Classical Chinese notional words teaching

1. How to make students understand and remember the truth in classical Chinese? In the teaching of classical Chinese, notional words are an indispensable teaching link.

In the past college entrance examination, the accurate translation of notional words occupied a great level in the translation of classical Chinese. In the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, how to convey real words to students accurately and vividly, so that students can remember them deeply and apply them to practice? This is a very critical issue. If students can't analyze and understand the meaning of notional words, reading classical Chinese will become a great obstacle. Therefore, in the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, content words are the key to master.

In the narration of notional words in classical Chinese, we must first understand what notional words are. In Ancient Chinese, it is defined as follows: "Content words are those that can act as syntactic components independently and have lexical and grammatical significance." That is to say, the most clear explanation is that words with real meaning and grammatical meaning are notional words.

We should be clear when classifying notional words. Content words are subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, pronouns, onomatopoeias and interjections. Of course, we should pay attention to the specific distinction between function words and special content words, such as onomatopoeia and interjection. Then, when students have a specific understanding of what content words are and a specific sense of discrimination, it is relatively easy to say content words in ancient Chinese.

One: There are relatively many notional words in simplified classical Chinese, and the general notional words in classical Chinese are easy to remember, that is, the meaning is similar to that in modern Chinese, except that monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese have been transformed into disyllabic words in modern Chinese. Therefore, the meaning of a word is just an extension.

For example, in many classical Chinese, many ancient Chinese words can be directly transformed into modern Chinese, such as wai, which means siege and encirclement; Rude, rude, etc. So one word (word) in ancient times only needs to be transformed into two words (words) in modern Chinese.

In classical Chinese, this situation appears more. It is worth noting that some difficult words need to be explained. In the narration of difficult words, it is more beneficial for students to simplify the complex, that is, to write the original meaning of simplified words. For example, the word "slightly" is written in seal script, which means farming with tools like people, and also refers to aggression.

Another example is "beating", which means hitting people. Seal script is for people to beat their chests with their hands. Difficult-to-understand characters like this can be characterized by inscriptions on bronze and seal script.

Students are also easy to understand. Therefore, in the teaching of notional words in classical Chinese, we can restore the true colors of words and make them clear to students at a glance.

The specific application can be determined according to the Chinese word-making methods, that is, pictographic characters, fingering, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters, so that students can master difficult fonts simply and clearly. Among many fonts, pictophonetic characters are especially involved in a wide range. When encountering such characters, they can be described in detail, so that students can form the mentality of studying them as soon as they meet them, which is the first step to pass the content words.

Second, we can understand that classical Chinese belongs to traditional culture according to the meaning before and after the sentence. In the long mother tongue teaching, students have a strong sense of literary language. Therefore, in narration, we can infer the meaning of difficult words according to the meaning before and after the words in the sentence. For example, in "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin", "Make workers quench it with medicine.

In this sentence, the meanings of the words "quench" and "quench" are difficult for students to understand. Here, we can analyze them according to the meaning of the two words: "taking" means that the medicine is extremely toxic, and "quenching" has three points of water. Combining the meaning of the sentence before and after, we can infer the meaning of "quenching". According to the previous meaning, Yan Taizi Dan experimented with people. What will happen if the poison is contaminated on him? What will happen to the blood? The meaning of "wisp" is very clear, covered with clothes.

Therefore, in the narrative of notional words in classical Chinese, difficult words can be inferred according to the meaning of the words before and after. Achieve the purpose of clear translation.

It is essential to learn classical Chinese and accumulate content words. In specific memory, you can recite the content words clearly according to the above methods. Of course, teachers play an important role in it, and their own knowledge should be profound, so as to optimize the teaching of content words in classical Chinese.

2. How to learn and accumulate content words in classical Chinese? As the old saying goes: "Ignorant people are also clumsy people. Learn to be a scholar. "

This sentence means that if you learn classical Chinese, you can pass the exam as long as you learn function words. At present, some comrades believe that most of the words in classical Chinese have been inherited by modern Chinese, so the focus of learning classical Chinese is on classical Chinese function words and some special classical Chinese sentence patterns.

