Who has relevant information about Gansu Tongwei ancient fortress, the more detailed the better!

Tongwei County, Gansu Province, within the territory of a large number of ancient castles remain. The Warring States period built by the Qin Great Wall from the southwest to the northeast across the whole territory, the version of the wall, vividly. 1995, I had to go to the county to visit, personally see this ancient Great Wall of the city, moat, pavilion, barriers and beacon flint remains, and has written a review. There are two other city sites built in the Northern Song Dynasty, i.e. Jichuan Ancient City and Shichuan Ancient City. In addition, there are a large number of fortresses, commonly known as fortresses or fortresses (bù zi). Scattered in the "Tongwei County Records" of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are more than 130 fortresses, which is only a small part of them.

There are more than a thousand such fortresses in Tongwei County, which is considered the largest in China. Tongwei County is officially named by the Ministry of Culture, "the hometown of Chinese painting and calligraphy art", if you add that it is "the hometown of China's thousands of fortresses", is really deserved.

In the early fall of 2005, and then go to Tongwei County for thematic investigation, in 3 days to visit the 10 Fort City, although the number of less involved, but covers a variety of types of these ancient fortresses, visible in the county's huge Fort one spot.

This article bypasses the Qin Great Wall and Song and Yuan before the ancient city, specializing in the Ming and Qing dynasty since the fort.

One, the type and structure of the Fort City

Tongwei County's Fort City can be summarized as the village, the family Fort and the family Fort three types, which is different from all levels of the local military and political cities, all with the nature of the people Fort. In terms of its size, the village fort is larger, followed by the family fort, the family fort is the smallest. From the construction system, there are four sides of the Fort, rectangular Fort and round Fort three. From the overall structure, are composed of walls and trenches. Each fort opens a door, mostly set up in the south wall or the north wall, the doorway is narrow, in case of extraordinary circumstances, easy to block. Inside the fort, there are houses and related living facilities.

The village fortresses were mostly built in the mountainous areas or villages living on the mountains. Wherever there is a village, the village fort is built on the hill next to the village. The third store township walled bay fort built in the walled bay village south of the hill, was rectangular, the existing fort wall height of 3-8 meters. Fort door northward, east and west south wall each building wall platform 1-2, ring trench width of 5 meters, 4-5 meters deep, just opposite the fort door to build a platform 1.5 meters wide, to the trench in front of the extension of 2 meters, is the bridge platform, used as a lap door bridge, but there is a police, the village people through the door bridge into the fort, and then can be removed from the door bridge, in order to protect the safety. Shichuan Township, eight miles Bay Fort, built in eight miles Bay Village, north of the hill, the Fort was round, the wall is 8 meters high, the ring around the wall of eight platforms, platforms between the distance of about 20 meters, not only in the arrow range, that is, the manpower to throw the stone, but also can be connected to each other, its design and construction, take into full account the defense needs.

