How does China's manufacturing industry cope with the change of global industrial development model?

After 35 years of reform and opening up, China has grown into a manufacturing power in the world. To complete the transformation into a manufacturing power, it is bound to go through a difficult and complicated battle. As far as the current situation is concerned, to promote the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry, we must thoroughly implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee, accelerate the reform of key areas and key links, and strive to optimize the development environment.

First, the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry has a long way to go.

Since human beings started industrial civilization in the middle of18th century, manufacturing industry has become the main channel to create material wealth and the ballast stone for the sustained and stable development of modern national economy. Throughout the history of the modern world, the rise of great powers began with manufacturing, and today's world powers are all manufacturing powers. Industry is the pillar of modern economic development, and a strong industry makes a strong country. Looking into the future, if China wants to enter the ranks of world economic powers, it must first become a manufacturing power.

In recent years, China's industrial strength has been continuously enhanced, ranking first in the world manufacturing industry, and its influence on the global manufacturing industry has been continuously enhanced. In 20 12, the global share of China's manufacturing industry was 19.8%, and the export of manufactured goods accounted for 1/7 of the global manufactured goods trade. The rapid development of manufacturing industry has promoted the innovation and development of other domestic industries, played a great role in expanding employment, increasing income and improving people's lives, and effectively promoted the process of industrialization and modernization in China. Manufacturing industry has become the strategic cornerstone to enhance China's comprehensive national strength and participate in global competition.

However, with the deep adjustment of global economic structure, the contradiction of manufacturing development in China has become increasingly prominent, and the situation is not optimistic. Internationally, after the international financial crisis, developed countries have implemented the strategy of re-industrialization and manufacturing return, trying to seize the high-end market and continuously expand their competitive advantages. Relying on the comparative advantages of resources and labor, emerging economies have vigorously developed processing and manufacturing industries, forming homogeneous competition with China, and China's manufacturing industry is facing the double squeeze of stopping before catching up. Domestically, China's economy is in the overlapping period of speed-up shift and structural adjustment pains, the potential growth rate of the national economy tends to decline, the costs of production factors such as energy resources, land and labor force rise rapidly, the constraints of ecological environment tighten, the profit rate among industries is seriously unbalanced, and the attractiveness of manufacturing industry to social investment continues to decline. From the industrial point of view, the development mode is extensive, the industrial structure is unreasonable, the manufacturing industry lacks core competitiveness, especially the corporate governance structure is imperfect, the international operation ability is not strong, and "going out" faces greater risks.

These problems are not only caused by the structural problems of the manufacturing industry itself, but also by the stubbornness of the system and mechanism. From the perspective of its own structure, China's manufacturing industry is mainly in the low-end link of processing and manufacturing in the international industrial division of labor, and the export of processing trade accounts for 42.1%in 20/2 years; Industrial concentration is low. The industrial concentration of steel, shipbuilding, cement industry 10 top enterprises is only 46%, 50% and 3 1% respectively, and only the automobile industry is 86%. Independent research and development ability is not strong. The R&D investment intensity of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises is about 1/4 of the average level of multinational companies, and the number of international patent contracts applied for is only equivalent to 1/3 of that of the United States. 95% of high-end CNC machine tools and 85% of integrated circuits are imported. The contradiction between overcapacity in raw material-based and high energy-consuming industries is prominent, and the utilization rates of crude steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, flat glass, shipbuilding and other industries are all below 75%. From the perspective of system and mechanism, the transformation of government functions is not in place, there are too many interventions in the production and operation activities of enterprises, and the implementation of enterprise investment autonomy is not enough, which fails to fully stimulate the vitality of enterprise development; The formation mechanism of price marketization is not perfect, especially the price of resource products is not smooth, which affects the optimal allocation and rational utilization of resources and hinders the structural adjustment of manufacturing industry to some extent. The technological innovation system and innovation incentive mechanism with enterprises as the main body are not perfect, and there is a lack of social atmosphere to encourage innovation and tolerate failure, and the endogenous motivation for enterprise innovation and development is insufficient; The implementation of relevant policies and measures is not in place, the development of non-public economy faces many unreasonable regulations and hidden barriers, and the institutional problems of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises have not been fundamentally solved.

Second, the key to optimizing the development environment is to comprehensively deepen reform.