But in the teaching of classical Chinese, I deeply feel that the content words of classical Chinese are very important, especially for beginners. It is impossible to read and translate classical Chinese without accumulating certain vocabulary and accurately grasping the meaning of words. For example, there is a saying in "For Learning": "Cleverness and sensitivity can be relied on but not relied on, and those who rely on their own cleverness and sensitivity without learning will also bring about their own destruction."

The word "dependence" here refers to dependence and dependence. Once you master the meaning of this word, you can pass on the meaning of the context.

Obviously, the key to this sentence is the content words, not those "he", "ye", "qi" and "zhe" Another example is the sentence "Stealing a plan to die and keeping a swallow" in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. There are no function words, but if you don't master the usage of "stealing" and understand the meaning of "death" and "walking", you can't understand the meaning of this sentence.

Even in modern Chinese, some idioms, such as "empty-mindedness" and "overcorrection", are not function words, but they are not easy to understand at first glance. Therefore, when learning classical Chinese, we should pay attention to function words and sentence patterns, but we should also pay attention to content words, do more practice of content words and gradually accumulate vocabulary.

3. How to learn and accumulate content words in classical Chinese? As the old saying goes, "An ignorant person is also a clumsy person, a learned person is also a scholar."

This sentence means that if you learn classical Chinese, you can pass the exam as long as you learn function words. At present, some comrades believe that most of the words in classical Chinese have been inherited by modern Chinese, so the focus of learning classical Chinese is on classical Chinese function words and some special classical Chinese sentence patterns.

But in the teaching of classical Chinese, I deeply feel that the content words of classical Chinese are very important, especially for beginners. It is impossible to read and translate classical Chinese without accumulating certain vocabulary and accurately grasping the meaning of words. For example, there is a saying in "For Learning": "Cleverness and sensitivity can be relied on but not relied on, and those who rely on their own cleverness and sensitivity without learning will also bring about their own destruction."

The word "dependence" here refers to dependence and dependence. Once you master the meaning of this word, you can pass on the meaning of the context.

Obviously, the key to this sentence is the content words, not those "he", "ye", "qi" and "zhe" Another example is the sentence "Stealing a plan to die and keeping a swallow" in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. There are no function words, but if you don't master the usage of "stealing" and understand the meaning of "death" and "walking", you can't understand the meaning of this sentence.

Even in modern Chinese, some idioms, such as "empty-mindedness" and "overcorrection", are not function words, but they are not easy to understand at first glance. Therefore, when learning classical Chinese, we should pay attention to function words and sentence patterns, but we should also pay attention to content words, do more practice of content words and gradually accumulate vocabulary.

4. How to make students understand and remember the content words in classical Chinese? Content words are an indispensable teaching link in classical Chinese teaching.

In the past college entrance examination, the accurate translation of notional words occupied a great level in the translation of classical Chinese. In the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, how to convey the real words of classical Chinese to students accurately and vividly, so that students can remember them deeply and apply them to practice? This is a very critical issue. If students can't analyze and understand the meaning of notional words, reading classical Chinese will become a great obstacle. Therefore, in the teaching of classical Chinese in senior high school, content words are the key to master.

In the narration of notional words in classical Chinese, we must first understand what notional words are. In Ancient Chinese, it is defined as follows: "Content words are those that can act as syntactic components independently and have lexical and grammatical significance." That is to say, the most clear explanation is that words with real meaning and grammatical meaning are notional words.

We should be clear when classifying notional words. Content words are subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, pronouns, onomatopoeias and interjections. Of course, we should pay attention to the specific distinction between function words and special content words, such as onomatopoeia and interjection. Then, when students have a specific understanding of what content words are and a specific sense of discrimination, it is relatively easy to say content words in ancient Chinese.

One: There are relatively many notional words in simplified classical Chinese, and the general notional words in classical Chinese are easy to remember, that is, the meaning is similar to that in modern Chinese, except that monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese have been transformed into disyllabic words in modern Chinese. Therefore, the meaning of a word is just an extension.

