Explanation of Nouns in Ancient Literature Examination

What are you asking? All the nouns are explained?

1. wind, elegance and praise-the third of the six meanings of the book of songs is also composed of wind, elegance and praise. All right. In essence, it is the classification of music, named after music. "Wind" means "musical tune", and the "wind" in The Book of Songs includes the fifteen national styles. They are:,, Yi, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Yi, Cao and Yi. There are 160 poems; "Ya" is a music song that expresses the orthodox content of the dynasty, which is divided into "Ya" and "Ya". Elegance praises beauty, elegance complains. Poetry 105; Ode is a dance song used in ancestral temple sacrifice, which is divided into Zhou Song, Truffle and Shang Ode, with a total of 40 songs.

2. Zuo Zhuan-formerly known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, the author is unknown, and Sima Qian thinks it is Zuo Qiuming. Its book was written in the early years of the Warring States, and it is a chronological history book. The chronicle of Zuo Zhuan began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (468 BC), which recorded a history of 255 years. In addition, it also supplements the historical facts that Korea, Wei and Zhao wiped out the branch from four to fourteen years. Zuo Zhuan recorded the political, military, cultural and diplomatic activities of various countries in this period in detail, truly described the major historical changes from the decline of emperors and the hegemony of governors to the decline of governors and the monopoly of doctors, and reproduced the major historical events and activities of governors, doctors and other figures.

3. The Warring States Policy-a compilation of historical materials during the Warring States Period, written by different people. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled Thirty-three Articles, which were divided into twelve national policies by country and named as the Warring States Policy. It records a part of the history from the early years of the Warring States to the two hundred and forty years before Qin destroyed the six countries. This book mainly describes the words and deeds of counselors and military strategists in the Warring States period, reflecting the major political and diplomatic events and complex history at that time. Its ideological content mainly focuses on valuing scholars, interests and borrowing power. This book has made great achievements in literature: it is good at reasoning with fables and metaphors, and has created many characters with distinctive personalities, and its narrative reasoning is unrestrained and smooth, which has had a great influence on the development of prose and ci poetry in later generations. The predecessors called it "the most beautiful, the most beautiful and the most literary."

4. Prose of various schools of thought-a hundred schools of prose in the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, due to the lack of authority of the Zhou Emperor, the coexistence of various political centers allowed different theories to develop freely. As a result, many schools of thought such as Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalists, Famous Scholars, Military Strategists, Peasants, Miscellaneous Scholars, Novelists and so on have emerged, forming a hundred schools of thought. They write books, express their opinions boldly, have distinct personalities, criticize the current disadvantages and promote the political and cultural development of various countries. Representative works include The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi of Confucianism, Mozi of Mohism, Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism, Han Feizi of Legalism and Warring States Policy of strategists. Among them, Zhuangzi is the most literary. Xunzi and Han Feizi have reached maturity in style and skills. The whole development process of hundred schools of thought's prose has gradually evolved from a documentary style such as The Analects of Confucius to an argumentative essay such as Han Feizi. From collective records to individual records, styles and techniques are becoming more and more perfect.

5. A hundred schools of thought contend-at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the rise of scholars, these people devoted themselves to the creation of various theories and theories, resulting in a hundred schools of thought contending with different ideological and academic tendencies. Due to the relaxed cultural environment during the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought contended, writing books and expressing their views boldly, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended. Its representatives are Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi of Confucianism, Mozi of Mohism, Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism and Hanfeizi of Legalism.

6. Integrity-Mencius' moral cultivation advocates "I cultivate integrity". The so-called noble spirit is formed by the accumulation of righteousness, and the "biggest and strongest" is "filled between heaven and earth". It is manifested as a lofty and fearless spiritual realm and psychological state.

5. Easy Travel-Zhuangzi's first article, "Easy Travel" refers to travel without any external force and without any external constraints. It is the highest realm of life pursued by Zhuangzi, and it is the realm of absolute freedom of "taking the meaning of heaven and earth, resisting the division of six qi, and swimming endlessly without waiting". Zhuangzi believes that people living in the world are bound by various social constraints, their own limitations and many other factors. In order to realize the freedom of life, they must be liberated from the bondage of secular values, external utility and self. Spiritual harmony with the universe, to achieve the realm of heaven and earth. Vagrancy is a spiritual journey, but it is not a subjective and casual meditation, but a unique way of body and Tao. Later generations also regard it as a realm of life.

