Who are the greatest Russian writers and what works do they have?

Ancient Russian people left a wealth of folk oral creation. Warriors' songs, fairy tales, ballads and proverbs reflect the life and expectations of ancient people and are important sources of written literature.

The first masterpiece of Russian ancient written literature is the heroic epic "The Expedition of Igor" written by an unknown poet at the end of 12 century. The epic tells the true history of Igor's conquest of Madame Poirot, a nomadic grassland people in the Russian Principality. This work was not discovered until the end of the eighteenth century. /kloc-After the 0/3rd century, the rule of Mongolian Tatars led to the stagnation of Russian culture, and only some works appeared, such as The Battle on the Other Side of the Don River. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, class contradictions intensified, and satirical novels reflecting the struggle between the poor and landlords, wealthy businessmen and monks developed, such as the story of Semyakin's Trial.

/kloc-the formation of a unified nation-state in the 0/8th century promoted the development of Russian literature. In the middle of the century, classical literature rose. Although Su marov's Sorrow and Comedy, lomonosov's ode, Kantemir's satirical poems and Jerchavin's poems have different ideological tendencies, they basically follow the classical creative principles. /kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, due to the intensification of class contradictions and the vibration of the peasant uprising in pugachev, two new literary schools emerged. The representative writer of sentimentalism is karamzin (1766- 1826). He avoided social contradictions and described the rural life of farmers in a sad style. However, he is good at using fluent spoken English and pays attention to describing the delicate feelings of ordinary people, which has made contributions to expanding the theme of Russian literature and developing literary language. The representative satirist of critical realism is Feng Weixin (17 14- 1792). He exposed the cruelty and ignorance of the aristocratic class with his satirical comedy dude. The representative writer of this school is Rajiv (1749- 1802). He was the initiator of Russia and the pioneer of aristocratic revolutionaries. In his masterpiece A Journey from Petersburg to Moscow, he exposed the evils of serfdom, described the miserable life of farmers, and predicted in the chapter Ode to Freedom that the people would raise their swords against the rule of autocratic serfdom.

18 12 In the first half of the 9th century, due to the awakening of national consciousness after the Great Patriotic War and the preparation of aristocratic revolution, as well as the influence of western European romantic literature, Russian romantic literature rose to a dominant position. The representative of negative romanticism is Zhukovsky (1783- 1852). His poems are vague and mysterious without touching social themes, but the poetic language is pure and beautiful, which has a good influence on the development of Russian poetry. The representative figures of positive romantic poetry are early Pushkin, lermontov and The Decemberists poet Ryliyev (1795- 1826). 1February, Party poets attacked tyranny with sharp brushstrokes, exposed the cruel exploitation of serfs by the ruling class, and carried out revolutionary agitation.

1825 to1The 1940s was the period when Russian realistic literature sprouted, formed and completely established. Twenty-five years ago, krylov (1768- 1844) showed the artistic power of realism with fables reflecting the real life of Russia, and Grebaoyetov (1795- 1829) revealed the comedy "The Pain of Wisdom" by the aristocratic authorities (also translated as "Smart" But Pushkin is the real founder of realism, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol is the greatest representative of critical realism in the second half century, and belinsky, the pioneer of revolutionary democracy, helped to establish critical realism with literary criticism.

Yashe Pushkin (1799- 1837) is the founder of modern Russian literary language, the main representative of Russian positive romantic poetry and the founder of realistic literature. His poems, such as Ode to Freedom, To Chaadayev, and To the Prisoner of Siberia, express the thought that contemporary advanced young people pursue freedom and lose their ambitions in the aristocratic revolution. His novels, such as The Captain's Daughter with the theme of the peasant uprising in pugachev and The Postman with the theme of the fate of "nobody", show the democratic thought of sympathizing with the people's fate and the writer's simple and concise writing style. Pushkin's masterpiece is the poetic novel yevgeni onegin. The novel created the first typical "superfluous man" of Russian aristocratic youth, and was recognized as the foundation stone of Russian realistic literature.