The clan fort and the family fort for the permanent fort, in addition to the high fort wall, the fort premises, water and daily life facilities are complete. While the clan fortresses are for living together, the family fortresses are for living exclusively. From the construction of the shape, mostly four-square Fort and rectangular Fort, the four corners of the intersection, only individual Fort building corner piers and wall platforms, such as the South Ping Shan ruined Fort, corner pier width of 3 meters, 5 meters outside. Fort are opened to the north and south of the fort door, the top of the wall at the corner of the watchtower 1-2, commonly known as "high room". Pingxiang Town, Henan Village, "Zhang Baji" clan Fort, for example, east-west length of 44 meters, north-south width of 40 meters, a total construction area of 1,760 square meters, can be used in an area of 2.6 acres, the outer wall height of about 10 meters, including the female wall of about 1.2 meters, the fortress wall is 6.4 meters thick, rammed layer of 6-8 centimeters, the southeast corner and the southwest corner of the wall, each built a watchtower. Southeast corner and southwest corner of the wall each built a watchtower, no wall platforms and corner piers, the ring trench has been filled. The fort is now used for Tongwei County Public Security Bureau guardhouse. Another such as Anjiachuan An family Fort, east-west width of 56 meters, north-south length of 58.4 meters, building a total area of 3278 square meters, can be used in an area of about 5 acres. Wall thickness of 6.1 meters, rammed layer of 9-10 cm, the original height of the outer wall 8 meters, was now the occupants of the demolition of more than 1 meter, in addition to the original Fort door is still in use, and the new opening of a residence-style Fort door. The fort has no wall platforms and corner piers, and the watchtower may have been demolished at a later stage. Fort outside the ring trench depth of 5 meters, 4 meters wide, now living in the Fort 6 families, each open portal, each other have alleys connected. Again, such as chicken river township LiJiaPing clan fort, east-west length of 63 meters, north-south width of 60 meters, building a total area of 3800 square meters, can be used in an area of about 6 acres, the fortress wall thickness of 4 meters, the top of the width of 3.3 meters, ramming layer of 7-10 centimeters, and build a corner pier. The ring trench is 4 meters deep and 5 meters wide, and there is a bridge platform built directly opposite the gate of the fort. Inside the fort is now an orchard, with well-organized vegetable beds in the fields and fruit trees, a piece of vitality. The clansmen moved to live in the village south of the fort and built their own houses.

The construction of the family fort is slightly the same as that of the clan fort, but on a smaller scale. Such as Pingxiang Town, West Pass Village, Liu Family Fort, east and west 40 meters wide, north and south 40.4 meters long, the Fort wall 3.5 meters thick, 2.5 meters wide top, rammed layer of 8 centimeters, the north-west corner of the building of a watchtower. Inside the fort live Liu's family, now divided into two households. The ring trench has been filled in, opened up for the orchard, inside and outside the fortress wall, full of flowers, autumn fruits, known as a good habitat. Songbao Village, Panjia Fortress and Sujia Fortress connected to the back of the belly, separated by only 2 meters in the middle, the fort gate north and south of a, are 30 meters long side of the four-square fortress, the ring trench, watchtower complete. Pan's and Zhang's are in-laws, and have been living in harmony for generations. Smaller such as Anjiachuan village home fort, east-west length of 22.4 meters, north-south width of 18.4 meters, the effective use of the area of only 0.6 acres. Fort wall 8 meters high, 3 meters thick, the north wall open fort gate. Another common wall, circle around the home fort in which. Although pocket-sized, but according to the norms of rammed and protective function of the fortress.

Two, historical background and record of the siege

Tongwei County is located in central Gansu, Shaanxi and Gansu traffic in the key section, east of Longdong and Guanzhong, west to the provincial capital and the west. Since ancient times is a place of war, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties and the Republic of China period, the frequent wars, beacons constantly. In every case of turmoil, the official army not only can not protect the people, but also for the harm of the place. In this case, the people have to build barriers to protect themselves, so the emergence of a thousand fortresses of the people's self-protection system. First appeared is the village fort, but there is a police, the people will be the village since the formation, according to the fort to defend themselves. After the release of the police, and each back to their villages, production and life as usual. Over time, the rich and large families will build a fort and live, the defense and life as one. Thus, the emergence of the clan fort and family fort. Obviously, the village fort is the whole village people **** with the construction and use for collective defense. Clan Fort and the family Fort is the family behavior of the big families and rich families. Such as built in the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng years of Li Jiaping clan Fort, Fort owner Li Rongjing, in the Daoguang Wuzi Section (1828) "in the 21st place," and Xianfeng eleven years (1861) served as Hunan Xiangyin County. Built in the early years of the Republic of China An Family Fort, the owner of the Fort An Ren Shan, graduated from Peking University in his early years, but also served in the Ministry of the Republic of China dignitary Ma Hongkui, his family can be imagined.