To fundamentally solve these problems, the key is to unswervingly and comprehensively deepen reform and opening up. We should actively adapt to environmental changes, closely handle the relationship between the government and the market, further release the dividend of reform and opening up, and create new conditions for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry.

Give play to the decisive role of the market in allocating resources and release the vitality of industrial development. Relying on market competition to optimize resource allocation is a general law of market economy. To promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, we should follow this law and make the invisible hand of the market play a decisive role in accordance with the inherent requirements of perfecting the socialist market economic system. To improve the price formation mechanism, the market mainly determines the factors of production and product prices, guides the flow of labor, land, capital, resources and other factors and industrial production activities, and improves the efficiency of industrial input and output. Improve the market supply and demand mechanism, guide enterprises to determine investment according to market demand and form reasonable production capacity, guide consumers to continuously improve their consumption level and form effective market demand, and promote the dynamic balance between supply and demand of finished products. Improve the market competition mechanism, promote the orderly opening of monopoly industries, encourage competitive industries to carry out fair competition, continuously enhance the vitality of enterprise development, make the average profit rate of the industry tend to be reasonable, and realize the unity of economic, social and ecological benefits. Improve the market exit mechanism, create an industrial ecological environment of "stable birth and stable retirement", open up channels for market-oriented regeneration and exit of enterprises, make the survival of enterprises become the norm, give play to the role of market mechanism in eliminating backward production capacity, mergers and acquisitions of enterprises, and resolve overcapacity, and improve the quality and efficiency of industrial development.

Accelerate the transformation of government functions and improve the industry management system. Dealing with the relationship between government and market is the core issue of deepening economic system reform. Therefore, in deepening the reform, we should not only adhere to the direction of market-oriented reform, but also give full play to the role of the government; It is necessary not only to simplify administration and decentralize power, but also to effectively manage problems that cannot be solved by the government in the market. Give full play to the guiding role of strategy, planning and policies, strengthen the policy constraints of energy saving, land saving, material saving and water saving, strictly implement market access standards such as environment, technology and safety, effectively solve the problem of serious overcapacity and promote the sustainable development of manufacturing industry. Improve the industry service system, purchase services through entrustment, bidding and contract outsourcing, give play to the role of social organizations, strengthen the construction of public service platforms in various third-party industries, and enhance the ability and level of the service industry. We will deepen the reform of the administrative examination and approval system, resolutely cancel and decentralize a number of examination and approval items, and at the same time strengthen post-event supervision in specific industries and fields. Innovate industry management methods, explore new management methods such as industry standard conditions, negative list, industry self-discipline and corporate social responsibility, and promote the modernization of manufacturing management system and management capacity.

Strengthen policy coordination and cooperation to enhance the synergy of industrial development. Over the years, the rapid development of China's manufacturing industry has benefited not only from the process of market-oriented reform and globalization, but also from the long-term policy support in finance, taxation, finance, investment and land, and also from the strong macro-control of the central government. To promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, we must give full play to the institutional advantages of macro-control as a socialist market economy and make industrial policies and market mechanisms promote each other. Deepen the reform of the investment system, minimize the examination and approval of enterprise investment projects, and earnestly implement the autonomy of enterprise investment. Establish a fiscal and taxation policy system that is conducive to changing the mode and adjusting the structure, give play to the supporting role of government procurement in independent innovation, and implement preferential policies such as tax reduction and exemption for high-tech enterprises and pre-tax deduction of research and development expenses. Guide credit funds to tilt to key areas such as structural adjustment, energy conservation and emission reduction, independent innovation and weak links such as small and micro enterprises, accelerate the construction of a multi-level capital market system, expand the direct financing channels and proportion of manufacturing enterprises, and give better play to the supporting role of finance in industrial restructuring and transformation and upgrading. Strengthen the coordination between environmental protection, land and price policies and industrial policies, and minimize the impact of rising costs of raw materials, land and labor and increased investment in environmental protection on China's manufacturing industry.

