What was Volvo's R&D model before the cma framework was put forward?

Before the CMA framework was put forward, Volvo's R&D model was SPA (Extensible Platform Architecture) model, also known as "SPA platform strategy" or "SPA platform technology".

SPA mode is a research and development mode with centralized design and multi-brand platform. In SPA mode, Volvo models use the same technical containers, namely, basic electrical system, driving parts, front and rear wheel suspension systems, etc. All models use these * * * communication components to form a highly integrated platform. The design and production of automobile shell, chassis, interior and other parts are customized based on the needs of different brands and markets.

Before the CMA framework was put forward, Volvo's R&D model was based on the traditional staged R&D process, including requirements planning, design, development, testing and release. This staged R&D process often takes a lot of time, manpower and material resources, and there are also many challenges in the cooperation and coordination between stages.