A paper on wine culture

Wine culture refers to the material and spiritual cultural achievements produced in the process of wine production and consumption. In the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation, wine culture, as a special cultural form, has its unique position in the traditional culture of China. The following is the content of the paper on wine culture that I collected for you. Welcome to read the reference!

On wine culture 1

Analysis of Chinese and Western Wine Culture

Culture is the sum of material culture and spiritual culture created by human beings in the historical process. In wine culture, there are obvious differences between China and the West. Western wine culture generally refers to wine culture, while Chinese wine culture is wine culture. This paper briefly introduces the differences between Chinese and western wine cultures and the reasons for these differences from the aspects of the origin of wine, the relationship between wine and religion, the use of wine vessels, drinking etiquette and the social function of wine.

Keywords: wine culture, cultural differences, culture

As an aspect of the cultural system, wine culture, like other aspects, has its profound social background in its formation process and regional differences. Different social and historical factors have formed fundamental cultural differences. Only by grasping the differences between Chinese and western cultures in all aspects can we promote cultural exchanges between China and the West.

1. The origin of wine

As far as the raw materials used for brewing are concerned, in the Yellow River Valley, where China's early culture originated, the climate is mild and the crops are relatively developed, so people use grain to brew yellow wine and white wine with China characteristics. In ancient Greece and the Balkans, known as the cradle of western civilization, the territory is mountainous and barren, not suitable for the growth of crops, but very suitable for the growth of grapes, so wine brewing has become the representative of western wine culture. Regarding the worship of Dionysus, as far as myths and legends are concerned, western wine originated from Dionysus, the god of wine in Greek mythology. It is said that he was the first person to grow grapes and make wine. In China, there is no definite Dionysus in the history of China, but it is generally believed that Yidi or Du Kang was the ancestor of China.

2. The relationship between religion and wine culture

Religion, _ _ _ _ is the mainstream religion in the west, and wine is mentioned many times in the Bible. Knowing his destiny, Jesus said at the last supper that bread is my flesh and wine is my blood, and reminded people that they died to atone for mankind. Therefore, Christ _ _ _ _ wine is regarded as holy blood, and grape planting and wine brewing are regarded as work by church personnel. In this context, people are in a state of admiration and love for wine. Buddhism has a great influence in China, and its teachings are against drinking. No matter at home or becoming a monk, drinking is forbidden in the precepts. Many people listen to the teachings of Buddhism and try to control their drinking. In addition, China liquor is mostly grain liquor, so people drink cautiously.

3. Use of wine containers

No matter in the west or in China, people pay different attention to wine vessels: the materials used in making wine vessels, the final shape and exquisite workmanship are different. In the traditional culture of China, there are many names of wine vessels, such as Zun, Hu, Jue, Jiao, Yi, Yi, Ba,? , bu, etc. , too numerous to mention. There are many wine vessels in China, not only because of the material changes brought about by the changes of the times, but also because in the feudal hierarchical society of China, the use of wine vessels is branded with a hierarchical system, and different wine vessels represent different identities. There are many kinds of wine vessels in western countries, but to some extent, the wine vessels in western countries are mainly transparent glasses with different shapes. Transparent goblets are typical western drinking utensils, but the shapes of these goblets vary greatly according to different glasses suitable for different wines, such as tulip-shaped thin goblets, short pear-shaped brandy glasses and so on. Westerners attach no less importance to wine than China. However, China's wine vessels are more about the identity of users, while western wine vessels are more about the artistry of wine itself.

4. Drinking etiquette

Both China and the West have drinking etiquette in wine culture, but the biggest difference between them is that China's wine culture is better at persuading wine. China people drink together, and the scene of drinking together is bound to be more lively. Persuading wine is a way and custom of toasting gradually formed by China people in the historical process. In feudal society, there was a clear hierarchy. When many people drink together, the humble and the young must propose a toast to the respected and the old. After a meal, it is difficult to count the number of toasts. Just toasting, toasting words, toasting posture, how much others drink, respecting others and being respected, all of these have great knowledge. In western countries, democracy and self-awareness are dominant, which is also reflected in drinking. First of all, because the shape of the goblet is different, the way to hold the goblet is different, and the correct posture is also an aspect of etiquette. At the western dining table, drinkers will also raise glasses to each other, but how much to drink at a time is entirely their own will. In a formal western food, the number of toasts is usually once, and this time it is for all the guests present, so toasting is essential.