Strengthen administration according to law to ensure the healthy development of the industry. In accordance with the requirements of building a government ruled by law, the prominent problems in the development of manufacturing industry are solved by using the rule of law thinking and the rule of law. Improve the institutional system, strengthen the legislative work in small and medium-sized enterprises, national defense science and technology industry, shipbuilding industry, civil aircraft industry and other fields to meet the institutional needs of manufacturing transformation and upgrading. Standardize administrative acts, perform duties in strict accordance with legal procedures and authority, promote the benchmark system of administrative penalty discretion, strengthen supervision over administrative law enforcement, and promptly correct illegal or improper administrative acts. Increase the openness of government affairs, promptly and publicly eliminate the legal basis, policy requirements, work processes and results of administrative management in key areas such as backward production capacity, energy conservation and emission reduction, and management of explosives, and consciously accept social supervision.

Third, strive to build a manufacturing power.

Building a manufacturing power is a systematic project and a tough battle. To win this tough battle, we need to speed up the construction of a new mechanism for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, drive development with innovation, and move towards industrial modernization step by step.

Construct a new mechanism for innovation and development of manufacturing industry. The weak innovation ability is the core problem of China's manufacturing industry, and the development of manufacturing industry must be more dependent on innovation. Improve the market-oriented industrial innovation system, strengthen the dominant position of enterprise innovation, establish a collaborative innovation mechanism in Industry-University-Research, and promote diversified innovation in manufacturing technology, enterprise management and business model. Establish a new mechanism to encourage enterprises and social forces to deeply participate in national scientific research tasks, give play to the leading role of major national science and technology projects, focus on breaking through a number of major technologies such as core equipment, system software and key materials, accelerate the implementation of the "industrial strong foundation project" with basic materials, basic parts, basic processes and industrial technologies as its content, and continuously improve the innovation and development capability of manufacturing industry. Improve the transformation mechanism of technological achievements, develop the technology market, accelerate the formation of a "multi-stage rocket boosting mechanism" composed of manufacturing enterprises, research institutes and financial capital, and promote the benign interaction between technological innovation and industrial development. Vigorously promote the technological transformation of enterprises, form a long-term mechanism to encourage enterprises to adopt new technologies, new processes, new materials and new equipment, and promote the continuous improvement of the technical level and industrial level of manufacturing industry. Strengthen the use and protection of intellectual property rights, and form a social atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure.

Construct a new mechanism for integrated development of manufacturing industry. With the technological innovation and industrial transformation, especially the wide application of information technology, technology, industry, business model and social demand permeate and influence each other, which has become a new feature and trend of industrial development in the new period. In line with the development trend of informatization, and in accordance with the requirements of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on promoting the development of "four modernizations", we will establish a deep integration mechanism of informatization and industrialization, implement a special action of deep integration of informatization and industrialization, establish and improve the integration management system of enterprise informatization and industrialization, guide enterprises to enhance their awareness of information technology integration, deepen the integration and application of information technology, and continuously improve the level of manufacturing informatization. Comply with the development trend of integration of manufacturing and service industries, promote the specialization and service of all links in the manufacturing industry chain, vigorously develop producer services such as industrial design, modern logistics, internet finance and e-commerce, and adjust and optimize the industrial structure. Establish the integration mechanism between industry and cities and towns, speed up the construction of new industrial demonstration bases and industrial parks, and improve the degree of industrial agglomeration and land use efficiency. We will continue to attach importance to the development of labor-intensive manufacturing industries, strive to absorb more rural surplus labor, and accelerate the formation of a new type of relationship between workers, peasants and urban areas that promotes agriculture through industry, leads rural areas through cities, benefits workers and peasants, and integrates urban and rural areas.

Construct a new mechanism for green development of manufacturing industry. Green recycling and low-carbon development has become a universal choice for countries to break the constraints of resources and environment. In the future, in order to promote the coordinated development of industrial civilization and ecological civilization, China must promote the green development of manufacturing industry. This is an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry in China. It is necessary to speed up the formation of a mechanism that resources and environment constraints force transformation and upgrading, establish the concepts of ecological design and development, clean production technology, efficient resource utilization and minimal environmental impact, promote energy conservation, emission reduction and pollution control, and develop a resource-saving and environment-friendly manufacturing industry. Give full play to the role of the market, implement the main responsibility of enterprises, make more use of economic, legal and standard means, strengthen administrative supervision and management, and constantly improve the incentive and restraint mechanism based on green development. Explore new modes such as energy contract management, energy-saving resource agreements, and energy consumption quota standards for high-energy-consuming products, accelerate the formation of a long-term mechanism for green development of manufacturing, and enhance the sustainable development capability of manufacturing. Increase research on green and low-carbon technologies, actively support research and development of green and low-carbon, energy-saving and environmental protection equipment and products, and promote advanced and applicable technologies through pilot demonstrations to accelerate the development of circular economy and remanufacturing industry.

