Which instruments belong to folk music?

-[Musical Instrument Teaching] Classification of Folk Musical Instruments in China

The Classification of National Folk Musical Instruments in China

First, the classification of ancient "eight tones"

In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a method to classify musical instruments according to different materials, which was divided into eight categories: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, wood, earth, leather and wood, and it was called "eight tones". For more than 3,000 years from the weekend to the early Qing Dynasty, China has been using the "eight-tone" classification.

Gold: mainly bells, which prevailed in the Bronze Age. In ancient times, the clock was not only a musical instrument, but also a ritual vessel symbolizing status and power. Princes and nobles widely use bell music in various ceremonies, banquets and daily Yan music, such as courtship and sacrifice. The positive drum part and the side drum part of a bell can emit two frequency tones, which are generally three-degree intervals. In addition, there are Qing, Yu and Gou, which are basically the deformation of the clock.

Stone: all kinds of chimes, mainly limestone, followed by bluestone and jade. They are all in the shape of a sentence, and the bottom is slightly bent. Different sizes and thicknesses. The metal frame is made of copper and has a single-sided double-layer structure, and the cross beam is circular and tubular. The column and base are all monster shapes, with faucets, cranes' necks, birds' bodies and turtle feet. Unique shape, exquisite and firm production. The chin is suspended in two layers, each layer is divided into two groups, one group is six pieces, arranged according to the relationship of four or five degrees; A group of ten pieces, the relationship between two adjacent chins is two degrees, three degrees and four degrees. They are combined in different tones.

Silk: all kinds of stringed instruments, because ancient strings were made of silk. There are Qin, Qin, Zhu, Pipa, Huqin, Zijiao and so on.

Bamboo: bamboo wind instruments, flutes, flutes, flutes, flutes, pipes, etc.

"Shu" refers to the fruit of cucurbitaceae, and the musical instrument made of Shu is mainly Sheng.

Earth: namely, pottery musical instruments, Tao Di, pottery drums, etc.

Pi: Mainly all kinds of drums, mainly hanging drums and building drums.

Wood: Very few now. There are all kinds of wooden drums, flutes and rafters. Cuo is an ancient percussion instrument. It looks like a crouching tiger, with serrated thin boards on its back. One end of the bamboo tube is split into several pieces, and its sawtooth pronunciation is scraped out in the opposite direction, ending the music. Used in court music of past dynasties. It is often an ancient percussion instrument. Shaped like a square wooden box, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Tap the spine (wooden stick) on its inner wall to make a sound, indicating that the music is about to start. Used in court music of past dynasties.

Second, the current classification of common musical instruments (by performance)

wind instrument

The pronunciation of wind instruments in China is mostly made of bamboo or wood. According to the different vibration methods, it can be divided into three categories: the first category, there are flutes, flutes (Qu Di and Bangdi), flutes and so on.

In the second category, there are suona, sea flute, pipe, double pipe, throat and other musical instruments that make the orchestral string vibrate when the airflow blows over the whistle.

The third category includes Sheng, Baosheng, Paisheng and the Eighth Five-Year Plan.

Due to the different pronunciation principles, the types and timbres of musical instruments are extremely colorful and have strong personality. And because of the differences in playing skills of various instruments, as well as the differences in regions, nationalities, times and performers, wind instruments in national instrumental music have formed extremely rich playing skills in the long-term development process, with unique playing styles and genres.

Representative musical instruments: Sheng, Lusheng, Paixiao, Hulusi, Guanzi, Bawu, Lian, Suona and Xiao.

All musical instruments: Muye, paper, bamboo flute (Dong), snail flute (Zhuang), Zhaojun (Han), Tuliang (Jingpo), spouse, Er (Kazak), mouthpiece (Han), bark earthen pipe (Miao), (Nu), Xiao (Han) and Chiba. , Chi (Han), Lian (Han), Bei (Tibetan), Zhan Jian (Miao), Xiao Jie (Miao), Dong Dongkui (Tujia), Yida (Li), Lie (Li), Suona (Han), Suona (Han)

Plucked/stringed instruments

The plucked instruments in China are divided into horizontal and vertical types. Horizontal styles, such as: Zheng (guzheng and tuning Zheng), guqin, dulcimer and piano solo. Vertical, such as: Pipa, Ruan, Yueqin, Sanxian, Dongbula, Zamu Nie.