5. The social function of wine

Westerners regard wine as a work of art: wine brewing is regarded as making a work of art; Taking drinking as an act of appreciating and tasting art, the interest in drinking lies in the wine itself, so we can often see the scene that westerners just taste wine and don't eat. China people regard wine as a tool to communicate or express their feelings, which is often said that "drunkenness is not related to wine". The interest in drinking is not in the wine itself, but in who to drink with and in what mood. Under normal circumstances, people in China can't drink without a table. China people pay more attention to dishes when dining, and wine is a kind of wine from beginning to end. But in western food, they usually drink dry white wine when eating salads and cold food, dry white wine, dry red wine or rose wine when eating the first course, highly dry white wine when eating seafood dishes, highly dry red wine when eating meat and poultry dishes, and sweet wine or champagne when eating sweets. A formal banquet should be served with three or five courses, each of which corresponds to a wine. In addition, there are aperitif before meals and cocktails or distilled spirits such as whisky and brandy after meals. You always need five or six kinds of wine after such a meal.

Generally speaking, the differences between Chinese and western wine cultures are reflected in various aspects and are caused by different factors. Exploring the reasons for the differences will help to better understand the wine culture, thus helping to better understand the cultural differences between China and the West and promoting the communication between China and the West.

References:

[1] Michelle? Edward. Handbook of wine appreciation [M]. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2000.

[2] Hou. Image etiquette [M]. Beijing United Publishing Media Co., Ltd., 20 10.

[3] Yang Naiji. Comparison of Chinese and Western wine cultures [A]. Journal of Beijing Union University, 1994.

Essays on wine culture II

On Shui nationality wine culture

The Shui people call themselves "though", which is translated as "water" in Chinese. They are descendants of the Guloyue people in China and one of the ethnic minorities. Ol(r}s}) has the ancient Chinese character "Shui Shu" and the calendar "Shui Li". The current population of Shui nationality is more than 400,000, mainly distributed in Sandu, Libo, Duyun and Dushan in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and Rongjiang, Danzhai, Leishan, Congjiang and Jianhe in Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture, with Sandu County being the most concentrated. (zlcr}3) Shui people like to eat glutinous rice, except for some glutinous rice, most of which are used to brew glutinous rice wine. Shui nationality's wine is delicious and mellow, especially Jiuwei wine in Jiuyu area of Sandu county, which is famous far and near. In the Shui nationality area, wine plays a very important role in the colorful national customs and various unique customs. Even in life, Shui people regard wine as a symbol, which symbolizes that people's life has entered another stage from one stage. Wine is accompanied by the birth, marriage and death of the Shui people, and runs through the historical process of the Shui people.

First, the drinking customs of the Dragon Boat Festival and Mao Festival of the Shui people

(a) Wine and Aquarium Festival

Duan Jie is called "borrowing end" in water language. "Duan" means "the beginning of a year" or "New Year"; "Borrow" means "eat". Therefore, Duanjie can also be literally translated as "Eating the Year", which means "Chinese New Year". The date of the festival is based on the water calendar, with September as the beginning of the year, and the festival is set on the ninth day of September, commonly known as the year of water? ,。 F3J(r}s}0) In order to facilitate mutual visits, festivals are held in stages in turn in the Shui nationality areas. In the festivals of the Shui people, wine is essential.

At about five o'clock in the morning on the day of Duanjie, the Shui villagers began to cook leeks wrapped in fish and glutinous rice, and cooked the back end to worship their ancestors on the wine table in front of their ancestors' graves.