For example, in many classical Chinese, many ancient Chinese words can be directly transformed into modern Chinese, such as wai, which means siege and encirclement; Rude, rude, etc. So one word (word) in ancient times only needs to be transformed into two words (words) in modern Chinese.

In classical Chinese, this situation appears more. It is worth noting that some difficult words need to be explained. In the narration of difficult words, it is more beneficial for students to simplify the complex, that is, to write the original meaning of simplified words. For example, the word "slightly" is written in seal script, which means farming with tools like people, and also refers to aggression.

Another example is "beating", which means hitting people. Seal script is for people to beat their chests with their hands. Difficult-to-understand characters like this can be characterized by inscriptions on bronze and seal script.

Students are also easy to understand. Therefore, in the teaching of notional words in classical Chinese, we can restore the true colors of words and make them clear to students at a glance.

The specific application can be determined according to the Chinese word-making methods, that is, pictographic characters, fingering, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters, so that students can master difficult fonts simply and clearly. Among many fonts, pictophonetic characters are especially involved in a wide range, and they can be described in detail, so that students can form a mentality of learning as soon as they meet words, which is the first step to pass content words.

Second, we can understand that classical Chinese belongs to traditional culture according to the meaning before and after the sentence. In the long mother tongue teaching, students have a strong sense of literary language. Therefore, in narration, we can infer the meaning of difficult words according to the meaning before and after the words in the sentence. For example, in "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin", "Make workers quench it with medicine.

In this sentence, the meanings of the words "quench" and "quench" are difficult for students to understand. Here, we can analyze them according to the meaning of the two words: "taking" means that the medicine is extremely toxic, and "quenching" has three points of water. Combining the meaning of the sentence before and after, we can infer the meaning of "quenching". According to the previous meaning, Yan Taizi Dan experimented with people. What will happen if the poison is contaminated on him? What will happen to the blood? The meaning of "wisp" is very clear, covered with clothes.

Therefore, in the narrative of notional words in classical Chinese, difficult words can be inferred according to the meaning of the words before and after. Achieve the purpose of clear translation.

It is essential to learn classical Chinese and accumulate content words. In specific memory, you can recite the content words clearly according to the above methods. Of course, teachers play an important role in it, and their own knowledge should be profound, so as to optimize the teaching of content words in classical Chinese.

5. About the notional words in classical Chinese ~ ~ Please come in ` 150 for experts. The Chinese Syllabus for Full-time Senior High Schools (Experimental Revised Edition) has an appendix with 150 substantive words. In order to facilitate students' systematic study, the polysemy of this 150 notional word is systematically sorted out.

For individual explanations that are not commonly used, in order to reduce the burden on students, no income will be given. 1, AI 2, An 3, Bo 4, Bei 5, Bei 6, Ben 7, Bi 8, Bing 9, Bing 10, Cha1,Chang 12, Chao1. Except 19, Chuan 20, the word 2 1, from 22, Da 23, almost 24, Yan 25, Dang 26, Dao 27, De 28, Degree 29, Short 30, Yu 3 1, Fa 32, Fang 33, Fei 34, etc. Over 44, he was 45, hated 46, then 47, Hu 48, suffered from 49, or 50, was sick 5 1, and there was 52, that is, 53, 54, fake 55, intermittent 56, see 57, solve 58, enter 59, do 60, and just 6 1. 7 1, mo 72, nai 73, nei 74, sentence 75, period 76, odd 77, move 78, please 79, poor 80, beg 8 1, go 82, persuade 83, but 84, such as 85, if 86, good 87, slightly 88. Genus 98, No.99, spike 100, rate10/,saying 102, private 103, vegetarian 104, soup104. Back 1 10, dead 1 1, king1/2, king 1 13, evil1/kloc. Xie 1 18,19, Xin 120, Xing12, Hang 122, Xing/kloc-0. Yi 129, Yi 130, Yi 13 1, Yi 132, Yin 133, Yin 134, right/kloc-. Let 14 1, Zhi 142, Zhi 143, Zhi 144, Zhu 145, Thief 146, Family/kloc-.