Playing musical instruments is bright and crisp. There are two ways to play the right hand: fake nails and Paizi. The right hand skills are fully developed, such as bouncing, picking, rolling, turning, hooking, rubbing, buckling, rowing, brushing, dividing, patting, lifting and picking. The richness of right-hand skills also promotes the development of left-hand skills such as pressing, reading, kicking, hugging, twisting, pushing, hugging, squatting, standing and lifting.

Most of the instruments played are rhythmic, except solo, but the aftertaste is very short, so you need to roll or turn long notes. Generally, the strength of plucked instruments does not change much. In the band, except guqin, other instruments have strong sound penetration.

In addition to single stringed instruments, plucked instruments mostly divide the pitch by code (or column), and vertically divide the pitch by phase and quality, which can be divided into two types: no phase and no quality. Generally speaking, it is easy to tune except the common zither arranged in five tones.

All kinds of playing instruments have a good effect on the playing of overtones. Besides piano solo, you can play two notes, chord, pipa and interval jump.

China's musical instrument playing styles are varied, and the names and symbols of playing techniques are not consistent.

Representative musical instruments: pipa, Zheng, dulcimer, lyre (guqin), Rewap, Dongbula, Ruan, Sanxian, Yueqin and piano.

All musical instruments: Metal Kouxian (Miao) (Kirgiz), Bamboo Kouxian (Yi), (Gaoshan), Pipa (Han), Ruan (Han), Yueqin (Han), (Han), Sanxian (Han), Rewafu (Uygur) and so on.

percussion instrument

China has a wide variety of national percussion instruments, rich skills and distinctive national style.

According to different pronunciations, it can be divided into: 1 and gong, such as big gong, small gong, cloud gong, cymbals and bells. 2, ringing wood, such as: board, bangzi, wooden fish, etc. 3. Leather, such as drums, drums, drums, elephant feet drums, etc.

China's percussion music is not only a rhythmic instrument, but each percussion group can play independently, which plays an important role in setting off music content, drama plot and increasing musical expression. Western orchestras in China often use national percussion instruments.

National percussion music can be divided into fixed pitch and non-fixed pitch. There is no fixed pitch, such as drum, gong, cymbal, board, bang, bell, etc. Have a fixed pitch, such as drums, drums, cymbals, etc.

Typical musical instruments: hall drums (drums), jingle bells, cylindrical drums, fixed-tone cylindrical drums, bronze drums, Korean long drums, big gongs and small gongs, small drums, drums (tambourines) and cymbals.

All musical instruments: Bangzi (Han nationality), pestle (Gaoshan nationality), (Li nationality), Lihua Pian (Han nationality), Lagan (Dai nationality), (Wa nationality), (Jinuo nationality) and cymbals. Ban (Han nationality), Muyu (Han nationality), Five Dynasties (Han nationality), Faling (Tibetan), Yaoling (Manchu), (Han nationality), Tonggu (Zhuang, Gelao, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Miao and Yao), Elephant Foot Drum (Dai). Taiping Drum (Manchu), Er (Tibetan), Rattle Drum (Han), Dulcimer (Han), Zhutongqin (Yao), Daodao (Kemu) and Sabayi (Uygur).

stringed instrument

String instruments mainly refer to huqin instruments. Although its history is shorter than other national musical instruments, it is widely used in solo, ensemble, ensemble and accompaniment because of its beautiful pronunciation, rich expressive force and high playing skills and artistic level.

Most stringed instruments are double stringed instruments, and a few use four stringed instruments, such as Hu Si, Gehu and Ai Jieke. Snake skin, python skin, sheepskin, etc. Covered by most piano tubes; Several boards were used, such as coconut trees and banhu. A few are flat or oblate, such as, Hu, Banhu, etc. And their timbres are elegant and soft, and some are clear and bright; Some are full of vigor and vitality, cheerful personality and full of singing.

Typical musical instruments: Erhu, Banhu, Gehu, Ma Touqin, Ai Jieke, Jinghu, Zhonghu and Gao Hu.

All musical instruments: music saw (Russian), bowstring (Tibetan), erhu (Han), Gao Hu (Han), Jinghu (Han), Sanhu (Han), Hu Si (Han), Banhu (Han), Diaoqin (Han), Diaohu (Han) and Xiqin (Han). Ai Jieke (Uygur), Sattar (Uygur), Kaolegeqin (Dong), Jurnikl Qin (Wa), Yazheng (Korean) and Guzheng (Han).