All sides of the wine table should be filled with wine glasses, and the number of wine glasses can only be more than that of people who come to pay New Year's greetings, which means to get a good sign. After dawn, the whole people go door to door to pay New Year greetings, and the water language is called "Youduan". Every time we go to a house, everyone forms a circle in front of the wine table according to their seniority. Everyone raises the cup or bowl to the mouth of the person on the right with his right hand. Everyone shouted "Xiu" at the same time, so they began to drink from the host's house. The drinker had to propose a toast, and then poured the wine in his cup into the next person's mouth with the cry of "Xiu". This is the "wine transfer" of the aquarium.

Some ethnic minorities also have the custom of "changing wine". Generally, one person only drinks one VI, and then passes the finished cup to the next person. The "wine to wine" in the aquarium is different. Although drinking is also a form of communication, everyone should have a glass of wine in his hand. The person on the left will put the glass in his right hand into the mouth of the person on the right until it dries. Shui people will drink New Year's wine door to door before going home to receive guests. In the festival of the aquarium, this kind of "wine exchange" is not limited to the people. For the guests from afar, they should be treated with the most enthusiastic "wine exchange" after entering the house.

The custom of "turning to wine" for drinking at the end of the festival is the embodiment of the public distribution system of "one person gets it, and everyone gets it" in clan society, which can enhance the affinity of the nation; This is also directly related to the way of life of the ancestors of the Shui nationality who resisted natural disasters and foreign aggression in the long historical process, and it is also an important way to recall the national cultural traditions. Nowadays, the drinking custom of Shui festivals has become an important way to unite the nation and unite people.

(B) wine and aquarium hair festival

In fact, the "Mao Jie" and "Duanjie" of the Shui people are both New Year's Day. Traditionally, the place to celebrate Mao Jie is not Mao Jie, and the place to celebrate Mao Jie is not Duanjie. Mao Jie is called "borrowing base" in Shui language, which means eating base. The date of the festival is also calculated according to the calendar of the Shui nationality, and the specific dates are divided into four groups according to the dates of the festival in September and October of the water calendar (that is, May and June of the lunar calendar). The water book in October is called "the most vigorous season of green life" and Xinmao Day is called "the most stable day". Mao Jie's batch is determined according to the usual practice. The first three batches of Maojie Festivals were held in Libo, and the fourth batch of Maojie Festivals was celebrated by the aquatic animals in the towns of Baxian, Shuiwei and Yongkang in Libo, except for Jiuqian, Shui Ge and Qin Zhou in Sandu County.

On that day, people in all villages will receive relatives and friends at the village entrance El, and there is also a "bar" at the village entrance VI. The "Gate-stopping Wine" of the Aquarium is hosted by three to five young girls. As soon as the guests arrived at the entrance of the village, the girls immediately presented a bowl of "stop wine" to each distinguished guest from afar, and then the young and middle-aged people came forward to welcome them. Aquarium hospitality has always been the concept of "wine is the most important, taking drunkenness as pleasure and taking drunkenness as pride". Therefore, in Maojie Festival, just like in Duanjie Festival, the guests will receive the most enthusiastic "bartending". In short, guests should enjoy themselves. The more they drink, the more glorious their master will feel.

After eating and drinking enough, people from all villages dressed up and rushed to Maopo to sing. On this day, not only the young people in Shuicun who have celebrated Mao Festival will go to Maopo to sing, but also the men, women and children from other villages who have not celebrated Mao Festival will come to the grand event. In the bushes, grass and rocks of Maopo, young men and women look for their favorite people to sing, and the lyrics are improvised. The main content is that young men and women talk about their love for each other, and if they love each other, they can meet and get married. This is an important reason why Mao Jie is welcomed by young men and women of Shui nationality.