Grace. The ancient legacy of love is also left-handed.

(Wu Guang Su Ai. Chen She family) These four monarchs are wise and loyal, generous and loving.

"On Qin") 2 Love and care. Parents love their children deeply.

Touch the dragon to tell the queen) (Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him. "Teacher said") 3 idle, reluctant.

Although Qi is young, he doesn't like cows. I don't like places where treasures are valued and precious.

"On Qin") 4 Unfortunately. Ai Ermao (poor white-haired old man)

(Zuo Zhuan) At this point of state affairs, I can't help loving my body. (preface to the guide to southern China) (5) preach "",hide, hide.

Love without seeing, scratching your head. ("Jing Nv") (3) adjectives.

Mean. All people love the king.

(History of Qi Huan) 2. An adjective (1). 1 comfortable, comfortable.

A gentleman doesn't think enough, and he doesn't think about safety. ("The Analects? After two years as an official, I feel at ease.

("Pipa Travel") 2 Steady. The wind and rain are calm as a mountain.

("The hut was broken by the autumn wind") ③ Safe. Xie Zhuang Suian.

(Feng Wanzhen) (4) Diazepam. Not suffering from widowhood and inequality, not suffering from poverty and anxiety.

("Ji Jiangfa") 2 verbs. 1 healthy.

Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided. (Cao Gui Debate) ② Resettlement, resettlement.

Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. (Lost Street Pavilion) (3) Stabilize ...

Let nature take its course ("Ji will cut") 3 pronouns.

Where and how. Pei Hongan is here.

Swallows know the ambition of swans! (Chen She aristocratic family) 3. Bei (1) noun. Quilt.

During the day and night, I fell to the ground. (the death of Yang Xiu) ② Verbs.

① Covering. The heavy snow crossed the mountains and hit several states in South Vietnam.

(Answer to Wei Zhongli's Book "Teacher's Way") After a while, I got home and heard my wife's words, like being hit by snow. ("Promoting Weaving") 2 Bitter, encounter.

The king of Qin hit the cave again and was beaten eight times. ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin") There is hunger in the world, and it is also a trip to heaven.

(On Accumulation and Storage) 3 Application, application and. Go to chaos and be treated by chaos.

("Xunzi? Be careful) (3) prepositions. It means passive.

Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander. ("Biography of Qu Yuan") (4) Pi, tong "Pi", verb.

(1) to wear or wear on the body. The general is strong and sharp.

("Chen She Family") Loose and covered. As for Qu Yuan by the river, he was released to sing by the Zehe River.

(Biography of Qu Yuan) 4. Double (1) verb. ① Double copies.

Although the rewards and punishments are doubled, chaos is inevitable. ("Five Cheaps") One person pays 20 gold, and the bones are slightly injured ... One person is twice as bad and hurts the skin.

("Prison Miscellaneous Notes") ② Increase. How to use a dead neighbor to double Zheng?

("Candle Debate on Qin Shi") ③ Turn your back and turn your back. Guan Zhong turned his back, went in, stood on the screen, and the public did not speak.

("pipe? China Mine) Right back mountain. ("Biography of Huaiyin Hou") 4 Pass "back" and violate it.

Do it twice, and the world can't make it auspicious. ("Xunzi? Heaven) 5 betrayal.

I hope I dare not double my virtue. ("Hongmen Banquet") (2) Quantifiers.

Add the original number once. However, 30 years ago, the number of registered permanent residence increased fivefold.

I have ten times as much land today, please be wider than you. ("Tang drama does not live up to its mission") (3) adverbs.

More and more, more and more. I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays.

("Holidays in the Mountains Think of Brothers in Shandong") 5. This (1) noun. (1) roots of plants.

Lotus is slightly different from flowers and plants, but it has roots and no trees. (Lotus) 2 The stem of vegetation.

Shake it to see its density. (biography of planting trees and camels) 3 fundamental.

Parents are the foundation of people. (Biography of Qu Yuan) The way to moisten ink is based on universal love.