Construct a new mechanism to promote the healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Non-public economy and small and medium-sized enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, are the main carriers of economic development vitality and the new force for the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry. Adhere to the "two unwavering", on the one hand, we must promote state-owned enterprises to improve the modern enterprise system and accelerate the reform of monopoly industries, on the other hand, we must persist in improving the system and policy environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and encourage and support the healthy development of the non-public economy. We will implement various policies and measures to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, ensure equal rights, opportunities and rules for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, implement a unified market access system, and eliminate all kinds of "glass doors", "spring doors" and "revolving doors" that restrict private investment. Improve the mechanism to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, support the merger and reorganization of small and medium-sized enterprises, encourage qualified small and medium-sized enterprises to establish a modern enterprise system, encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in state-owned capital projects, and actively develop a mixed ownership economy. Improve financing conditions, improve the venture capital mechanism, guide more innovative elements to invest in small and medium-sized enterprises, especially scientific and technological small and medium-sized enterprises, build a number of innovation platforms for small and medium-sized enterprises, and stimulate their innovation vitality. Improve the service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, strengthen the construction of credit guarantee system, public service demonstration platform and international exchanges and cooperation, and encourage and guide social service institutions to provide quality services for small and medium-sized enterprises.

Construct a new mechanism for integration of defense and civilian technologies's development. Practice has proved that adhering to the policy of combining military and civilian and industrial development strategy of integration of defense and civilian technologies can effectively integrate the resources of national defense construction and economic construction, and realize the "compatible" and "win-win" development in which one resource input produces two benefits. Promote the establishment of a national unified leadership, military-civilian coordination, demand docking and resource sharing mechanism to promote integration of defense and civilian technologies's development, and establish a more perfect policy, planning and standard support system to promote the sound and rapid development of integration of defense and civilian technologies in the new era. We will constantly improve the national defense industrial system, improve the collaborative innovation mechanism of national defense science and technology, promote the integrated development of military production and civil industry, and cultivate a number of industrial bases in integration of defense and civilian technologies. Strengthen the construction of public service platform in integration of defense and civilian technologies, compile the industrial development catalogue of converting military to civilian and "civilian joining the army", support the transformation of national defense scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the two-way transfer of advanced technologies between the military and the people. Strengthen integration of defense and civilian technologies's policy guidance and support, make full use of advanced military technology, and accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries such as high-end equipment manufacturing industry and new generation information technology industry. Actively guide superior private enterprises to enter the field of military production and maintenance, and form a new pattern of integrated development with close integration of upstream and downstream.

Construct a new mechanism for the open development of manufacturing industry. Economic globalization is irreversible. China's manufacturing industry must integrate into the global industrial division of labor with a more active and open attitude, promote reform with openness, force the manufacturing industry to transform and upgrade, and accelerate the cultivation of new advantages in participating in and leading international competition. Relax investment access, explore the management mode of national treatment plus negative list for foreign investment in manufacturing industry, promote the opening of key areas at home and abroad, and further liberalize the general manufacturing industry. Focusing on the goal and demand of manufacturing transformation and upgrading, we will adjust and optimize the import and export structure of finished products, increase the import of advanced technology and equipment and raw materials in short supply, actively absorb the radiation of international technological innovation and advanced management experience, promote the processing trade to extend to both ends of the smile curve, build a number of world-class manufacturing brands, and improve the global influence and competitiveness of "Made in China". Seize the opportunity of global industrial transfer, guide powerful manufacturing enterprises to go out in an orderly manner, and carry out green space investment, merger and acquisition investment, joint investment, etc. Set up R&D institutions, manufacturing bases and marketing networks overseas, set up overseas industrial parks and overseas economic and trade cooperation zones in countries and regions where conditions permit, integrate resources and value chains, and enhance international business capabilities. We will implement the strategic deployment of new all-round opening patterns such as free trade parks (ports), the Silk Road Economic Belt, the Maritime Silk Road and inland areas, explore new ideas for the open development of manufacturing industry, and further expand the development space of China's manufacturing industry.