Second, the wine and funeral customs of the Shui nationality

Shui people are a nation that worships their ancestors very much, and they have the idea of immortality of the soul. After the death of a relative who drinks good wine, loves wine or even is addicted to alcohol, he should still be allowed to drink good wine in another world like the world where he was born. Therefore, after the death of the old man, the wine in the sacrifice of the Shui people is necessary, and all of them are brewed by themselves. In the 9000 area of Sandu County, no matter whether the family is rich or poor, the old man brewed an altar of wine by himself at the age of 60, and then sealed it with a crock. It was not until the day when the old man died that his descendants took it out for relatives and neighbors to taste.

The longer the old man lives, the more mellow the wine becomes. This is not only a simple material enjoyment, but also contains the cultural psychology that the aquarium hopes to prolong life.

On the day of the funeral, wine is the most important thing that relatives and friends bring when they come to the funeral. The amount of alcohol varies, depending on the intimacy between the bereaved and the bereaved, ranging from tens of kilograms to one or two kilograms. Mourners put bottles or jars on the table in front of the coffin. If there is too much wine, they pour it into a vat, so that they can entertain guests with wine. But relatives can't pour all the wine. You should leave at least a little wine in a wine jar or bottle. Because in the mourning ceremony, in order to relieve the fear of the living to the dead and place good wishes on the dead, wine has already had surreal illusory function in the consciousness of the Shui people. It is not only out of the psychology of avoiding evil spirits, but also a blessing to the host family. It is also a blessing to leave some wine in the jar, and it is also a blessing to the bereaved relatives. I wish them a drink every year. It can be said that a strong sense of group is one of the psychological characteristics of Shui people, which is especially obvious in funeral activities.

On the day of the funeral, there is also a special custom of the Shui people, that is, pouring wine for the singer when singing sacrificial songs. This way of pouring wine is also very particular.

After the funeral of all relatives, the mourners moved out a square table from their home and put it on the selected wide venue. A kilo of popcorn candy, two packets of candy, two pieces of tofu, a plate of oranges and a plate of apples are placed in the middle of the wine table. After the male and female singers sat on one side, undertaker put five glasses of wine in front of the singer, then put all the cups on the empty seats at the table and filled them with wine for the audience to drink. As soon as Ji Chen arrived, Xiao Jia immediately poured the wine, and at the same time, the singer began to sing songs about the sacrifice of the aquarium. The order of pouring wine is very particular. The dutiful son pours the first glass of wine, then the dutiful daughter, the daughter-in-law and grandson of the dutiful Lord, and finally the cousin of the blood relatives. This custom in the funeral of the Shui nationality also reflects a kind of cultural psychology. They attach great importance to filial piety. Inviting singers to sing sacrificial songs, on the one hand, is a respect for elders, on the other hand, it is also a way to express grief with songs.

Third, wine and marriage customs of Shui nationality

In marriage, wine, as a special drink loved by many ethnic groups, shows an important media function. As an aquarium with a long history of brewing, wine runs through the whole process of marriage.

(1) proposal wine and engagement wine

Young Shui people have full freedom to fall in love, but whether they are free to fall in love or not, they should inform their parents if they want to get married, and the parents of the man will invite the matchmaker to propose marriage to the woman's house. L6 1(}) The process of proposing marriage in the aquarium is very complicated. Even if both parties are interested, they should propose at least three times.

The first marriage proposal, the matchmaker brought four brown sugar, and the second marriage proposal, brought four brown sugar, five catties of wine and five catties of meat. The first two proposals will be politely rejected, and the matchmaker will generally expect such a situation, so the third proposal will be carefully prepared. The gifts brought by the third proposal are: a brand-new basket (containing 10 kg of brown sugar, 5 kg of glutinous rice, a pair of bracelets and a silver collar, in the order of glutinous rice on the bottom, bracelets and silver collars on the second floor and brown sugar on the top), wine (at least 10 kg) and meat (at least 5 kg). According to the custom of the Shui people, after the third proposal, they will eat the hired wine, mainly on the day when they agree to eat big wine. When eating engagement wine, the woman will clearly state the gifts that the man must prepare: a pair of bracelets, a silver collar, at least 50 kg of brown sugar, 30 kg of glutinous rice and a jar of wine (100 kg).

