Historical Evolution of the National Unified Examination for Enrollment in Colleges and Universities

College entrance examination is a system for selecting new students in colleges and universities. China has a history of 1300 years, which once showed the superiority of selecting talents and deeply influenced East Asian countries. 1905, in order to develop new education and cultivate practical talents, the Qing court abolished the imperial examination system and introduced the western school examination system instead. The establishment of the modern college entrance examination system in China has two important sources: one is the traditional examination thinking and value formed by the imperial examination system, and the other is the mode and means of the western modern examination system.

1904, under the auspices of Zhang Zhidong and others, the Qing government promulgated the Drama School Regulations.

1905, the imperial examination system came to an end, and modern education in China entered the historical stage.

1936, there were more than 100 universities in China. At that time, the college entrance examination system was the proposition of independent organization of each school. Students can choose to apply to multiple universities or be admitted to multiple universities at the same time.

From 65438 to 0952, China established a national unified enrollment system for colleges and universities. Unified college entrance examination enrollment can better reflect fairness and meet the needs of the country to quickly select talents at that time.

From 65438 to 0977, Deng Xiaoping served as the vice premier of the country, in charge of culture and education, and presided over the resumption of the college entrance examination. The resumption of the college entrance examination has changed the fate of millions of people, saved education in China and saved the whole of China.

1983 The Ministry of Education formally put forward the method of "directional enrollment and directional distribution". It is stipulated that some central departments or institutions of higher learning under the system of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense should recruit students from rural areas or hard industries such as farms, pastures, mining areas and oil fields according to a certain proportion.

198 1, science added biology.

1983, English was formally included in the college entrance examination.

1985 the Ministry of education stipulates that a small number of unplanned self-funded students can be recruited from the candidates who take the unified college entrance examination. The enrollment system, which has always been "all-inclusive" by the state, has become a "dual-track system" in which the state plans to enroll students without charge and the state regulates enrollment fees. In the same year, standardized examinations were introduced from the United States, and in the same year, English and mathematics were first piloted in Guangdong Province.

After 1985, the general trend of college entrance examination reform is to reduce college entrance examination subjects. First, science courses and liberal arts courses were reduced to 3+2***5, and Shanghai implemented the 3+ 1 scheme. In the same year, the State Education Commission decided to conduct a pilot program to recruit students who walk in Peking University and other 43 institutions of higher learning.

1989 In August, the State Education Commission decided to gradually implement standardized examinations throughout the country.

1994 cancel the college entrance examination of biology and geography, nominally to reduce the burden on students, which not only did not reduce the burden, but also led to a lack of knowledge of geography and biology. In the same year, politics was excluded from the unified examination subjects, and politics was no longer tested in science examinations.

From 65438 to 0996, China's higher education tried to recruit students in parallel, and university tuition began to rise.

1997 enrollment reform in colleges and universities.

1999, the Ministry of Education issued the Action Plan for Revitalizing Education Facing the 2 1 century. The document holds that the grand goal and task of cross-century socialist modernization has made a comprehensive arrangement for the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. In the same year, Guangdong took the lead in piloting the "3+X" reform program, and biology and geography began to reappear in the college entrance examination subjects.

By 20 10, the gross enrollment rate of school-age youth in higher education will reach 15%. In just five or six years, the enrollment scale of universities has nearly tripled, and "mass education" has gradually replaced "elite education". The lack of skills and employment difficulties of college graduates have caused people to reflect on the expansion of enrollment.

In 2000, teachers' majors, which have been "all-inclusive" by the state, began to charge fees, and the reform of enrollment integration was completed.

Before 2000, China's national college entrance examination has been implemented in one volume. From 2000 to 2004, the whole country began to implement the organizational model of "unified college entrance examination and provincial proposition", and more and more provinces joined the ranks of independent propositions.

In 2003, with the consent of the State Council, the Ministry of Education decided to advance the college entrance examination time by one month from 2003, and the college entrance examination time will be fixed on June 7, 8 and 9 every year.

In 2003, the Ministry of Education approved the first batch of 22 colleges and universities to carry out independent enrollment pilot. As a new talent selection method, there are 90 colleges and universities with independent enrollment qualifications; The types are gradually increasing, including "self-organized examination", "principal's real name recommendation system" and "self-enrollment joint examination".

In 2008, China launched the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10-2020).

20 10 February, the draft for public comment was released, and in July, the full text reviewed and approved by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was released. The document clearly puts forward that the examination enrollment system of classified examination, multiple admission and comprehensive evaluation should be gradually formed, which points out a new direction for the reform of college entrance examination.

2065438+September 2004, the "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System" pointed out that it is necessary to "create conditions to gradually cancel the enrollment batches of ordinary colleges and universities. From 20 15, pilot reform of admission batches will be carried out in qualified provinces. "

20 14 12 16, 17 The Ministry of Education has successively issued Opinions on Strengthening and Improving the Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of Students in Ordinary Senior High Schools, Opinions on Implementing the Academic Proficiency Examination in Ordinary Senior High Schools, Opinions on Further Perfecting and Standardizing the Pilot Work of Efficient Self-enrollment, and Opinions on Further Reducing and Standardizing the Plus Items for College Entrance Examination.

In 20 14, there were 16 provinces and cities in China that implemented the provincial proposition, and there were 15 unified propositions; On 20 15, Jiangxi, Liaoning and Shandong provinces were added to implement the unified proposition of college entrance examination, and the number of provinces that used the national unified proposition paper increased to 18.

20 16 Twenty-six provinces in China will choose a unified proposition, while Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are still provincial propositions.