General Knowledge of Language and Literature Summarized

1, "Poetry 300": that is, "Poetry Classic". Poetry in the pre-Qin period is not called "by", but called "poetry" or "poetry 300", such as the "Analects" quoted "poetry" comment "poetry" is so. There were 305 poems in the Book of Poetry, and the whole number of poems was cited, so it was called "Poetry Three Hundred". At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, it became an official school, and was honored as a scripture, which was called the "Classic of Poetry", and was also known as the "Poetry Three Hundred" in later times.

2. Wind, Elegance and Praise: These are the three components of the Classic of Poetry, which are also categorized according to different regions and music. Wind, also known as the national wind, is a musical song with local characteristics of the vassal states, *** there are fifteen national winds, 160 pieces, mostly folk songs, a few are works of the nobility. Ya is the music of the Kyoto area of the Zhou Dynasty, divided into Daya and Xiao Ya. There are 31 Daya poems, mostly works for the court and banquet; 74 Xiao Ya poems, mostly works of personal lyricism. There are also some folk songs in the Ya poems. Ode is the royal temple rituals or major ceremonies held in the music, divided into the Zhou Ode, Lu Ode, Shang Ode three Ode, **** 40.

3, the four families of poetry: refers to the early Han Dynasty appeared in the teaching of the "Classic of Poetry" of Qi, Lu, Han, Mao four poetry. The first three families of "modern poetry", the Western Han Dynasty in the school officials, respectively, died in the Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty. Mao Poetry" is "ancient poetry", the Eastern Han Dynasty in the school officials, exegesis of the "Er Ya", the facts more than the "Zuo Zhuan", passed down to the present day.

4, Mao Chuan Zheng Jian: Mao Heng, Mao carambola for the "Poetry" made by the commentary called "Mao Poetry, the old training biography", referred to as "Mao Poetry". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan made a note for "Mao Poetry", called "Mao Poetry Biography Note", referred to as "Zheng Note".

5, Fubi Xing: "Poetry" commonly used three artistic expression. Fugue refers to the method of describing things. Than that is a metaphor or simile. Xing that is, the object to rise, first said other things, in order to cause the words of the chorus.

6. The Hundred Schools of the Zi Zi: refers to the various academic schools representing the interests of different classes and strata that appeared during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, each faction has written books, recruiting apprentices to teach, proclaim their own ideas, and argue with each other, forming a hundred schools of thought. According to the Han Book? Art and literature" records, the hundred schools of thought are mainly Confucianism, Taoism, yin and yang, law, name, ink, vertical and horizontal, agriculture, miscellaneous, novels, ten, with a greater impact on Confucianism, Taoism, ink, law, especially Confucianism, ink for the obvious.

7, Confucius and Mencius: Confucius and Mencius together. Confucius is the founder of the school of Confucianism, later known as the "supreme saint", "Analects" is to record the words and deeds of Confucius as the main corpus of writings. Mencius was an important representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States period, later known as the "Sage of Asia", "Mencius" is the main record of Mencius' words and deeds of the corpus of prose.

8, Laozhuang: Laozi and Zhuangzi together. Laozi was the founder of the Taoist school of thought, and the Laozi is a record and play on his ideas by later Taoist scholars. Zhuang Zi was the representative of Taoism in the middle of the Warring States period, and the Zhuang Zi is a compilation of his writings with those of his later scholars.

9. Han Fei Zi: A collection of political and philosophical writings by Han Fei Zi, a representative of Legalism at the end of the Warring States period, with 55 surviving articles, and a few of which were scribbled in by later generations. Its book integration and development of the former, the establishment of the law-based, law, technology, potential integration of totalitarian legal doctrine system. His text is mostly reasoning text, strict logic, thorough analysis, profound and clear cut, sharp rhetoric, harsh style, good at analyzing analogies and summarizing, good at using historical stories and fables to clarify things.

10, chu qi: "chu qi" name, began in the "historical records? Cool officials biography". Its original meaning is to refer to the Chu speech, and later gradually fixed into two meanings: one is the genre of poetry, one is the name of the poetry collection. In terms of poetry genre, it is a new poetry style created by the poets represented by Qu Yuan in the late Warring States period on the basis of Chu folk songs. From the name of the collection, it is the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang on the basis of the previous collection of a "Chu rhetoric" poetry collection, including the Warring States Chu Qu Yuan, Song Yu's works, and the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Zhuang Ji, Dongfang Shuo, Wang Bao, Liu Xiang, and others imitation of the work of Sao.