It can be seen that wine is essential in the marriage proposal or engagement of the aquarium.

(2) wine at the wedding

According to the wedding custom of the Shui people, the man will send the wedding procession to the woman's house the night before the wedding. When going out, please ask Mr. Shui Shu, who knows the water calendar, to choose auspicious time.

The bride price brought by the man at the wedding reception: an altar of wine (about 100 kg), a pig (about 200 kg), brown sugar (about 80 kg), glutinous rice (about 80 kg), a pair of bracelets and a silver collar. When getting married, the most important gift brought by the man is wine, and if there is no wine, it is a gift.

When the wedding team arrived at the bride's house, the bride's house immediately killed the pig, and the first banquet officially began. Drinking and eating meat are very casual, and no one comes to persuade them. When the woman killed the pig, the second party began. This is the main seat. The main seat in the marriage of the Shui nationality is different from that of many ethnic groups, and both men and women must separate tables.

According to the wedding custom of the Shui people, the bride should toast on the wine table in the middle of the banquet. The bride gives it to her father first, which is called "Thanksgiving wine". Then the matchmaker will come and introduce the groom's father, and the clever bride will immediately answer: "Father, I will be your child from today, and the child will pour a glass of wine for his father here." This is called "father recognition wine". After the man's father makes a toast, he usually puts the prepared red envelope in the glass and then hands it over to express his happiness. When the bride pours wine, the guests from the man will give red envelopes after drinking, but the villagers of the bride will not give red envelopes after drinking.

The next morning, the bride mixed glutinous rice porridge with brown sugar to entertain guests, and then held a banquet. At the same time, the bride took all the dowry she wanted to give to her ancestors. The bride's dowry generally includes: a wedding dress of an aquarium, a leg of a pig, 20 Jin of glutinous rice, two pieces of cloth, at least clever pairs of cloth shoes, 10 bed of cotton, a wardrobe, a horse or a cow.

On the auspicious day agreed by both parties, the men of both sides gather in front of the ancestral grave to worship their ancestors, and then the groom's family sends representatives to collect the bride's dowry. Representatives are usually brothers of both sides. Men from both sides have to go through a series of solemn and complicated procedures before their ancestors' funerals before accepting the betrothal gifts, and thus show various drinking customs.

1. swear wedding wine. First of all, the two brothers came forward to drink "vows wine" instead of the bride and groom, and there was a wonderful conversation.

Woman's brother: "Now you marry your sister off. I wish you happiness as the East China Sea and a long life. Don't use her as a board for dry rice, don't use her as a towel, and don't play with her. " Chinese translation of water language, the same below. )

The man's brother: "Now don't worry, I'll take her back. When I come to my home, I will be like a fairy. I will treat her well and stop playing with her. "

Then the matchmaker handed over two glasses of wine and said, "Now you two have taken the oath instead of the bride and groom, and you keep your word. Would you please drink this cup? Vowed wedding wine? . "

2. Sweet wine. After drinking the "sworn wedding wine", the most prestigious village elder of the bride's family came forward to ask the groom's brother if the wine he drank was sweet or bitter. At this time, if he answers "bitter" incorrectly, the marriage will be cancelled immediately, and the other party will think that you dislike his daughter. If he answers "sweet", he will have to drink another glass of wine. This is because saying "sweet" means wishing the bride and groom a happy marriage, so many people call it "sweet wine".

3. matchmaker wine. Zhai Lao will then try his best to pour the matchmaker a cup of "matchmaker wine", and the matchmaker with poor eloquence will drink one cup after another, so the matchmaker of the aquarium will not only talk, but also drink.

4. Uncle's wine. When the matchmaker drained the wine, Zhai Lao poured the wine again and said to the people, "Tracing back to the source, ancestors came first, then clans, and we should not forget Zuen. Only your uncle has these children. Please come forward for a drink. " When my uncle comes to pick up the glass, he usually drinks it after humility.