(The Legend of the Wolf in Zhongshan) 4 This industry refers to farming and mulberry. Strengthen cost saving.

Today's people eat a lot, which is a major disability in the world. (On Accumulation and Storage) 5 Manuscripts.

We can't waste what we have today. (Preface to the Southern Tour Guide (⑥ Edition).

All the ancient books and records were printed on the blackboard. (Trap) 7 Play with this book.

Have a unique chapter. ("prison miscellaneous notes") (2) quantifiers.

A plant called a plant. There are 3000 new pine trees.

(Lu Youshi.

6. How to make students master the function words in junior middle school classical Chinese 1 For function words, students should be reminded to pay special attention to the following types of function words: ① notional words with different meanings in ancient and modern times, ② polysemy, ③ compound words with partial meanings, ④ common loanwords, ⑤ monosyllabic words and disyllabic words, ⑤ synonyms and ⑤ flexible words.

2. For function words, we should pay special attention to some special phenomena when learning. (1) If you work part-time. A part-time word refers to a monosyllabic word with the meaning and function of two words, and the two words it occupies belong to two different parts of speech. (2) The use of function words. Function words are used together to strengthen the tone. Two function words are used together, and three are used together. (3) Disyllabic meaning. Classical Chinese used to be two monosyllabic words (some are function words, some are function words, and one is content words), but it has developed into a disyllabic function word in modern Chinese, and their meanings are quite different.

7. 120 Complete solution of notional words in classical Chinese: 1, Ai 2, An 3, Bo 4, Bei 5, Bei 6, Ben 7, Bi 8, Bing 9, Bing 10, Cha 1 1. Cheng 17, Cheng 18, except 19, Chuan 20, Ci 2 1, Cong 22, Da 23, almost 24, Lang 25, Dang 26, Dao 27, De 28, Degree 29, Short 30. Gu 4 1, Gui 42, Guo 43, Guo 44, He 45, Hate 46, Hou 47, Hu 48, Suffering from 49, or 50, Sick 5 1, and 52, that is, 53, both 54 and 55, interval 56, see 57, solution 58. Compassion 67, Pro 68, Mi 69, Ming 70, Mo 72, Nai 73, Nei 74, Sentence 75, Period 76, Strange 77, Move 78, Please 79, Poor 80, Beg 8 1, Go 82, Persuade 83, which is 84, such as 88. Shi 93, Shi 94, Shi 95, Shu 96, Who 97, Genus 98, Number 99, Sui 100, Rate10/,Master 102, Private 103, Su Figure 109, back 1 10, dead 1 1, Wang12, Wang1/kloc-3. Xiang 1 17, Xie 1 18,19, Xin 120, Xing 12 1. Yang 127, Yao 128, Yi 129, Yi 130, Yi13, Yi 132 and Yin/kloc-0. Make 139, know 140, set 14 1, cause 142, quality 143, cure 144, Zhu/kloc-.

Grace. The ancient legacy of love is also left-handed.

(Wu Guang Su Ai. Chen She family) These four monarchs are wise and loyal, generous and loving.

"On Qin") 2 Love and care. Parents love their children deeply.

Touch the dragon to tell the queen) (Love your son, choose a teacher and teach him. "Teacher said") 3 idle, reluctant.

Although Qi is young, he doesn't like cows. I don't like places where treasures are valued and precious.

"On Qin") 4 Unfortunately. Ai Ermao (poor white-haired old man)

(Zuo Zhuan) At this point of state affairs, I can't help loving my body. (preface to the guide to southern China) (5) preach "",hide, hide.

Love without seeing, scratching your head. ("Jing Nv") (3) adjectives.

Mean. All people love the king.

(History of Qi Huan) 2. An adjective (1). 1 comfortable, comfortable.

A gentleman doesn't think enough, and he doesn't think about safety. ("The Analects? After two years as an official, I feel at ease.

("Pipa Travel") 2 Steady. The wind and rain are calm as a mountain.