6. Chu Ci-At the end of the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan and others in Chu created a new poetic style with southern local characteristics on the basis of Chu folk songs. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others, and named them Chuci. Since then, "Chuci" has become the name of a collection of poems. Songs of the South is a representative work of romanticism, and the word "Xi" is often used in poetry.

7. Jiuge-This is an ancient music song title. According to Shan Hai Jing, it was stolen from the sky by Xia Qi. Qu Yuan's Nine Songs was written when he was exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. It followed the name of the ancient "Nine Songs" and was created on the basis of folk sacrificial songs in Chu. Including eleven works such as Emperor Taiyi, Jun in the Cloud, Xiang Jun, Madam Xiang, Priestess of Death, Shao Siming, Dong Jun, Hebo, Shan Gui, National Mourning and Ritual Soul. In the form of poetry, keep the original songs, dances and music in one. The content is full of strong witchcraft culture and primitive, bold and open love factors. With the help of love stories between human beings and gods or between gods, Qu Yuan's ideals and demands are indirectly expressed.

8. A form of Ci and Fu in Han Dynasty. This kind of works developed from the theory of vertical and horizontal in the Warring States period, and their writing style is closely related to the pre-Qin philosophers. Most of them are in the name of satire, but they seem to belittle reality and praise, and seem to satirize and persuade rulers to praise saints. It is not only huge in form, but also piled with words. Suppose there are three or two people, so as to attack and refute each other, and finally let the party representing the status of the son of heaven win. Representative works include: Seven Hair by Mei Cheng, Zixu Fu and Shanglin Fu by Sima Xiangru, Changyang Fu and Hunting Feather Fu by Yang Xiong, Du Liang Fu by Ban Gu and Liang Jing Fu by Zhang Heng.

9. Cross-reference-a way to describe people in historical records. In order not to hurt the unity of the characters, but also to be faithful to historical facts, Sima Qian arranged some materials that were not suitable for this biography into other chapters, which made the characters' personality characteristics more distinct. This is the so-called "cross-see method". (Tested in 2005)

10. Nineteen ancient poems-representative five-character poems created by literati in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It was first seen in Selected Works of Zhaoming. When Xiao Tong compiled this book in the Southern Dynasties, he collected nineteen first-choice works of some unknown writers in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which were called Nineteen Ancient Poems. These poems reflect the depression of the lower literati at that time and are full of melancholy and sentimental sentiment. Nineteen Ancient Poems has made great artistic achievements, and narrative, scenery description and lyricism have reached a harmonious realm, marking a new stage in the development of ancient poems. (0 1 year has passed)

1 1. Jian 'an style-the unique style of Jian 'an poetry. Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Jian 'an period at the turn of Han and Wei Dynasties is the main representative of literature in this period, including three Cao, seven sons and poetess Cai Yan. They set off the climax of literati's five-character poems. His works directly inherit the realistic spirit of folk songs in Han Yuefu, truly and widely reflect the turbulent social reality and people's sufferings, and show a broad picture of the life of the times; Expressed the writer's ideal ambition and enterprising spirit; At the same time, it also reveals the bitterness that life is short and ambition is hard to pay. It is characterized by grand artistic conception and distinctive style of writing, forming a profound, generous and sad style with distinctive characteristics of the times and personality. Therefore, later generations call this unique style "Jian 'an style", and Zhong Rong's poem "Good things are scattered in the world, but the wind is declining and vulgar, so the ambition is deep and the pen is long, and the outline is concise." (Tested in 2004)

12. Yongming style-the name of a new style poem in Qi and Liang Dynasties. Based on the development of the theory of temperament in the period of Emperor Wu of Qi, Zhou Qing summed up four tones, namely "four tones". At the same time, Shen Yue proposed eight acoustic diseases that must be avoided. A temperament theory centered on "four tones" and "eight diseases" was established. The poet consciously applied the theory of temperament to poetry creation, resulting in a new style of poetry, namely "Yongming style". Its representative writers are Xie Tiao, Shen Yue and Wang Rong. (Tested in 2005)

13. Gong Ti Poetry (Yu Xuti)-The name of "Gong Ti" began with Liang Jian and Xiao Wenbang. Palace poems mainly describe women's posture and life, and their styles are exquisite. Due to the echo of rulers and literati, palace poems became the mainstream of Liang Chen's poems. The main representatives are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Yi and Xu Ling in Liang Dynasty, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin in Chen Dynasty, Chen Houzhu, Jiang Zong and Kong Fan in Chen Dynasty. Because Xu Yi, Xu Ling, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin are all famous for writing colourful poems, they also call this elegant style of colourful poems "Yu Xuti". Although palace poetry is a bad tendency in the history of poetry, it further develops the eternal style and promotes the transformation of poetry from ancient poetry with free expression to regular poetry.