After the complicated procedures before the ancestors were buried, in the process of accepting the bride's dowry, wines of various names appeared, which showed the strong color of the wine culture of the Shui nationality. For example, when holding a wardrobe, the key to the wardrobe is in the hand of the bride's brother, and the person holding the key will have a glass of wine called "key wine"; When picking up the quilt, the rope that binds the quilt is in the hand of the bride's brother, and the person who picks up the rope has to drink a glass of wine called "cotton rope wine".

5. Horse cooking wine and soup pot wine. After the banquet, everyone carried the dowry together, and the man's people were ready to carry it. At this time, the bride's family will send an eloquent person to wait at the place where the horse is tied, and the man will also send a representative who has already arranged to lead the horse. There will be several square tables next to the horse, all of which are three bowls of wine. When the man's representative goes to lead the horse, the woman's representative will be embarrassed because she forgot to feed the horse and ask the man's representative to drink the wine on the table instead of the horse. The man can't refuse, and once he doesn't want to drink instead of the horse, he can't take the horse away. This is "horse cooking wine".

After drinking "horse cooking wine", the woman's representative took the man's representative to the preset soup pot line to drink a bowl of wine on the grounds that the horse was going to eat soup pot. This bowl of wine is called "soup pot wine".

It's not so easy for the horse-puller to take the horse away at the wedding of the Shui people, and there are many ways to stop it. The most famous ones are the "horse cooking wine" and "soup pot wine" mentioned above. Of course, people who are eloquent give horses less wine, and people with poor eloquence can't attract horses by drinking a few bowls, which will make jokes. The process of drinking "Majie wine" by the aquarium is humorous and vivid, which adds joy to the wedding, and its unique national cultural atmosphere is pleasing to the eye.

(3) Wedding and wine songs

After the groom's house, there are lunches and seats. Lunch is also very casual, do not persuade wine. The main seats start at night. In the groom's house, the most lively thing is to sing wine songs, mainly duets at the woman's table.

After the main banquet began, the man and the woman singer sang the first song: "Our three families told me to pour wine, and our four families told me to pour tea. I'll pour you wine and I'll pour you tea. I wonder if aunt will accept this glass of wine? Sister and sister * * * Qing ha, hello, hello! " The female singer sang, "Sit next to you and drink two bowls, and sit next to your aunt and drink five bowls. You can't be unhappy at both. I can't learn wine from my mother, and I don't know when I can learn it. Go find grandma and let me talk. If I could talk, we would laugh together. Sitting at the table, who is stingy? Let's drink together! " Everyone raised their glasses to celebrate, and then continued to sing. Shui people attach great importance to singing wine songs in their marriage life. They usually sing all night, and some areas will sing for three nights in a row, such as Tingpai Township in Sandu County.

Four. conclusion

China has a long history of more than 5000 years. In the course of thousands of years of civilization, wine has penetrated into almost every field of social life. As a special cultural form, wine culture has a unique position in China traditional culture. China is full of wine, and drinking customs have become a common practice since ancient times. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, each ethnic group has its own wine culture, and the wine culture of the Shui people is unique.

The "changing wine" and "stopping drinking" in the Dragon Boat Festival and Mao Festival of the Shui nationality have different flavors. At the funeral, the custom of pouring wine for the singers who sing sacrificial songs in turn makes people admire the filial piety of the Shui nationality, and the colorful wine customs in the marriage of the Shui nationality make people laugh. Due to the influence of specific living environment, social and historical background and psychological and cultural accumulation, wine is not only reflected in the unique customs and habits of the Shui people, but also plays an extremely important role in their daily life. Even when receiving friends, "wine is more important than meat". If guests come and there is no wine on the table, the host will feel "disrespectful". It can be said that wine is everywhere. Visit with wine as a gift, welcome with wine as a respect, appreciate with wine as a thank you, and repay with wine as a feeling. In the communication of Shui people, wine shows not only the amount of material gifts, but also interpersonal communication and spiritual needs. It can be seen that the colorful drinking customs and ethnic customs of the Shui people complement each other and form a unique wine culture atmosphere, which is worth exploring.

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