Difference between people-centered and human-centered?

Today's era, the people-oriented thinking and the connotation of the concept of people-oriented is quite easy to confuse, people to the people-oriented (people-oriented) and people-oriented (people-oriented) the two concepts so far there is no universally agreed upon definition. In my opinion, there is a clear difference between the concepts of "people-oriented" and "people-oriented". The traditional concept of "people-oriented" in our country is relative to that of "king-oriented" and "government-oriented", which originally refers to the concept of rule put forward by the wise kings and ministers of ancient China for the purpose of maintaining and consolidating their rule. Its basic idea is mainly manifested as emphasizing the people, valuing the people, and settling the people, etc.; while the concept of "people-oriented" is relative to the "God-oriented", which belongs to the category of philosophy at first, and then the concept of people-oriented has been gradually extended to the fields of politics, economy and management, etc.. The concept of human-oriented germinated in the ancient Greek period, the Socratic period, "man has replaced nature and become the center of debate. In addition, there are many inherent differences between the two in terms of the object of attention, the pursuit of goals, the concept of value, the reference object and the role of history.

1. The object of attention: "people" mentioned in the "people-oriented" thought, in fact, belongs to the concept of "class groups", class and hierarchy is the actual people's attributes. Class and hierarchy are the actual attributes of the people. As Huang Zongxi said, "The rule and disorder of the world does not depend on the rise and fall of a single family name, but on the happiness and concern of ten thousand people", and "people" in this context generally refers to the people under the sky, who have a relatively higher degree of social status compared to the "ruler". The "people" mentioned in this context generally refers to the people under the sky, which has a broader meaning of group. Humanistic thinking focuses on the "class of individuals" and takes this as the theoretical base and logical starting point for celebrating the universal values of human beings. Based on the importance of individual interests and rights, humanistic thinking has been recognized and accepted by more people, and its theory has been gradually spread, developed and improved.

2. Pursuit of goals: the fundamental purpose of the rulers to follow the people-centered thinking is to consolidate public opinion, in order to maintain, consolidate and strengthen a specific ruling order and social order, and then seek a specific class interests and to achieve a specific political goals, such as the Tang Taizong cloud: "Lovely non-ruler, can be feared, non-people, the son of heaven, the road is pushed by the people to the main road, the way is not the people to abandon the use, honestly fearful. The Son of Heaven, if he has the way, people will push him to be the master; if he has no way, people will abandon him and not use him. The fundamental goal of "people-oriented" is mainly the pursuit of human personality liberation and the right to benefit, value plurality, personality differences and diverse interests is its inevitable logic.

3. Value concept: The basic value concept of "people-oriented" is mainly manifested in the following aspects. First, the importance of the people and the people. "Honor the sky and protect the people", "the people are the foundation of the state", "the people are precious and the king is light", "the king is the people" and other ancient teachings show the importance of the people. The Zuo Zhuan (《左传》) shows the importance it attaches to the people. The Zuo Zhuan elaborates on the importance of the people from the height of the rise and fall of the country, which says: "When the country is about to rise, listen to the people; when the country is about to fall, listen to God." Second, love and benevolence to the people. Mozi advocated the idea of "love for both sides and mutual benefit". Third, to protect the people. In the Book of Shangshu, it is said, "If you want to live for ten thousand years, you must protect the people for the rest of your life." "People-oriented" mainly adheres to the value criterion of "people as the purpose and people as the root". For one thing, it promotes the subjective position and active role of human beings, affirms their value, and respects their personality. According to Protagoras, "man is the measure of all things". Secondly, celebrating human freedom, calling for the liberation of individuality, the pursuit of happiness in this world, Rousseau believes that in the "state of nature", "man is born free". Thirdly, it celebrates human ability and virtue, and extols human reason and rationality.

4. Object of reference: in political relations, the people and the ruler, the people and the government exist in a symmetrical form, so the people are mainly relative to the ruler and the government, and thus the theory of "the people are more important than the government" political and ethical relations. In essence, "man" is a conscious and thinking "class" that exists in relation to "things", and the human nature is relative to the divine nature, and thus the theory of "man is superior to god" is established. The subject-object relationship of "man is the primary and God is the secondary" and "man is the end of things" has been established in theory.

5. Historical role: Although there are inherent class limitations in China's ancient people-oriented thinking, but the "people-oriented" thought reveals a profound law of governance, and played an objective historical role. First, it conformed to public opinion and restrained authoritarian power. Secondly, it maintained social order and national stability. Third, it has strengthened cultural identity, consolidated national unity and promoted national unity. In the process of social development of western countries, humanistic thinking has a unique historical role. On the one hand, it has affirmed the subjective status of human beings and celebrated the liberation of human personality. Ancient Greece and Rome, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and many later thinkers advocated the physical and mental freedom, enjoyment of the present and the liberation of personality, and vigorously defended the subjective position of human beings. On the other hand, they subverted the feudal theocracy and contributed to the politics of democracy and the rule of law. In modern times, humanistic thinking has y penetrated into the political and social life of many Western countries as a value concept, and has been internalized as a universal value pursuit of people at the psychological level.

Objectively, there are many links between people-oriented and human-oriented. First of all, from the internal meaning of the people and the people to analyze, the extension of the people is broader than the people. Second, from the people-based policy implementation path and the realization of the people's interests in the form of examination. Third, from the international humanitarian general principles, we emphasize the people-oriented at the same time, but also must be "outside the people" of the individual into the humanitarian care, to become a human being's minimum dignity, personality and other basic rights to pay attention to and pay attention to.