Local documents have many fortress attack and defense event records. Qing Kangxi forty-six years (1781), Tong Wei and neighboring areas of the Hui people due to sectarian conflict and the incident was suppressed by the Qing army. Qianlong forty-nine years (1784), the Hui army more than 7,000 people defending Tong Wei Temple Zichuan Township, Shifeng Fort, encountered a large army siege. The fortress was broken, with heavy casualties. Tongzhi years, Gansu occurred a large-scale anti-Qing Hui change, the process of the incident, but also appeared in the national vendetta. From the first year of Tongzhi to the eighth year of Tongzhi (1862-1869), Tongwei County has been in a series of years of war, most of the people's fortresses have had the experience of attacking and defending. Such as "Nanjia stone fortress fell, more than 2,000 dead people", "Xixiang more than ten fortresses are broken, * * * more than 10,000 dead and wounded people", "attacked Longyang fortress, but did not win". "night into the Weiyang Fort, the people bravely won the battle" and other records abound. Recorded in the county's attack on the siege of no less than a hundred incidents. In these siege events, whether it is the village fort or clan fort, family fort, have played an important military or paramilitary role.

Three, the cultural value of the review

Investigation of Tongwei County, a large number of Fort Minbao Fort, has a historical and cultural value that can not be underestimated:

(a), the Fort Minbao Tongwei, contains a large amount of local historical information, inclusive of hundreds of years of social development and political and military situation of the central Gansu region of the specific historical episodes. Able to see the ancient and modern, regional history and ethnicity of many connection points. Between the historical turmoil and today's stable and harmonious situation, not only can we find the material for perceptual understanding, but we can also summarize many rational concepts.

(2) The ancient castle in Tongwei County provides a basis for accurately defining the scope of the study of ancient cities in China and the related theoretical structure.

In 1991, in the China Great Wall Society held a seminar in Beidaihe speech, I have expressed the Great Wall of China should be expanded to establish a "Chinese ancient city of science" system of views. In the category of China's ancient cities, the Great Wall is of course very important and even a special position, but it can not be generalized. There should be both the Great Wall system and the Acropolis system. The Great Wall system is a linear defense, mostly external defense; siege system is a point defense, mostly internal defense. Mutually related, but can not replace each other. Nowadays, it seems that the acropolis system not only includes capitals, prefectures, states, counties, cities and ponds, but also should include such as Tongwei County, such as the people's fortress. So in the statement I always call it "Fort City", even if it is so small as to include an area of less than one acre, but in line with the concept of "deep ditch and high barricade" of the construction of the city.

Ancient cities in China date from the prehistoric Neolithic period. In my visit to Tongwei County, I found a family fortress built in 1941, which I think can be recognized as the lower limit of the study of ancient cities in China.

(3), in Tongwei County, the existence of the historical process of the Fort, gradually with the significance of the socio-economic structure, there has been some form of dependence and tenancy, from which can be perceived since the Middle Ages, China's feudal manor economy of the extension. It seems that the structure and economic operation of the manor of Zhu Jiazhuang, Li Jiazhuang, Shi Jiazhuang, and Chai Jin in Water Margin may find clues to the rise and fall, transfer, and change in the process of the survival and development of the Minbao in Tongwei County. Valuable research topics can be unearthed from it.

(4) The remains of the Minbu in Tongwei County have the value of protection and development. If the local government can formulate protection and development plans on the basis of a comprehensive census, it will bring specific cultural and economic benefits to the place. Originally published in The Great Wall Museum of China, General Issue 23

Tongwei Minerals Distribution in the County

Iron Ore Mine Located in the county N15°E, 20 kilometers straight away from the county township of Shizichuan Township, Liujiaoyao slope. Geographic coordinates: 105°18′32〃E longitude, 35°23′16〃N latitude. The mineralization is produced in the Aurignacian Xinglongshan Group marble, with two ore-bearing layers above and below. The lower layer is 23 meters long and 3 meters thick, consisting of lentil bodies of different sizes; the upper layer is 23.4 meters long and 3.2 meters thick, and is of hydrothermal-accountable type. The main minerals are hematite, limonite and magnetite. The reserves are currently unproved and unmined.