11, "Nine Songs": Qu Yuan in the Chu folk rituals popular music songs based on processing from a group of sacrificial songs, *** eleven. The gods and goddesses sacrificed are divided into three categories: the gods and goddesses of heaven, the gods and goddesses of the earth, and the human ghosts and demons. The gods of heaven include Donghuang Taiyi, Dongjun, Yunzhongjun, Dasimin, and Xiaosimin. The lyrics of the five songs are written in a solemn and solemn manner, mostly expressing admiration and praise for the gods of heaven. There are Xiangjun, Xiangfu, Hebo, and Shangui, the four poems about them are all love songs, depicting the love life of the gods and expressing the praises of human beings for pure love, most of them are fresh, poignant, and profound. Write human ghosts, only the "National Gothic", is a warm tribute to the fallen soldiers in the Patriotic War, stirring and tragic, robust and simple.

12, "Heavenly Questions": Qu Yuan made the second only to the "Li Sao" long poem. It is in the form of cross-examination, more than 170 questions in a row, the content of which involves astronomy and geography, myths and legends, rumors of ancient history, social politics, personal life, etc., which shows the poet's rich imagination and extensive knowledge, and expresses the poet's bold skepticism, the courage to criticize the old concepts and the spirit of the courage to explore the truth. The whole poem is mainly in four lines, four stanzas and one stanza, and the whole poem is in rhetorical, staggered and rounded, which is regarded as "a strange text of the ancient times".

13. Qu and Song: A collective name for Qu Yuan and Song Yu, writers of pre-Qin Ch'u Rhetoric. Qu Yuan is the founder of Chu Rhetoric, Song Yu slightly later than Qu Yuan, also known as Chu Rhetoric, and made an important contribution to the formation and development of the Fu, the later generations because of the Qu Song together.

14, three Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi between the Han and Wei dynasties three father and son of the same name. They were famous for their prominent political status and outstanding literary talent. In their poetry, they expressed their political ambitions and social scenes of chaos, and sang generously, representing the poets of the Han and Wei Dynasties, and were in an important position in the history of the development of pentameter poetry. Cao Zhi is known as the "Master of Jian'an". They were all prominent in poetry and literature, and were core members of the Cao Wei literary group, together with the three Cao's, as important writers of the Jian'an era. Among them, Wang Chuan and Liu Zhen were the most accomplished.

16, Jian'an style: is the image of Jian'an literary style. Jian'an was the year of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. At that time, there were many works reflecting the chaotic social reality, expressing the desire to unify the world and the pursuit of ideal life. The poems were generous and sad in mood, and the language was robust and refreshing. Later generations called the achievements of Jian'an poetry as "Jian'an Style and Bone".

17. Poem of Sorrow and Anger: the name of the poem. It is a representative work of Cai Yan, a famous female poet between Han and Wei Dynasties, and it is rumored that there are two poems in the form of a poem and a poem in the form of five lines. Among them, the five-character style is more credible. The poem has 540 words, describing the unfortunate experience in the turmoil at the end of the Han Dynasty, reflecting the whole period of turmoil at the end of the Han Dynasty and reflecting the people's, especially women's, fate, which is of typical significance. The whole poem is full of twists and turns, and the lyricism of the poem is like a sob, with a strong infectious force.

18, Zhengqi literature: Wei Cao Fang Zhengqi years of literature. At that time, the internal struggle of the ruling class was intense, and the philosophy of Laozhuang was popular, and literary creation was seriously affected. Promote negative thinking, fostering the tendency to detach from reality. Only Ruan Ji, Jikang's works can still be hidden techniques to express the uncertainty and bitterness of the mood, showing dissatisfaction with the reality of the mood, the achievement is greater.

19, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove: refers to the Wei and Jin Jikang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, to the show, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong, Liu Ling. Seven scribes "friendly with each other, traveling in the Bamboo Forest", so the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest".

20, Taikang style: the poetry of the Taikang period of Emperor Wu of Jin. Pan Yue, Lu Ji, Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Lu Yun and other representatives. Its poems pay attention to the carving chapter and sentence, the pursuit of words, flowing in the light, poetry style, red and gorgeous, representing the mainstream of the poetry world at that time.

21, three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one left: refers to the main activities in the Western Jin Dynasty Taikang, Yuan Kang years of the eight poets of the juxtaposition. They are: Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Zhang Kang brothers, Lu Ji, Lu Yun brothers, Pan Yue and his nephew Pan Ni, and Zuo Si.

