What books do the Four Books and Five Classics refer to respectively?

Four books: University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius; Five Classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu.

One or four books.

1, University

Da Xue was originally an article in the Book of Rites, which had never been published separately before the Southern Song Dynasty. It is said that it was written by Zeng Shen, a disciple of Confucius (505-434 BC).

From the Tang Dynasty when Han Yu and Li Ao praised the University (and the Doctrine of the Mean) to the Northern Song Dynasty, they even called it "the University", a suicide note of Confucius, and they began to learn German.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu inherited Cheng Zhu's thoughts, and also took Daxue out of The Book of Rites, which became one of Zhu's four books when he wrote The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean.

Zhu and Cheng Yi, another famous scholar in Song Dynasty, believed that Da Xue was a suicide note left by Confucius and his disciples, and an introductory reading of Confucianism. Therefore, Zhu listed it as the first of the "four books".

2. The golden mean

The Doctrine of the Mean was originally one of The Book of Rites, which was never published separately before the Southern Song Dynasty. It is generally believed that it was written by Confucius' grandson Zi Si (483-402 BC), and Confucius called Zi Si the golden mean in history books.

From the Tang Dynasty when Han Yu and Li Ao praised the Doctrine of the Mean (and the University) to the Northern Song Dynasty, they even thought that the Doctrine of the Mean was "a way to teach the mind through Confucius".

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu inherited Cheng Zhu's thoughts, and also extracted The Doctrine of the Mean from The Book of Rites, which became one of Zhu's four books when he wrote The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Daxue.

Judging from the basic viewpoints of The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius, they are basically the same. The existing The Doctrine of the Mean was revised by Confucian scholars in Qin Dynasty, and was written roughly shortly after Qin unified the whole country.

So every article is different from "University". It does not take the two words at the beginning of the article as the title, but the central content of the article as the title.

3. The Analects of Confucius

The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students and is edited by his students. The content involves philosophy, politics, economy, education, literature and art, etc. It is very rich and is the most important classic of Confucianism.

In terms of expression, The Analects of Confucius is a model for recording prose, with concise language and vivid images. In terms of arrangement, The Analects has no strict compiling style, each article is a chapter, and each chapter is a chapter. Articles and chapters are not closely related, but are roughly classified and repeated chapters appear.

By the Han Dynasty, there were three editions of The Analects of Confucius (20), The Analects of Confucius (22) and The Analects of Classical Chinese (2 1). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan compiled and annotated a new book based on The Analects of Lu with reference to The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Ancient Chinese.

After Zheng Xuan's annotations were circulated, The Analects of Confucius and The Analects of China Ancient Literature gradually disappeared. The later editions of The Analects of Confucius mainly include: The Analects of Confucius by Wei in the Three Kingdoms Period, On Shu Shu by Liang Huang Kan in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, The Analects of Confucius by Zhu, The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, etc.

4. Mencius

Mencius is a book that records the words and deeds of Mencius and his students. Mencius (about 372 ~ 289 BC), named Ke, was born in Zouguo (now southeast of Zoucheng, Shandong Province) in the middle of the Warring States Period, not far from Qufu, Confucius' hometown.

He is a famous thinker, politician, educator and the successor of Confucius' theory. Mencius is a book that records the words and deeds of Mencius and his students.

Like Confucius, Mencius once led students to travel to Wei, Qi, Song, Lu, Teng, Xue and other countries, and once served as a guest minister.

Because his political views were not as important as those of Confucius, he returned to his hometown to call his disciples to give lectures, and wrote a book with Zhang Wan and other students, saying, "Preface a poem book, understand Zhong Ni's meaning, and write seven pieces of Mencius." (Biography of Historical Records, Mencius and Xun Qing)

In Mencius, Zhao Qi compared Mencius to The Analects of Confucius, and thought that Mencius was a work imitating saints.

Therefore, although the History of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty only regards Mencius as a sub-book, in the eyes of Han people, it has actually been regarded as a "biography" book to assist the classics.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty named The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety, Mencius and Er Ya as "Biographers". At the end of the Five Dynasties, Meng Changjun, the master of the post-Shu Dynasty, ordered people to carve stones on eleven classics such as Mencius, which may be the beginning of Mencius' being included in the Classics.

During the period of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Four Books compiled by Zhu was included in Mencius, which officially pushed Mencius to the same position as Daxue and The Analects of Confucius. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it became the content of the imperial examination and was a must-read for scholars. ?

During the period of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, Mencius was included in the Notes on Four Books edited by Zhu, which officially pushed Mencius to the same position as Daxue and The Analects of Confucius. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Mencius became one of the contents of imperial examinations, and it was a must-read book for imperial examiners.

Second, the Five Classics

1, The Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of ancient Chinese poems, which collected poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1 century to the 6th century), including ***3 1 1 first.

Six of them are Sheng poems, that is, they have only titles but no contents, and they are collectively called six Sheng poems (Nan Chang, Bai Hua, Shu Hua, You Geng, Qiu Chong and You Yi), which reflect the social outlook of about 500 years from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the weekend. ?

The author of The Book of Songs is anonymous, and most of them cannot be verified. They were collected by Yin Jifu and edited by Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, the Book of Songs was called "The Book of Songs", or it was called "The Book of Songs 300" by integers. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was honored as a Confucian classic, formerly known as The Book of Songs, which has been in use ever since.