Mi You lermontov (1814-1841) was a famous poet and novelist in the 19th century. Most of his poems and novels express the frustration and indignation of advanced intellectuals after the failure of the aristocratic revolution, and shape the rebellious character of protesting against reality. His famous poems include Death of a Poet and Sail. In the novel "Contemporary Heroes", lermontov depicts the "superfluous man" portrait of the aristocratic youth in 1930s.

Niwa Nikolai Gogol (1809- 1852) played a special role in establishing the critical tendency of Russian literature. His satirical comedy "An Imperial Envoy" and novel "Dead Soul" exposed the two enemies of the Russian people-bureaucrats and landlords. Because of the combination of biting satire and humorous satire, Nicola Nikolai Gogol's works have received obvious artistic effect.

Vig belinsky (181-1848) was the founder of critical realism literary theory and a literary critic of revolutionary democracy in the first half of the 9th century. He advocated the "natural school" (critical realism school) represented by Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, which made critical realism literature the dominant trend of Russian literature and promoted the closer combination of literature and liberation movement. His important literary criticism articles include A Letter to Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, On Pushkin's Works, A Glance at Russian Literature (1847) and so on.

/kloc-In the mid-9th century, the development of the democratic revolutionary movement promoted the prosperity of literary creation. The sixties and seventies were the most active periods for literary magazines. The most famous magazines were Modern People and Chronicle of the Motherland sponsored by revolutionary Democrats. During this period, the literary masterpieces created by famous Russian writers expressed Russian social life with rich language and vivid images.

Turgenev and Goncharov are writers of noble birth. They advocated the abolition of Russian serfdom through top-down improvement and were loyal to the principle of realism in artistic creation. Both writers are familiar with Russian literary language and are good at describing natural scenery and outstanding Russian female images. Their representative works faithfully reflect the whole social life before and after the Russian serfdom reform from different aspects. I thank Turgenev (18 18- 1883) for publishing novels such as Luo Ting, Eve, Father and Son, and describing the ideological outlook of noble intellectuals and ordinary intellectuals. Yiya Goncharov (18 12- 1889) is familiar with rural life under Russian patriarchal system, and depicts the disintegration of Russian serfdom with novels such as Oberov. The "Aubrey Love's Character" portrayed by the latter has become synonymous with being passive, lazy, getting something for nothing and not striving for progress.

Necrasov and Saltikoff Shedelin are both revolutionary Democrats from noble families. They advocated overthrowing the czar's autocratic system by means of peasant revolution, and their literary creation and literary magazine activities showed a distinct revolutionary tendency. Necrasov (182 1- 1878)' s long poem "Who can live a good life in Russia? It comprehensively depicts the Russian countryside after the serfdom reform and shows the people's resistance. Ye Mi Saltikoff-Schederin (1826- 1889) carried forward Nikolai Gogol's satirical tradition and became the greatest satirist in the second half of the19th century. His masterpiece is the novel Mr. and Mrs. Golov, which exposes the rudeness, cruelty, hypocrisy, pleasure and corruption of the declining aristocratic class.

/kloc-the literary criticism activities of Russian revolutionary Democrats in the middle of the 0/9th century are an important condition for promoting the prosperity of critical realism literature. Chernyshevski and Niya Dobro Lyubov (1836- 186 1) inherited the tradition of pioneer belinsky, and published a series of aesthetic works and articles criticizing writers' works based on Modern People magazine, propagating materialistic aesthetic thoughts, defending the critical tendency of literature and revealing the great role of literature in education and social change. Dobro Lyubov's main papers include On the Terrible Degree of Human Nature in the Development of Russian Literature and four articles commenting on the creations of Goncharov, Turgenev and ostrovsky. The novel What to Do written by Chernyshevski in prison has created a new revolutionary image and has become a textbook for generations of young people.

After the 1970s, Russian capitalism developed rapidly, social contradictions intensified, writers' thinking on social issues and observation of people's hearts deepened, and their creative skills became more mature, and Russian critical realism literature gradually reached its peak. The most representative writers in this period are Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Chekhov.