14. Shangguan Style-Nine times out of ten, Shangguan Yi's poems in the early Tang Dynasty were written to serve peace and trust, and when they were patchy, they were called "Shangguan Style".

15. Depression and frustration-the main style of Du Fu's poems. Depression and frustration both refer to feelings. "Depression" means deep, heavy, depressed and restrained, which mainly refers to the intensity, concentration and depth of feelings, with emphasis on "meaning" and "thinking". "Stubby and short" means cadence, punctuation, ups and downs, which mainly refers to the level and rhythm of emotional expression, with emphasis on "law" and "expression". Depression and frustration are closely related, that is, feelings are particularly rich and profound, but they can't be poured out at once, as if something was stuck in it, and after repeated times, it was finally expressed incisively and vividly. (reviewed and discussed in 2005). 04 Tested)

16. Ten Talents in Dali-refers to the top ten poets in Dali in Tang Dynasty. Its origin was first seen in Yao He's Ji Xuan Collection, including ten people including Li Duan, Lu Lun and Qian Qi. But later, some documents recorded differently, so, ten gifted scholars in Dali became an uncertain concept. Dali poets' poetic style is beautiful and quiet, neat and delicate, but the content is poor. Among them, Lu Lun and Qian Qi are outstanding. (Sikong Shu's "Rain Lights Yellow Leaves, Lights Shine Whitehead")

16. Proud and comfortable-prose creation theory advocated by Han Yu. On the basis of Mencius' "Nourishing Qi" and Liang Su's "Wen Qi", the principles of writing are clearly put forward. "If you are full of enthusiasm, it is suitable for people who speak briefly and have a high voice." It is considered that paying attention to the moral cultivation of the author and the emotional strength of the article is the key to writing a good article. "Qi" is the result of self-cultivation, which not only has moral factors, but also comes from personality endowment and spiritual temperament and emotional strength of social practice. When "qi" is extremely rampant, the article will be well written and touching.

17. Running and Warming-The wind of "running and warming" prevailed in the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty. Before the examination, Jinshi often dedicated his poems and songs to famous officials and ministers for honor, which is called "writing papers". See "Cloud Road Full of Nest", which is often used as a scroll. Because of its various styles of writing, it is often used as a scroll. The popularity of "warm scrolls" had a certain influence on the prosperity of Tang legends.

18. Bianwen-a kind of rap-style long narrative popular literature promoted by temple monks to the audience. Mainly refers to Dunhuang Bianwen in Tang Dynasty. The content includes Buddhist stories and secular stories. Chanting stories mainly publicize Zen and feudal superstitions, such as "Da Mu Gan Lian Save Mother" and "Demon Change". Telling and singing secular stories is full of life and practical significance, such as Meng Jiangnu's essays, Yong Dong's essays and Wu Zixu's essays.

19. Huajian Ci School-named after Huajian Ci Collection. During the Five Dynasties, Zhao Chongzuo compiled 500 poems by 18 poets, including Wen and Wei Zhuang, whose pronouns were similar in the late Tang Dynasty, into Huajianji, the earliest collection of literati words in China. Because these literati all wrote Ci with Wen as their ancestor, the style of Ci was generally similar, and the "Huajian Ci School" came from this. Huajian Ci is an anthology of Geisha Ci, which is the product of the combination of Qi Lianggong style and Shang Feng in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. Most of the content is entertainment, men and women have affairs, and the style can't escape soft words and soft feelings. (Tested in 2003)

20. Ci is a style, and its specific meaning is the lyrics filled in according to the phrases and syllables of Yan Yuefu's music. Ci has various tunes, and each tune has a name called epigraph, such as Bodhisattva Man, Su Mu Man, Yi Jiangnan, Nian Nujiao and so on. Every word can be untitled, but there must be no aphorism. Fill in the words according to music, so each epigraph has a fixed score. The score determines the number of sentences and syllables of each epigraph, and also determines the number of sentences, the number of words and the position of rhyme, as well as the level and level relationship of the words themselves. That is to say, each epigraph has a fixed format, which is called "the tune has a fixed box and the words have a fixed sound." Words are used to sing, and once a song is played, it is called a que, so a lyric is also called a que, or a song. Generally, the music should be repeated when singing, so the lyrics are generally divided into two parts. Only one lyric is said to be monotonous. Of course, there is also a word that has three or four gaps in later generations. Words are divided into poems, middle tones and long tones according to their length, and long tones are also called slow words.