("The hut was broken by the autumn wind") ③ Safe. Xie Zhuang Suian.

(Feng Wanzhen) (4) Diazepam. Not suffering from widowhood and inequality, not suffering from poverty and anxiety.

("Ji Jiangfa") 2 verbs. 1 healthy.

Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided. (Cao Gui Debate) ② Resettlement, resettlement.

Wang Ping camped ten miles from the mountain. (Lost Street Pavilion) (3) Stabilize ...

Let nature take its course ("Ji will cut") 3 pronouns.

Where and how. Pei Hongan is here.

Swallows know the ambition of swans! (Chen She aristocratic family) 3. Bei (1) noun. Quilt.

During the day and night, I fell to the ground. (the death of Yang Xiu) ② Verbs.

① Covering. The heavy snow crossed the mountains and hit several states in South Vietnam.

(Answer to Wei Zhongli's Book "Teacher's Way") After a while, I got home and heard my wife's words, like being hit by snow. ("Promoting Weaving") 2 Bitter, encounter.

The king of Qin hit the cave again and was beaten eight times. ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin") There is hunger in the world, and it is also a trip to heaven.

(On Accumulation and Storage) 3 Application, application and. Go to chaos and be treated by chaos.

("Xunzi? Be careful) (3) prepositions. It means passive.

Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander. ("Biography of Qu Yuan") (4) Pi, tong "Pi", verb.

(1) to wear or wear on the body. The general is strong and sharp.

("Chen She Family") Loose and covered. As for Qu Yuan by the river, he was released to sing by the Zehe River.

(Biography of Qu Yuan) 4. Double (1) verb. ① Double copies.

Although the rewards and punishments are doubled, chaos is inevitable. ("Five Cheaps") One person pays 20 gold, and the bones are slightly injured ... One person is twice as bad and hurts the skin.

("Prison Miscellaneous Notes") ② Increase. How to use a dead neighbor to double Zheng?

("Candle Debate on Qin Shi") ③ Turn your back and turn your back. Guan Zhong turned his back, went in, stood on the screen, and the public did not speak.

("pipe? China Mine) Right back mountain. ("Biography of Huaiyin Hou") 4 Pass "back" and violate it.

Do it twice, and the world can't make it auspicious. ("Xunzi? Heaven) 5 betrayal.

I hope I dare not double my virtue. ("Hongmen Banquet") (2) Quantifiers.

Add the original number once. However, 30 years ago, the number of registered permanent residence increased fivefold.

I have ten times as much land today, please be wider than you. ("Tang drama does not live up to its mission") (3) adverbs.

More and more, more and more. I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays.

("Holidays in the Mountains Think of Brothers in Shandong") 5. This (1) noun. (1) roots of plants.

Lotus is slightly different from flowers and plants, but it has roots and no trees. (Lotus) 2 The stem of vegetation.

Shake it to see its density. (biography of planting trees and camels) 3 fundamental.

Parents are the foundation of people. (Biography of Qu Yuan) The way to moisten ink is based on universal love.

(The Legend of the Wolf in Zhongshan) 4 This industry refers to farming and mulberry. Strengthen cost saving.

Today's people eat a lot, which is a major disability in the world. (On Accumulation and Storage) 5 Manuscripts.

We can't waste what we have today. (Preface to the Southern Tour Guide (⑥ Edition).

All the ancient books and records were printed on the blackboard. (Trap) 7 Play with this book.

Have a unique chapter. ("prison miscellaneous notes") (2) quantifiers.

A plant called a plant. There are 3000 new pine trees.

A book is called a book. If you print hundreds of thousands of copies, it will be very fast.

(trap) (3) verbs. Investigate the origin, check.

Suppress the traces of its success or failure, but all come from others. (Biography of Lingguan) (4) Adjectives.

It turns out that Liu Wei's real surname exists.

(Hanshu) ⑤ Adverb. Originally, originally.

Ben is in the south of Jizhou. (One Mountain in Gong Yu) Liu Jingting, a native of Taizhou, whose real name is Cao.

("Liu Jingting Biography") (6) Reply.