preparations on New Year's Eve.

Avoid sweeping the floor with a broom to welcome the auspicious new year so as not to be swept away.

Avoid wearing old clothes and new clothes, saying "go to the old and welcome the new"; Never go barefoot. It's unlucky to be stabbed in the foot while walking.

Avoid breaking utensils, plates and the like, or the blessing of the year will be ruined; If it is broken by accident, throw the fragments into the well to suppress it.

Don't turn off the lights on New Year's Eve, the first day, the fifth day and supper, and the auspicious light will always stay.

"Planting Flowers and Sending Flowers to He Xinchun" Zhangzhou New Year Custom

Before the Lunar New Year, Zhangzhou people had the custom of giving each other daffodil He Xinchun. Its moral is to send new year's greetings to friends and relatives, wish good luck in the new year, and everything is like daffodils in full bloom.

Speaking of this custom, there is a beautiful legend. According to legend, during the Jingtai period of the Ming Dynasty (1450- 1456), Su Jia once hit a nettle D in Jixian County, Henan Province to save my pancreas, which was a waste of time. Two fairies dressed in white, golden yellow and pure white light yellow came out of the gorgeous palace and flew to them. When Zhang Guanghui's family saw the beautiful scenery, they couldn't help rubbing their eyes at the same time, wondering if they had lost their eyesight. A closer look reveals that the fairyland is gone, and there are two flowers floating on the lake ahead. Zhang Guanghui quickly let the boatman catch up and fished up these two beautiful flowers from the water. On the boat, it is fragrant and simple. Look carefully, like a slim fairy, beautiful, dignified and lovely!

Zhang Guanghui's family returned to their hometown, Pibanban Village (now Caiban Village) at the foot of the round mountain in the southern suburbs of Zhangzhou. On New Year's Eve, when the family gathered around the stove, two bulbs pulled out new flower arrows and bloomed brightly.

The next year, Zhang Guanghui planted these two kinds of bulbs in his garden, so he grew small bulbs, and more and more. From then on, before the Spring Festival every year, the Zhang family will distribute these flower balls to friends and relatives, and attach a poem saying, "The turtle peak in Yuanshan Cave in Zhang Jun County is fragrant with fairy dew. Pan Yu Jin Zhanxian offered a glass of wine and handed it to JUNSHOU Fushou Hall. People ask, "What kind of flower is this?" Zhang Jia replied: "This is called' splash'". Because it has been passed down from generation to generation for a long time, "splash" has always been called "daffodil".

Later, the relatives and neighbors of the Zhang family also learned to plant flowers and send flowers to He Xinchun, forming a custom handed down.

The Chinese New Year custom in rural areas of southern Fujian is different from that in cities. Rural farmhouses have many houses and doors. In addition to posting Spring Festival couplets, there are two red paper sugarcane trees on both sides of the door, which are called "door sugarcane". The dialect "sugarcane" is similar to "Jia", which means to enter a good environment. In the hall, there are New Year's Eve dinners, long vegetables and cakes on the table, and "spring branches" tied with red and yellow paper are inserted, which means that food is abundant all year round, auspicious and rich. Every household should pile sweet potatoes, vines and sticks outside the door and light them until there is smoke around the fire. The man jumped over this pile of flames according to his generation, thinking, "Jump in and make a fortune every year;" Jump out, carefree * * *; Skip the east, the grain is not empty; Skip the west and money will roll in. " This is called "fire group", which symbolizes burning the evil spirits of the old year, eliminating disasters and welcoming a clean and prosperous New Year. After the "fire jumping", we must clean the hall with a new broom. After sweeping, put the broom cupboard together and dump it by the door, hoping to get out of the broom again and help make a fortune. At the same time, we must collect some ashes from the jumping fire and put them in the charcoal stove, which is called "Tianwang", symbolizing more prosperity. Parents lead their children to sit around the stove, which is called "keeping watch around the stove". It is best to stay up late. It is said that this is to prolong the life of parents. At this time, the elders give the younger generation lucky money, which is called "dividing the circle". With the progress of society and the acceleration of the pace of life, some complicated customs in rural areas of southern Fujian are gradually abolished, but the custom of farmers looking forward to a good year still exists. Especially in the cold winter of December, the whole family gathered around the warm little stove and talked about how warm and happy it was to look forward to the future in the old year.

Spring Festival custom in Xiamen

There are many folk customs in Xiamen, which have changed greatly with the progress of the times in recent years. In order to do as the Romans do, we hereby introduce the following:

On the first day of the first month, the door opened at dawn, and the Vatican burst into flames, saying "open right." It's a day to worship ancestors in the morning, and the manure doesn't pour out.