1 Kunxi style-a poem mainly represented by money in the early Northern Song Dynasty, whose important symbol is reward collection. They mainly study Li Shangyin's poems in the late Tang Dynasty, exaggerating the formal beauty of Li's poems, paying attention to duality, liking to use allusions, piling up rhetoric, advocating exquisiteness and pursuing magnificence.

2 Yi 'an Style-Li Qingzhao's name is Yi 'an Jushi, so her ci is called Yi 'an Style, which has three characteristics. First, it uses easy-to-understand literary language and fluent melodic intonation to write words. Second, Yi 'an style has a tragic style, which incorporates the deep sadness and great pain of the rise and fall of the country without losing the true colors of graceful words. Third, Yi 'an style has \

3 Valley Style-refers to the poem written by Huang Tingjian, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Tingjian's poems are characterized by strangeness, delicacy and hardness, and its artistic features are as follows: 1 Taking learning from Du Fu's poems as its purpose, it attaches importance to syntax and develops a strange sentence and law system; (2) emphasize "the word has no source", use allusions to bring forth the new, turn the vulgar into elegance, turn iron into gold, and take the fetus as the bone; Curiosity is still hard.

4 One ancestor and three sects-refers to the poets advertised by Jiangxi School as imitators, and the ancestor refers to Du Fu. Jiangxi Poetry School flaunts that it wants to learn from Du Fu, especially the superb artistic skills of Du Fu's poems, learn the syntax and spelling of Du Fu's poems, and even imitate the seven-syllable form of Du Fu's poems, but ignores the emotional characteristics of Du Fu's poems. Three cases involved Huang Tingjian and Chen. Among them, Huang Tingjian's poetry theory and creative theory are the focus of study and imitation. His poems emphasize "no words and no place", "turning the stone into gold" and "robbing the fetus to change the bone".

Jiangxi Poetry School-refers to the poetry school with Huang Tingjian as the main body and characterized by his poetic style in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was named after Lv Benzhong's Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society. In the photo, Huang Tingjian ranked first, followed by Chen Shidao, with 25 people. Jiangxi Poetry School studied Du Fu and took Huang Tingjian's poems as a model.

The school of Sao Ya Ci refers to the artistic features of Jiang Kui's Ci, namely "emptiness" and "elegance".

7 Chengzhai Style-Yang Wanli's poems, known as "Chengzhai Style", entered from Jiangxi, not from Jiangxi, which is the premise of the establishment of "Chengzhai Style", with the theme of small interests in daily life. His writing is lively and natural, humorous, and he looks at everything around him with novel eyes, captures fleeting scenes, and uses agile and dexterous methods to describe specific scenes full of small interests in life, which has the characteristics of novel and interesting imagination, popular and lively language and vivid style. "Sincere style" is the best, mainly studying Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels and the "Late Tang Style" in the Tang Dynasty.

8 Mid-Levels Poetry-Mid-Levels Poetry is the place where Wang Anshi lived in Jiangning in his later years. His poems in this period were edited into Mid-Levels Collection, also known as Mid-Levels Poetry, and the main genre was quatrains.

9 Jianghu Poetry School —— a poetry school rising after Yongjia Four Spirits, represented by Dai Fugu and Fang Yue, was named after the publication of Jianghu Collection by Chen Qi. They wander the rivers and lakes, write poems and sing songs, have multiple effects and four spirits, and advocate the unique thinking of the late Tang Dynasty style, aiming at lamenting, sketching as quickly as possible and doing nothing first.

10 Late Tang Style-refers to the creative style represented by "Four Spirits" poems in the Southern Song Dynasty. Advocating to learn from the late Tang Dynasty, four-character poems are very clever. Out of the bitter poetic style of Jia Dao and Yao He, it is specially written for metrical poems, full of ambiguity, anger, dilution and peace, and light and cold. The limitation of the "four spirits" lies in their painstaking recitation and deliberate pursuit of merit.