Fermi Dostoevsky (1821-1881) is a Russian novelist who has an influence on contemporary and later Western European writers. His novel The Poor Man was published in the 1940s, which attracted the attention of literary circles. After 1960s, he published such novels as Being Bullied and Insulted, Crime and Punishment, Idiot and brothers karamazov. His works describe the tragic fate of the urban poor, reveal people's complex and painful feelings under the control of money, and show the writer's ability to understand and describe people's psychological activities. However, his works also exposed his ideological contradiction-sincerely sympathizing with the underprivileged people whose lives are insecure, ardently yearning for a noble and beautiful life, but unable to find the road to the ideal realm, only hoping to seek relief from tolerance and harmony with the help of the power of religious belief.

Lenin Tolstoy (1828- 19 10) is the most famous Russian writer of critical realism. He enriched Russian literature and world literature with his famous works. Tolstoy's major works include War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection. These three novels show the life picture of Russia by describing historical events, family relations and the contradiction between aristocratic landlords and peasants. The writer's works in his later years show the complexity and contradiction of Russian social life after the reform, the hidden resentment of Russian farmers in the early days of bourgeois revolution, and the contradiction of the writer's own world outlook. These works mercilessly exposed the evils of the czar's autocratic system, Russian aristocratic landlords and emerging capitalist forces, and at the same time publicized the idea of not using violence against violence.

Anpa Chekhov (1860- 1904) was a realistic writer with far-reaching influence at the end of/kloc-0 and the beginning of the 20th century. His major creative achievements are short stories and plays. His short stories are concise, vivid and profound, and show the miserable life of working people through short stories (distress, Wanka, etc.). ); Or expose the stupidity and bossiness of loyal slaves under the autocratic police system (chameleon, etc. ); Or laugh at the vulgar habits of ordinary citizens; Or expose the emptiness of knowledge life; Or reflect the darkness of society (the sixth district, the trapped, etc. ), can receive the social effect of seeing the big from the small. Chekhov's plays include Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard. Most of them reflect the unfortunate fate of Russian intellectuals from the 1980s to the eve of the 1905 revolution, as well as their yearning and hazy pursuit of a healthy life. Chekhov's plays are simple, implicit and full of philosophy, which are highly praised by the drama community.

1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian proletariat stepped onto the political stage. Due to the rapid changes in history, the literary world has become complicated. Critical realism literature continues to develop, but it is coming to an end; Proletarian literature broke ground and flourished; The proliferation of decadent literature shows the decline of the bourgeoisie and proves the bankruptcy and crisis of bourgeois culture; At the same time, schools advocating "art for art's sake" and simply pursuing formal innovation have also formed. Gorky, the representative of proletarian writers, was born and grew up in this complicated period of literary struggle.

Grandma Gorky (1868- 1936), formerly known as Peter Skoff, started her creative activities in the 1990s. His early romantic works expressed the people's spirit of longing for freedom, pursuing truth and fighting for justice. Realistic dramas such as "The Bottom" and "Ordinary People" show the life of the lower class and expose the selfish and conservative habits of ordinary people. The Song of Haiyan, published by 190 1, eulogized the fighting proletariat in the form of fable and symbolism, and predicted the coming of revolutionary storm. Gorky published the novel Mother in 1906, which described the struggle of the working class led by the Party for the first time, shaped the typical image of proletarian revolutionaries and laid the foundation of socialist realistic literature. After the October Revolution, Gorky actively engaged in revolutionary cultural activities and wrote many political essays, features, memoirs and literary papers. His later major works include the novel The Cause of the Aldamonov Family, which reflects the history of three generations of bourgeois families, and the novel The Life of Kerim Samgin, which describes the life and thoughts of bourgeois intellectuals in the 40 years before the revolution. Gorky's autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University" was written around the October Revolution, describing the writer's journey from the low point of life to the cultural peak and from seeking truth to revolution, which is one of his excellent works.

After the October Revolution, the ranks of Soviet writers gradually formed. The hand and founder of Soviet revolutionary literature is the great Gorky. Gorky actively helped the democratic representatives in the literary world before the revolution to reverse the revolution. Mayakovski, Serafimovic, Bedney, Brock, Brusov and others who welcomed the October Revolution, together with Gorky, formed the core of the Soviet literary camp. After the end of the civil war, a group of young people, such as Sholochev, Furmanov, fadeev and Neo-Strowski, moved from combat troops to the literary front. , enriched the literary team.