22, Zuo Si style: is the Western Jin Dynasty Taikang poet Zuo Si poetic style of the image of the generalization. The words are from Zhong Rong's "Poetry". Zuo Si is the most outstanding poet of the Western Jin Dynasty, the representative work of the "Wing Shi Poetry" eight poems, the style of robust, deep feelings, and the then popular gorgeous poetry style is very different. His poems are based on the style of Jian'an, expressing his embrace and attacking the reality, with many voices of injustice. The momentum is robust, the tone is upright, the rhetoric is magnificent, the image is distinctive, the style is unique, known as "Zuo Si wind power".

23, Xuanyan poetry: refers to the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the metaphysical thought under the influence of the poetry world popular "send words on the moral, to think of Xuanzhu" works. The representative writers are Sun Chuo and Xu Xian. Xuanyan Poetry to the metaphysical thought method to understand the metaphysical, poetic flavor is not strong, but which through the scenery to express the philosophical works, for the emergence of landscape poetry played a catalytic role.

24. Poems of the Immortals: Guo Pu, a poet at the time of the two Jin dynasties, wrote fourteen poems of "Poems of the Immortals", mixing the thoughts of Lao Zhuang with the Taoist doctrine of the Immortals, and symbolizing the emotions of being disillusioned with one's career and avoiding the world for fear of disaster and the bitterness of the feelings. The poems are called "Traveling to the Immortals", but in fact they are arias, expressing the feelings of discontent with the reality and the lack of talent. Guo Pu's poems have distinctive images, apt metaphors, refreshing words, strong momentum, and far-reaching sentiments, which are better than the prevalent metaphysical poems of the time, which were "more than words, and less than tasteless".

25, Tao Xie: refers to the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty poets Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. Du Fu has "How can I get a poem like Tao Xie's hand, so that the canal described the work and the same tour" line, that is, referring to these two people. They are both good at describing natural scenery. However, Tao mostly wrote about the countryside, and Xie more delineation of landscape; Tao poetry language simple and natural, Xie poetry is concerned about the words and couplets, advocating the beautiful, the style is not similar.

26, Yuanjia three: the three famous poets Xie Lingyun, Yan Yanzhi and Baozhao during the Yuanjia period of the Song Dynasty. Xie's poetry is rich and colorful and refined, Yan's poetry is gorgeous and elegant, Bao's poetry is majestic and unrestrained, which is called "the three styles of the early Song Dynasty", with obvious differences in poetic styles, **** the same point is the description of landscapes, and all pay attention to the words and couplets.

27, Yongming style: the southern dynasty qi wudi yongming period of the formation of poetry. It is also known as the new style of poetry. This kind of poem combines the sound and rhythm with the style of couplets since the Jin and Song dynasties, focusing on the four sounds and eight diseases, increasing the beauty of the form of poetic art, and having a great influence on the formation of the recent style of poetry. Representative writers include Shen Yao, Xie Jie, Wang Rong, Fan Yun, Jiang Yun, as well as He Xun and Wu Jun of the Qi and Liang Dynasties and Yin Clang of the Chen Dynasty.

28. Palace Poetry: A style of poetry created for the court in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. Most of the poems depicted the love of women and their voices and colors, and they were elegant and beautiful, but they were not of a high standard. The advocate was Emperor Xiao Gang of the Liang Dynasty, and Xu Ling and Yu Xin were the representative writers, whose creative style was flowing, light and colorful, and was known as "Xu Yu Style". As a result of this trend, Chen Houzhu and Jiang Zong also created such works. Xu Ling compiled the Yutai Xinrong (New Poems from the Jade Terrace), which was a collection of only "colorful poems" and could be regarded as a compilation of Gongshi poems.

29, Wu song: refers to "Lefu poetry collection? Qing Shangqu Ci" collected mainly in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to Jianye as the center of the region of the Southern Dynasties folk songs, 326 surviving. Most of the surviving Wu songs are chanted by women, vividly and centrally expressing the protagonist's desire and steadfastness in love, the joy and pain of lovesickness, the bitterness of unfettered marriage, as well as the resentment against the man's heartlessness, and other feelings and complex states of mind under certain historical conditions.

30, Western Songs: refers to "Lefu Poetry Collection? Qing Shangqu Dictionary" collected mainly in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and both sides of the Han River, to Jiangling as the center of the region, including some of its surrounding cities of the Southern Dynasties folk songs. Today, 142 songs exist. Most of the western songs are about the love and separation of merchant women and the love life of laborers, with a slightly broader subject matter and a brighter style than the Wu songs.