Zhugongdiao (11)-refers to a long rap literary form which combines several tunes of the same gongdiao into short sets that rhyme from beginning to end, and then with short sets of different gongdiao. It consists of two parts: verse and prose. Singing white and speaking white alternately belong to narrative style.

12 wedge is an important part of the script structure of Yuan Zaju. Generally speaking, the wedge is short and there is no special story. It is often placed at the beginning of the script to explain the prelude of the plot, and sometimes it is placed between folds to play a transitional role.

13 Ke Fan, a part of the script, refers to the main actions, expressions and stage effects of the actors specified in the script, which is called Ke Fan for short.

14 fold-it's a music unit, and 10 fold uses a set of songs in the same palace tune.

15 transcript-the transcript of the "speaker"' s speech was originally a written record of the "conversation" between master and apprentice. It is not a written work for people to read. Originally a colloquial style, it has now been adapted into a readable story.

16 public security school-refers to the main figures Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Zhongdao and Yuan Hongdao who were put forward in the late Ming Dynasty under the influence of Li Zhi's childlike innocence. They are all named after people in Gongan County, Hubei Province, and their core theory is to advocate "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to one pattern" put forward by Yuan Hongdao.

17 —— One of the literary societies advocated by Jiangnan literati in the late Ming Dynasty. Tomorrow, Zhang Qian and Chen Zhenhui in the south of the Yangtze River began to form societies. During the Chongzhen period, people from the North and South Literary Societies were gathered. They will set up a rehabilitation club in Huqiu, Suzhou, and give a speech after Lindong's party to criticize current politics. The main authors are Chen Zilong, etc.

18 Taige Style is a group of writers and their creations represented by Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu and Yang Rong in the early Ming Dynasty. Most of these writers are important ministers of the imperial court, lacking in creative content, mainly praising and whitewashing peace, but they also show a kind of * * *, that is, they attach great importance to the artistic form of poetry and appear elegant and gorgeous in style.

19 Tang and Song School —— A literary school that appeared in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, with the main goal of refuting the theory of restoring ancient ways of the first seven scholars represented by Li Mengyang, with representatives such as Shen Zhong, Tang Shunzhi, Mao Kun and Gui Youguang. Its basic point of view is to oppose the replacement of "Tao" with literary talents and advocate the restoration of the tradition of "integration of literature and Taoism" led by Neo-Confucianism in Tang and Song Dynasties.

20. Yanghu School-the prose school represented by Ji Jing and Zhang Huiyan in Qing Dynasty. Ji Jing is a Changzhou Yang Laker, and his successors are mostly fellow villagers, hence the name. Both Yun and Zhang are disciples of Liu Dakui of Tongcheng School, but they are dissatisfied with the rules and regulations of Tongcheng School's ancient prose. Their compositions are based on Confucian classics and hundreds of books, and their writing style is more arbitrary, becoming a tributary of Tongcheng School.

2 1 Tongcheng School is an important prose school in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Its representatives are Fang Bao, Liu Dakui and Yao Nai, all from Tongcheng, Anhui Province, so they are called Tongcheng School. The basic theoretical feature of Tongcheng School's prose is that it is based on Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, serving the Qing regime, and taking the ancient prose of eight masters in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and the Tang and Song Dynasties as a model. Its article system and practice are as follows.

Forever occupied by one person —— Li Yu's four famous zaju works in the early Qing Dynasty, A handful of snow, Man and Animals, Eternal Reunion and Zhan Huakui, show Li Yu's ideal of marriage and love from different angles, and at the same time use these works to criticize the apathy of the world since the late Ming Dynasty, which has obvious reality.

Nanshe is a progressive literary group in modern China with the arrival of the climax of bourgeois democratic revolution, represented by Chen Qubing, Liu Yazi and Gao Xu, who advocated national integrity and democratic revolution and consciously used words to carry out various anti-Qing activities.

Poetry revolution refers to a literary improvement movement initiated by/kloc-0 in the second half of the 9th century. These writers mainly include Kang Youwei, Huang Zunxian, Tan Sitong and Liang Qichao. They tried to use poetry as a tool to spread their political opinions and social ideals, and advocated "my hand and my heart". Although the achievements of the poetry revolution were not high, they showed patriotic and democratic thoughts and played a leading role in the May 4th New Culture Movement.