Molybdenum mine is located in the county N68 ° E, 27 kilometers straight away from the Longshan Township Xu Jiawan. Geographic coordinates: 105°31′45〃E longitude, 35°17′48〃N latitude. The ore-bearing veins are distributed in the Haixi period like spot granite, the whole rock body is 250 meters long and 165 meters wide, all of which are mineralized, and they are fine vein dipping ore, hydrothermal type, with the main mineral being molybdenum pyroxene. The reserves are currently unproven and unmined.

Copper mine is located in the county N85 ° E, 13 kilometers straight away from the Jasper Township Jiajiamen. Geographic coordinates: 105°23′34〃E longitude, 35°12′41〃N latitude. The mineralized body is lenticular in shape, produced in the upper Permian clastic rock, 3 meters long, 1 meter thick, sedimentary type. The main mineral is malachite. The reserves are currently unproved and unmined.

Fluorite Located in the county N15 ° W, 23 kilometers straight away from the temple Zichuan Township Jinji Gorge. Geographic coordinates: 105°11′00〃E longitude, 35°24′41〃N latitude. The ore body is in the form of vein, produced in the fracture zone of Xinglong Mountain Group in the Aurignacian Period, and the length of the ore zone is about 500 meters. The fluorspar is distributed in the form of net veins, with the longest length of 3 meters, and generally the single veins are 1 meter to 2 meters long and 0.5 centimeters to 2 centimeters wide, and are of low-temperature hydrothermal type. Containing CaF2 generally 30% to 40%, up to 44.55%. At present, the preliminary proven reserves of more than 100,000 tons, unmined.

Fluorite Located in the county N76 ° E, 9 kilometers straight away from the Longyang Township Guandi Bay. Geographic coordinates: 105°20′44〃 East, 35°13′40〃 North. Its mineralization was produced in the Hercynian black mica orthoclase body outside the contact silica belt, visible veins are about 2 meters long and 3 centimeters wide, hydrothermal type. The mineralization is generally 27% to 37% CaF2 and 49% to 50% SiO2. Reserves are currently unproven and unmined.

Dolomite Located in the county N30 ° E, 21 kilometers straight Longchuan Township Shifeng Fort. Geographic coordinates: 105°21′40〃E longitude, 35°22′33〃N latitude. The ore body is in the shape of irregular lentil body, produced in the Xinglong Mountain Group of the Aurignacian Period, 100 meters to 200 meters thick, growing up to 200 meters, sedimentary metamorphic type. The ore is also distributed in the places of Tizichuan and Jiyu. It contains 20.77% MgO, 31.31% CaO, 1.21% SiO2 and 0.52% P2O5. At present, the explored geological reserves of 1.587 million tons and the prospective reserves of 7.4 million cubic meters have been mined.

Granite Located in the county N17 ° E, 13 kilometers straight away from the north city store township Lulu Mountain. Geographic coordinates: 105°17′10〃E, 35°19′00〃N. It is a Hercynian red flesh-red medium and fine-grained black mica granite. The rock body is 3 kilometers to 4 kilometers long and 0.7 kilometers to 0.8 kilometers wide, magma type, and is a high-quality stone. Currently estimated reserves of about 200 million cubic meters have been mined.

Granite Located in the county N68°W, 18.4 kilometers straight away from the Ma Ying Township Hejiapo. Geographic coordinates: east longitude 105°03′40〃, north latitude 35°16′30〃. The granite is Hercynian red fine-grained black mica granite of magma intrusion type, which is a high-quality stone. The current estimated reserves of 60 million cubic meters to 80 million cubic meters have been mined.

Granite Located in the county S60 ° E, 15 kilometers straight away from the Jasper Township Jasper Gorge. Geographic coordinates: east longitude 105°22′10〃, north latitude 35°08′05〃. It is a gray medium and fine-grained black cloud diorite of Hercynian period. It is 2000 meters long and 400 meters wide, and is of magmatic type. It is a high-quality stone for physical property determination. Currently estimated reserves of 30 million cubic meters to 40 million cubic meters, has been exploited.