The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. "Wind" is a ballad of Zhou Dynasty. Elegant music is the official music of Zhou people, which is divided into harmony and elegance. Ode is a musical song used for sacrificial rites in Zhou and noble ancestral temples, which is divided into ode to, and ode to Shang.

The Book of Songs is rich in content, reflecting labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feasting, and even astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals and plants. It is a mirror of the social life of the Zhou Dynasty.

2. Shangshu

The earliest title of Shangshu was Shu, which was written in the first five centuries. The traditional Shangshu (also known as Jinwen Shangshu) was handed down by Fu Sheng. Legend is left over from the "Three Graves and Five Codes" of ancient culture.

Twenty-eight pieces of Shangshu dictated by Fu Sheng, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, are modern versions of Shangshu. When King Lu Gong demolished a section of the wall of Confucius' former residence, he found another piece of Shangshu, which is an ancient version of Shangshu.

In the battle of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty, the modern and ancient versions of Shangshu were all lost. At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shi Meihuan of Zhang Yu presented a history book to the court, including 33 modern literature histories and 25 ancient literature pseudographs.

Shangshu is listed as one of the important core Confucian classics, and "Shang" means "Shang". Shangshu is an ancient book. It is a compilation of ancient historical documents of China and some works tracing back ancient deeds, and it is the earliest compilation of historical documents in China.

20 18, 1 1, the research results of bamboo slips in the Warring States period in Tsinghua University were released, among which the ancient prose Shangshu was forged by later generations.

3. The Book of Rites

The Book of Rites, also known as The Book of Rites of Little Dai and The Sutra of Little Dai, was written in the Han Dynasty and compiled by Dai Sheng, a ritual and musicologist in the Western Han Dynasty. The Book of Rites is an important collection of laws and regulations in ancient China, with 20 volumes and 49 articles.

The contents of the book mainly describe the pre-Qin ritual system, which embodies the pre-Qin Confucian philosophical thoughts (such as the view of heaven, world outlook and outlook on life) and educational thoughts (such as personal cultivation, education system, teaching methods and school management).

Political thoughts (such as civilizing politics, building a harmonious society, and making criminal laws by rites) and aesthetic thoughts (such as touching theory and harmony of rites and music) are important materials for studying the pre-Qin society, and they are also a compilation of Confucian thoughts.

The Book of Rites is one of the three rites, one of the five classics and one of the thirteen classics.

Since Zheng Xuan annotated The Book of Rites in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the status of The Book of Rites has been rising day by day, and it was honored as "Jing" in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, it ranked first in the "Three Rites".

The knowledge and ideological theory of ancient cultural history recorded in the Book of Rites have an important influence on the inheritance of Confucian culture, contemporary cultural education and moral cultivation, and the construction of a harmonious socialist society.

4. Zhouyi

The Book of Changes, one of the Three Changes of the Book of Changes (another view: the Book of Changes is three changes, not the Book of Changes), is one of the traditional classics. It is said that it was written by Zhou Wenwang Jichang, and its contents include the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

Classics are mainly composed of 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams, each of which has its own interpretation (hexagrams) for divination. The Book of Changes did not put forward the concepts of Yin-Yang and Taiji, but was influenced by Taoism and Yin-Yang theory.

There are seven kinds of words * * * 10 explaining hexagrams, which are collectively called the Ten Wings and are said to be written by Confucius.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, official schools began to evolve into private schools. There is a gradual development before and after the Yi-ology, and a hundred schools of thought contend, so it is easy to divide.

Since Confucius praised the Book of Changes, the Book of Changes has been regarded as a Confucian classic and the first of the Six Classics by Confucianism. Outside of Confucianism, there are two parallel schools of Yi-ology and Confucian Yi-ology: one is Yi-ology, which still exists in the old forces; The other is Laozi's Taoist Yi, which began to be divided into three branches. ?

The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu divides the origin and evolution of Yi-ology into "two schools and six schools". Two schools, namely, the school of mathematics and the school of righteousness; Six cases, one is divination, the other is auspiciousness, the third is accident, the fourth is old Zhuang Zong, the fifth is Confucianism, and the sixth is history.

Zhouyi is the theoretical source of natural philosophy and humanistic practice in China's traditional ideology and culture, the crystallization of China's ancient thoughts and wisdom, and is known as the "source of Tao". The content is extremely rich, which has had a far-reaching impact on China's politics, economy, culture and other fields for thousands of years.

5. Spring and Autumn Annals

The Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lin Jing or Lin Shi, is one of the six Confucian classics in ancient China. It is also the national history of Lu in the Zhou Dynasty, and the existing version was revised by Confucius.

Spring and Autumn Annals is the first chronological history book in China, with a total of 35 volumes. It is one of the Confucian classics and the longest of the Thirteen Classics. It is listed as a classic in Sikuquanshu. It covers the period from 722 BC (Lu Yinnian) to 479 BC (16th year of Lu Aigong).

The language of events recorded in Chunqiu is extremely concise, but almost every sentence implies praise and criticism, which is called "Chunqiu brushwork" and "subtle meaning" by later generations.

Later, there appeared many books that supplemented, explained and expounded the history recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, which were called Biography. Representative works include Zuo Zhuan, Ram Zhuan and Gu Liangzhuan, which are collectively called the three great biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period.

Baidu encyclopedia-four books and five classics