In the early years after the revolution, there were many literary schools in the Soviet Union, and the literary struggle was complicated. 1925, Bolshevik League * * * issued a resolution to unify the party's literary policy, 1932 further reorganized literary groups, 1934 held the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union, and established a unified writers' association in the whole Soviet Union, which made the Soviet literature develop in a unified way. Since the Writers Association advocated the method of socialist realism, since the 1920s, Soviet writers have used socialist realism to create a number of outstanding works reflecting the achievements of socialist revolution and socialist construction and the Great Patriotic War.

Novels about the October Revolution and the Civil War include Serafimovic's Liu Tie, Furmanov's Chabaev (also known as Xia Boyang), fadeev's Destruction, Fei Ding's First Love after the War, How Steel was Tempered, The Course of Suffering, The Quiet Don River and so on.

Ni A Otlovsky (1904- 1936) was a Red Army soldier and an outstanding worker in the Youth League during the Civil War. He wrote the novel how steel was tempered after being injured, paralyzed and blind. The novel describes the growth process of the first generation of Soviet youth league members, and shapes the image of Pavel Colta King, a typical representative of the same generation of youth league members, who is strong-willed and dedicated to the party and the revolutionary cause. This novel has become a force to inspire progressive youth in many countries.

Ani Tolstoy (1883- 1945) became famous in the Russian period. Because he didn't understand the Soviet regime, he fled abroad after the October Revolution and was encouraged by socialist construction to return to the motherland on 1923. After returning to China, he wrote such works as Defending tsaritsyn and Peter the Great. His masterpiece is the trilogy "The Course of Suffering". The trilogy takes the complicated class struggle from the eve of World War I to the pre-civil war as the background, describes the fate of Russian intellectuals, and describes the arduous course of Russian bourgeois intellectuals on the revolutionary road in their exploration.

Mia sholokhov (1905- 1984) is familiar with the life of the Don Cossack and started his literary career with the story of the Don. From 1928 to 1940, he published a four-volume epic novel "Quiet Don". The novel reflects the historical events from World War I to Civil War, and shows the tortuous path taken by Cossacks in the revolution in turbulent times. This novel has caused a lot of controversy, but it has great influence at home and abroad.

During the period of restoring the national economy and implementing the five-year plan before the war, a group of Soviet writers wrote works with the theme of factory, rural socialist transformation and socialist construction. In these works, writers intentionally express the labor enthusiasm of workers and peasants in building socialism, or reflect the complicated process of people's transformation thoughts at all levels. Novels on this subject include Cement by Ratkov (translated as Simintu), Sochi River by leonov, Central Hydropower Station by Sha Jining, The Backcountry Man by Malyshkin and Millstone Farm by panfilov. The era of Daif. Forward! This paper describes the birth of large industrial enterprises in Urals, the key project of the first five-year plan, and shows that workers are struggling for high speed in excitement. Sholokhov's Virgin Land (I) reveals the psychological changes of leather class people in the process of agricultural collectivization, and reflects a stormy historical change in rural areas.

During the Great Patriotic War, the works with the theme of anti-fascist war were short and pithy, but some novellas appeared, such as Vasilyevski's Rainbow, Gorbachev's Unyielding Man and simonov's Day and Night. After the war, some writers, inspired by the heroic deeds of the Soviet Union during the civil-military war, continued to write novels expressing the deeds of the people's struggle. The best works are Polevoi's Real Man and fadeev's Young Guards.

Yaya Fadev (190 1- 1956) is a famous proletarian revolutionary writer in the Soviet Union, who served as the main leader of the All-Soviet Writers Association for many years. His novel Destruction, written in the 1920s, vividly depicts the magnificent picture of guerrilla warfare in the Wusuli Border Region in the far southeast of 19 19, and shapes the glorious image of guerrilla leaders. The novel "Young Guards" published after the war describes the struggle of underground workers who are members of the Klaas Norton Youth League against the German occupiers. The image of the leaders of the Youth League created by the novel is vivid, vivid and full of personality characteristics. The whole work is full of revolutionary idealism passion.

