How were the six books of the ancient central government ordered? The power of officials was greatly weakened during the Qing Dynasty!

Today, Bianshao introduces to you how the six central departments were categorized in ancient times. I hope it can help you.

Since the Zhou Dynasty, officials, families, ceremonies, soldiers, punishments and workers have been centralized administrative bodies, managing various administrative affairs of the country respectively. After the Qing Dynasty's entry into China, the six-ministerial system was further developed and perfected, and it was directly responsible to the emperor, which greatly contributed to the centralization of the emperor's imperial power in the Qing Dynasty. However, with the gradual development of centralization of power in the Qing Dynasty, the power of the actual six ministries gradually changed, and gradually formed a kind of six ministries that was seriously different from the previous generation.

The official personnel department of feudal China

The Ministry of Appointments, as the ancient management of officials at all levels, since the Han Dynasty, was listed as the first of the six ministries of the Shangshu Province, is responsible for civil servants, "the system of selection of officials, the examination method, the policy of rewards and incentives, and the appointment method of the officials," the specific functions of the Ministry of Appointments. The Qing Historical Manuscripts, the Ministry of Appointments is also listed in the first of the six departments, responsible for the appointment and dismissal of civil servants management, assessment, rewards and punishments. Relative to the current administrative agencies, basically equivalent to the Ministry of Organization, a lot of power.

But with the gradual development of the centralization of imperial power, the Qianlong Emperor developed centralization to its peak, and the authority of the Ministry of Appointments was gradually weakened. The power to manage, appoint, remove and even reward officials at all levels of government was entirely in the hands of the emperor. That is to say, the management authority of the Ministry of Appointments was more focused on the regulations of assessment, appointment, removal, reward and punishment, but had no direct decision-making power.

Image of officials in the Qing Dynasty

In addition, the Qing court implemented the "governor system" in the local government, in which the chief executive of a province or several provinces could go beyond the official department and make suggestions to the emperor on the appointment, dismissal, rewards and punishments of the subordinate officials under his jurisdiction. In addition, in order to maintain the authority of the local rulers, the Qing ruling class generally did not exclude their opinions on personnel changes. In other words, with the centralization of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty and the gradual development of the local "governor system", the Ministry of Revenue, which was the first of the six ministries in the former dynasty, gradually fell into disrepute and lost its status as the "head of the six ministries".

The tax department in feudal China.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) was responsible for land, land, household registration, taxation, wages and all financial matters. The authority of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that of previous generations, roughly "to organize the military state". The Ministry of Revenue was traditionally "second" in the Qing Historical Manuscripts, and was the basic function of the state.

"Waterbed spring book" years, the late Qing dynasty canal transportation and Governor Jin Anqing clearly pointed out:

Sixth, the Ministry of the Interior Minister in the first place, all prime ministers, university professors, Manchurian ministers to write down the first group of people as soon as possible, but also to give them the key to the prefectural magistrates and the Ministry of the Interior. This is also the trend of the Jia Dao years.

That is to say, in terms of specific power, the Ministry of the Ministry of the historical status of the Qing dynasty did not with the development of centralization of imperial power and gradually decline, but in the "Kangxi and Qianlong" period due to dozens of large-scale foreign wars and domestic unrest and the absolute dependence on the greatly increased. In the "Qing Historical Manuscripts" years of records, since the Yongzheng, there is "the first prince, the first of the university professors" special provisions. Jiaqing years, the Ministry of households, "heavy order training Yong"; after the Jiaqing, "still set up university management department". From this, enough to prove that the power and status of the Ministry of households in the Qing Dynasty gradually increased.

"Resistance to Gan Shi Sheng" scene

Rituals, soldiers, punishment and labor

In addition, for the feudal imperial society, "the state affairs that is the pilgrimage", which not only defines the Ministry of Ritual's special status and power, but also determines the Ministry of War under the Ministry of Ritual. the status of the Ministry of War under the Ministry of Rites. In addition, during the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of War was responsible for the appointment and dismissal of military officials, assessment, rewards and punishments, as well as matters related to the nationality of soldiers, weapons manufacturing, horse feeding, and the examination for the martial arts. However, the Ministry of War had no jurisdiction over specific military powers, such as the mobilization, deployment, and garrisoning of the army, which were of vital importance and were only in the hands of the emperor, and this also determined that the Ministry of War could not occupy a higher position among the six ministries.

The Criminal Ministry was responsible for punishment and imprisonment, and received criminal cases. But for death penalty cases, but also must be held with the metropolitan procuratorate, the Da Lisi "three law will be heard"; for each year in August, the provinces reported the "autumn trial" cases and the first frost after the Beijing "public trial" cases In addition to the Duzha Yuan and the Da Lisi, there must be six departments on the matter of the "nine clear" and recommendations, as well as 15 ways to supervise the joint trial. More importantly, the final result of the trial must be submitted to the emperor for final judgment.

That is to say, this powerful department with the authority of the Ministry of Justice and most of the public security departments, under the constraints of the feudal system, gradually became a tool for the emperor to maintain the rule of imperial power, and the supreme power was still centralized in the hands of the emperor. Although the Ministry of Industry, which is responsible for the law and funding of the world's artificial engineering, is a powerful department that is particularly rich in oil and water resources, it is more inclined to fulfill its administrative functions than the five departments mentioned above, and it can only be in the last position among the six departments.

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The six ministries of the Qing dynasty, as centralized administrative bodies managing all administrative affairs of the state, were powerful tools for the ruling class of the system to maintain the rule of imperial power. However, with the gradual development of the centralization of imperial power in the Qing Dynasty, the specific functions of the six ministries gradually underwent fundamental changes, deriving a new order of arrangement: the Ministry of the Household, the Ministry of Appointments, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Industry.