On the third day of the first month, it is the day of mourning (that is, burning a new bed). Anyone who has never been to a friend's house on the first day and the second day of junior high school should not visit on this day. Visiting is disrespectful. There is a saying that "the first day is early, the second day is early, and the third day is full of food and clothing", which means that there are no guests at home on the third day, and it is okay to get up late. So how did this custom come from? According to legend, pirates occupied Wuyu, the outer island of Xiamen, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. One year on New Year's Eve, officers and men were busy celebrating the New Year and neglected their defense. A large number of Japanese pirates seized the opportunity to attack the city, and the soldiers and civilians rose up against the enemy. After two days and three nights of fierce fighting, the Japanese army was defeated, but the soldiers and civilians in the city suffered heavy casualties. On the third day, people buried their relatives and friends, mourned the dead and cried loudly, so they didn't have time to go to other families to pay New Year greetings. On the third day of the second year, Xiamen residents took this day as a taboo day, and over time, it became a routine.

On the fourth day of the first month, worshippers will burn paper, silk and horses to meet God, that is,1February 24 to meet God.

On the ninth day of the first month, the Jade Emperor was born, and the incense table was dedicated to God. However, if you lose your family, you will stop offering sacrifices for two years.

On the tenth day of the first month, the earth was born. We don't chop wood or dig soil every day. And offer sacrifices to ordinary objects.

On the 13th day of the first month, on Guan Jun's birthday, merchants paid homage to him.

On the fifteenth day of the first month, Shangyuan or Dayuan, the birthday of Emperor Sangong, will put colorful lanterns to celebrate the Lantern Festival.

Eating New Year's Eve is called "eating 29 meals", and most people like to eat hot pot (warm pot) and "surround the stove" for family fun. Hot pot includes "Yipin Pot" (the whole pot has one grid), "Yuanyang Pot" (two grids) and "Four-color Pot" (four grids). From "a needle pot" to form a famous dish "a needle wealth". The soup is pork or chicken and duck soup, the main course is gold ingot (eggs) and silver ingot (pigeon eggs), and the whole hoof is called "He". Black stickleback cuttlefish tied with kelp is called "Wuji cuttlefish", chicken and duck wings are called "Pengcheng Wan Li" and winter bamboo shoots are called "Sheng". Because the hot pot is steaming, the food is tumbling, and the good ingredients of Tonga are constantly being added. As the saying goes, "the more you eat, the more you burn." Xiamen people are particularly particular about seafood, such as silver carp, oysters, red shrimp, pearl mussels, snails, kelp and seaweed tofu. In recent years, there are beer hotpot, tofu hotpot, meatball hotpot and assorted hotpot.

New Year cake; rice cake

After eating the rice cake, everything goes well every year, and you are promoted and happy every year! I also wish the elders a long life. The rice cake, also called "rice cake", evolved from "sticky cake". People in Xiamen call rice cakes "rice fruits", which are various, including sweet and salty, sweet rice fruits with white sugar and black (red) sugar, wax gourd, red dates and peanuts. Salted melon (pumpkin) rice fruit, vegetable head (radish) rice fruit, sweet potato (sweet potato) rice fruit, taro rice fruit, pork, shrimp, dried oysters, mushrooms, oil onions and so on. In addition, there are cool rice fruit, fat rice fruit and bowl cake rice fruit. ...

pancake

In the Qing Dynasty, a poet wrote a poem about pancakes: "Spring rolls", describing the pancake skin as "thin and round, soft and thin" and the pancake stuffing as "full of silk thread, delicious and delicious". Pancakes are also a great invention of Xiamen people. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), Tongan, then the magistrate of Chaozhou Prefecture, married his daughter to Cai Cuo, a native of Jinmen (then under the jurisdiction of Tongan County). Later, Cai became the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Huguang, and was also the governor of Guizhou. He is busy with official business and work, and often forgets to eat and sleep. Mrs. Cai sees it in her eyes and hurts in her heart. She is worried that it will harm her husband's health in the long run. So, she cooked some fish, meat, shrimp, vegetables, bamboo shoots and beans. Roll them in a noodle bag with a small torch and put them on her husband's desk so that he can kill two birds with one stone while eating. This dish is called "Pobing" because it is homophonic with "Bo" in Xiamen dialect, and it is also called "Pancake". From the government to the people, "Mrs. Pancake" became "Beauty Pancake".

Zai Yuan

Eating jiaozi is also called Yuanxiao, and some places are called Tangyuan and jiaozi. It is said that eating Yuanxiao began at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and was called Zi Yuan in the Song Dynasty, which means "Tuan Tuan Yuan Yuan". A scholar in the Song Dynasty said that this kind of food was "wrapped in glutinous rice flour and bathed in fragrant soup", and praised it with the word 16: "A little glutinous rice flour, a little sugarcane paste; Bathing in the water is sweet and fragrant. " Zai Yuan in Xiamen has various local flavors, including sweet and salty, white hearts and stuffing, assorted dishes, red bean paste, jujube paste, bamboo shoots and lard.

The custom of "Niantang" for Hakka people to worship their ancestors in the New Year.