After the victory of the anti-fascist war, the theme of economic recovery has been concerned by writers, and there have been novels reflecting the post-war economic construction, such as Happiness (Pavlenko) and The Zurbin Family (Kochetov).

The theme of the drama literature of the former Soviet Union in the 1950s echoed the novel. The screenplays reflecting the October Revolution and Civil War include Liu Baofu Yalova, Breakthrough, Armored Train 1469 and Optimistic Tragedy. Plays with the theme of socialist construction include Speed and Ode to an Axe. Famous dramas with the theme of the Great Patriotic War include Russians, Aggression, Frontline and so on. Most plays are written by novelists and poets, but some playwrights are good at script writing, such as Triniyov, vishnevskiy, Korneichuk and Bogodin. Vishnevskiy's masterpiece is the tragedy of optimism. This paper describes the struggle of party member, a minority country headed by a female political commissar, to change the anarchy on a ship during the civil war. The female political commissar died in the line of duty, but the whole play runs through the tone of historical optimism. Ukrainian playwright Korneichuk has been engaged in drama creation for nearly forty years, and his masterpiece is Frontline. The script reflects the struggle between the two military thoughts during the Great Patriotic War, and advocates that generals who know modern military art should command the war. Bogodin wrote Speed and Ode to an Axe, but his main achievement is to write a trilogy about Lenin's revolutionary activities, The Man with the Gun, The Bell of the Kremlin and a tragic ode. Gorky's dramas with the theme of disintegration of Russian capitalism during the Soviet period also enriched Soviet drama literature.

The founder of Soviet proletarian revolutionary poetry is Christopher Mayakovski (1893- 1930). His long poems "F, I Lenin" and "Good! It is an ode to the Bolshevik Party and leaders, the October Revolution and the Soviet Union. Poetry is full of revolutionary passion. Other famous poets after the October Revolution were Ye Saining, Isakovski, tikhonov and Twaldoski. The poems of these poets have a wide range of themes, diverse forms, different styles and spread widely.

The 20th Congress of the Soviet Union was held in 1956, which had a great influence on the domestic and foreign policies of the Soviet Union and also on literary creation.

At the end of 1950s, under the slogan of "actively intervening in life", a number of works appeared in Soviet literature, which raised urgent problems in industry and agriculture and exposed various social contradictions and conflicts. This kind of works include Ovikin's Rural Daily Life in the Region, nikolayev's Battle on the Journey, Du Dintsev's Bread is Not Alone, ehrenburg's Thawing, Rozov's plays and so on. Twaldoski's long poem "Green Hills Beyond the Mountain" reflects the social trend of thought in this period in many ways. At the same time, however, there have also appeared works that are contrary to the above mainstream views, the most representative of which is Kochetov's novel The Ershov Brothers.

During this period, a large number of works with war themes appeared, the most influential of which was sholokhov's One's Experience published in 1957. By describing the tragic fate brought by the Second World War to the ordinary people in the Soviet Union, the novel opens up a new angle to express the theme of war. Although the tone of the novel is somewhat low, it shows the indomitable spirit of Soviet soldiers. Other works on war themes pay more attention to detail description, which is very infectious, but there are also some naturalistic tendencies that exaggerate the cruelty of war, show people's survival instinct and describe unnecessary sacrifice. Such works include One Inch of Land by buckland Novo and The Last Bombing by Juva Bondarev.

1962, Solzhenitsyn (1974 deported by the Soviet government) published the novel Ivan Denisovich's Day, which once set off a "concentration camp literature" craze in the Soviet Union.

Since the mid-1960s, the literary creation of Soviet writers has become increasingly prosperous and diversified, which not only describes heroic achievements and positive figures, but also reveals contradictions and conflicts in real life. Its first achievement was the publication of some panoramic novels with many clues, a wide range and a certain depth, such as the war trilogy Life and Death Field, The Unborn Soldier and The Last Summer by Komi simonov (19 15- 1980). The political novels Fortress Besieged (* * * five) and Victory (* * * three) by Yabo Chakovsky (19 13-); Proskurin's two plays Destiny and Your Name, Ivanov's two plays Eternal Call, etc.