What aspects does culture include?

Culture exists with the appearance and development of human civilization, so the fruits of cultural development will increase with the continuous development of human society. According to different standards, it can be divided into the following aspects:

(1) Mainstream culture, subculture and counterculture?

Mainstream culture is the orthodox culture that dominates a society, and it can also be called mainstream culture. For example, in the traditional society of China, Confucian culture was the dominant mainstream culture in that period, and the rulers relied on the spread of Confucian culture to unify people's thoughts. In different historical periods, the mainstream culture of a society will be different with the changes of the times.

Sub-culture is a culture in a secondary position in society. Just like in China, a multi-ethnic country, the culture of the Han nationality, which accounts for the majority of the population, is the mainstream culture, and the characteristic cultures of the other 55 ethnic minorities are the so-called subcultures.

Usually, in a society, in addition to mainstream culture and subculture, there is another culture called counter-mainstream culture. In fact, in a strict sense, counterculture is also a subculture, but counterculture is not a derogatory term. When the mainstream culture of a society has been deformed or declined, the impact of counter-culture can often revitalize the culture of this society. Just like the New Culture Movement of that year, although it was a kind of counter-culture, its rise and development brought light and hope to China, which was shrouded in feudal and decadent culture at that time.

(2) National culture, regional culture and class culture?

National culture is a cultural type with its own national characteristics created by different nationalities in the world in their respective development process. It can be said that a nation's culture is an important symbol of its existence and development, and it is also the link of its historical inheritance.

Regional culture is mainly biased towards the characteristics of geographical environment. Due to different natural conditions and geographical environment, the cultures formed in different regions will be different due to their obvious regional characteristics, thus forming a specific regional culture.

Due to the different occupations and social division of labor of different social classes, the lifestyles and cultural activities of different social classes will also produce various class cultures because of their different social status. ?

? (3) Material culture and spiritual culture

Material culture refers to the material products created by human beings, including production tools, labor objects and technologies for creating material products. Material culture comes from technology and is directly related to the organization of social and economic activities. It manifests itself through economic, social, financial and market infrastructure. Material culture is the display and combination of technology and material products invented and created by human beings. Different material and cultural conditions reflect different stages of economic development and the development level of human material civilization. Material culture not only refers to "material", but more importantly, it emphasizes a cultural or civilized state.

Spiritual culture is a unique ideology produced by human beings in the production of material culture, and it is a collection of various human ideologies. The superiority of spiritual culture lies in the inheritance of human cultural genes, which can be continuously enriched and improved in practice. This is also the internal motive force of human cultural spirit to continuously promote material culture.

Extended content:

Function of culture

The substantive function of culture is a series of production activities carried out by human beings to meet their own needs, while the fundamental function of culture is to realize the expanded reproduction of human beings as the main body.

(A) Physiological demand function

Human beings create culture first to meet their own physiological needs. So in this respect, the emergence of material culture is mainly used to meet people's physiological needs.

Physiological needs are the most basic needs for human beings to survive on the earth. In order to meet this demand, human beings began to carry out labor production, plant crops, make warm clothes and build shelters. Subsequently, food culture, clothing culture and living culture appeared. It can be said that one of the most important functions of culture at the beginning of its formation is to meet people's physiological needs.

(B) the function of psychological needs

The emergence of the psychological demand function of culture is precisely the higher level spiritual culture created by human beings in order to obtain spiritual comfort and pursue spiritual home after meeting material needs. This function of culture can help people get a spiritual sustenance when they are helpless or encounter problems that cannot be solved in material aspects, and it is the spiritual pillar that supports the human mind.

(C) Social demand function

Just like people's physiological and psychological needs, the development of society also needs the corresponding help of culture to meet its own development needs. The social demand function of culture plays an indispensable role in maintaining the stability of the whole society and realizing the harmonious development between man and society.

1. integration function. Through the integration of culture, we can coordinate the relationship between various parts of culture, such as customs, morality, beliefs, systems, production and so on. , thus forming a harmonious and closely linked whole. The function of cultural integration is to standardize the thoughts, systems, consciousness and behaviors of members of the same country or nation, so that members of this country or nation have a sense of belonging to their own country or nation. Through the continuous integration of culture into society, the effect of "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" can appear, and the cultures of various regions and nationalities can also be integrated with each other, thus strengthening national unity and promoting the stability and development of the whole society.

2. Guiding function. The guiding role of culture in society can be reflected in many aspects. For example, the orientation of culture in family life can make a born baby gradually master the language ability from ignorance to the guidance of parents, thus completing the socialization of childhood and participating in social life normally.

3. Standardization function

An important function of culture is to form various institutional norms to restrain people's social behavior, maintain the normal order of society and ensure the orderly operation and stable development of a society.

References:

Spiritual Culture _ Baidu Encyclopedia

Material culture _ Baidu Encyclopedia

Culture (extensive knowledge, flexible learning, inner cultivation) _ Baidu Encyclopedia