Spring Festival is the most solemn traditional festival in China. Hakka people celebrate the New Year from the 24th of the twelfth lunar month to the 15th of the first month, which means that the New Year begins with the traditional "off-year". After the Lunar New Year, every household prepares new year's goods, such as fried rice noodles, rice candy, fried tofu, chicken, duck and fish, incense and firecrackers. In addition, it is indispensable to take time out to clean the courtyard and clean the doors and windows. On New Year's Eve, families put up couplets and New Year pictures early, and then prepare for the New Year's Eve. The most exquisite dish on New Year's Eve is "Nian Tang", which mainly includes meat, radish, meatballs and mushrooms. There are two things to do before eating New Year's Eve: First, serve steaming "New Year's Eve" to the elders; The second is to burn incense to worship ancestors and set off firecrackers. Later, a talented family ate a reunion dinner, which must be eaten, that is to say, eating the "New Year's Eve" made them one year older. After dinner, the old man will wrap auspicious "lucky money" for his children, and it will be finished on New Year's Eve. In the early morning of the first day of the first month, men get up early to wash their clothes, and then light candles and set off firecrackers to pay New Year greetings to their elders. After that, put a plate of vermicelli, rice candy and peanuts, and be sure to eat them, indicating that there is a way to eat during the New Year. There is a lot of stress on this day, don't fish for food, don't sweep the floor, don't draw water, and don't say unlucky things. Breakfast should also be lent, mainly celery and tofu, which means hard work and getting rich.

On the second day of the first month, the most important thing for Hakkas is to kill a capon and pour chicken blood on paper money, which is called "blood money". After breakfast, the whole family dresses up, takes candles, firecrackers, tea, wine and vegetarian dishes with them, and goes to the grave to worship their ancestors. After the sacrifice, family members began to pay New Year greetings from door to door, drinking hot wine and saying good wishes. On this day, the new wife will rush back to her parents' home with her husband. On the third day of the first month, Hakkas began to visit relatives.

On the fifth day of the first month, polder fields around the country began the first polder day of the New Year, commonly known as "opening polder". On this day, people are busy performing. There are many toys and snacks, as well as lion dances and dragon lanterns, which are very lively.

On the morning of the seventh day of the first month, every household cooks porridge with seven seasonings, such as fried fruit, fried tofu and bacon, commonly known as "Qibao soup". Hakkas believe that eating "Qibao Tang" will make a year without disease and disaster. It was not until the fifteenth day of the first month after the Lantern Festival that the traditional China New Year ended.

Nowadays, many contents have been added to the New Year in China, feudal habits have been obviously reduced, people have held various cultural activities and sports competitions, and traditional festivals have taken on new colors.

Minxi: Eat "carpal tunnel" and "longevity dish" on New Year's Eve.

Hakka people in western Fujian are preparing for the New Year, starting from the 25-year "annual leave" and ending on New Year's Eve.

On New Year's Eve, the most important thing for Hakkas is to become popular (posting Spring Festival couplets and red paper) to show their prosperity. After that, they stick to the door gods, worship their ancestors, prepare new year's meals, and keep the old age. "Carpal tunnel" and "longevity dish" are indispensable dishes for Hakka people in western Fujian. "Carpal tunnel" is braised pig's trotters, which is very distinctive, not only rotten, but also fragrant and delicious. Some of the ingredients here are local plant roots, so the fragrance is unique; "Longevity dish" is actually a whole chicken or a whole piece of pork cooked in a pot, and then the whole radish and mustard are added, which has a profound meaning.

At the dinner table, Hakkas also pay attention to how to eat. The head of a chicken is eaten by the elderly, the chicken wings are eaten by men who go out, and the children who study eat chicken arms (legs). The spilled wine on the table is regarded as making a fortune, the broken bowl is regarded as adding vegetables, and the dropped chopsticks are regarded as having vegetables ... also called making a fire. Hakka people should use three special oil lamps to light the hall, door and stove until dawn. If the night is bright, it will mean good luck, peace and prosperity in the coming year.

Gannan: Many taboos.

Hakka people in southern Jiangxi have many taboos during the Spring Festival. On the first day of the first month, don't dump garbage or splash water outside, and don't pick vegetables in the vegetable garden. On this day, don't swear, say auspicious words. Don't throw bowls and chopsticks on New Year's Eve, Spring Festival, big festivals and festive days. From the first day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the first month, avoid borrowing or urging loans from others. Travel in the New Year to avoid the presence of women. On the fifth day of the first month, it is the birthday of the "Five Grains God". On this day, no one can cook rice, but only the night before and steam it the next morning. At dawn, every family burns incense to welcome the "God of Grains" to the barn and pray for "a bumper harvest of grains".

Hakka people in southern Jiangxi pay attention to "good luck and good luck", and say auspicious words on the first and fifteenth day of each month, and say "yes" when "nothing" happens. Ningdu drum, small cloth and other rural "hats" should be called "oil" because "hat" is homophonic with "wool". New bereaved people are afraid to go to other people's homes for the New Year. The third day of New Year's Eve is called "Poor Man's Day", and it is generally not allowed to go out or entertain. The thing to do on this day is to send the garbage cleaned since the first day of junior high school to the edge of the village, light three incense sticks and burn them, commonly known as "sending the poor out."