Sphalerite is located in the county S49 ° E, 18 kilometers straight away from the Jasper Township Gaojiadian. Geographic coordinates: 105°22′10〃E, 35°04′40〃N. It is a Hercynian intrusion. It is the intrusion of Hercynian period, and the rock is quartz diorite, which is exposed from 700 meters to 800 meters, and is of magmatic type. It is a high-quality stone with the trade name of dark green granite. The current reserves have not been proven, not mined.

Marble Located in the county N88 ° E, 9 kilometers straight away from the Jasper Township Dingjiahe. Geographic coordinates: 105°20′52〃E longitude, 35°12′41〃N latitude. The ore body is in the form of layer, produced in the stratum of Aurignacian, 25 meters long, 5 meters wide, sedimentary metamorphic type. In addition, it is also distributed in Shizichuan and Longchuan, and the rock layer is thicker. Currently the proven reserves of about 7.4 million tons, unmined.

Kaolin is located in the county N69 ° E, 21 kilometers straight away from the Longshan Township Hejiashan. Geographic coordinates: 105°27′54〃E, 35°16′28〃N. The ore body is produced in the Carboniferous System. The ore bodies are produced in the Carboniferous coal stratum, ****22 ore bodies, seemingly stratified, in a translucent and sharp shape. There are 7 main ore bodies, ranging from 420 meters to 949 meters in length, 1 meter to 4.5 meters in thickness and 64.5 meters to 259 meters in depth. The main minerals are hydromica and kaolinite, which are sedimentary type. It contains 52.33% SiO2, 28.24% AL2O3, 1.18% Fe2O3, 0.76% TiO, 6.7% MnO, 1.07% CaO, 0.42% MgO, 1.5% K2O, 0.25% NaO. The current proven reserves of 4.966 million tons have been mined.

Limestone is distributed in the slope of Liujiaoyao, Shizi Township. It is produced in the stratum of Xinglongshan Group in the Aurignacian Period, in which the content of CaO is more than 54%. The current proven reserves are 2.4 million tons, which have been mined.

Anshan Rock is distributed in the area of Qingshixia, Changjiahe Township. The rock is tea-green in color, with uniform grain size, hard texture, good blockiness, and good surface exposure. The rock body through the Carboniferous Diocene sedimentary strata, is a product of the Yanshan movement. At present the proven reserves of about 1 billion cubic meters, unmined.

Quartzite distribution in Longshan Township, Beicheng Township and other places, produced in the former Aurignacian strata. It contains 98.31% SiO2, 1.1% Fe2O3, 0.51% AL2O3, 0.33% CaO. The current estimated reserves are 3.18 million cubic meters, unmined.

The coal mine is located in Hejiashan, Longshan Township, 21 kilometers straight ahead of the county township N69°E. Geographic coordinates: 105°27′54〃E, 35°16′28〃N. It is a rocky coal-bearing rock. It is a rocky coal-bearing rock system with 5 to 6 coal seams, 3 thicker seams can be mined, and their thicknesses are 1 meter, 0.6 meter and 1 to 1.5 meter respectively. The coal seams are stable, poor quality, anthracite, sedimentary type. The current proven reserves are 2.52 million tons, unmined.

Hot springs Located 8 kilometers west of the county town of Tangchi ditch, convenient transportation. Its geothermal water produced in the Huarixi granite and Aurora mixed gneiss fracture contact zone, spring water through the valley on both sides of the slope deposits exposed on the surface. Because the ditch along the fracture zone development, so in the ditch pool has many springs exposed, there are 11 hot water springs. On this basis, in 1998, the county also constructed 2 geothermal wells, the surface water temperature of 51 ℃ to 54 ℃, is a hot spring water. Its spring water mineralization 1.3 g / liter, gas content of 16 mm / liter, with hydrogen sulfide odor, PH value greater than 8, is SO4 , Cl-Na.Ca type water. The content of each element in the spring water (mg/liter) So4 is 645.8, CL is 276.3, Na+K is 363, Ca is 136.7, SiO2 is 43, F is 4.94, Br is 1.36, and Rn value is more than 30 eman, which is radioactive and medical. At present, the proven water output is 4000 tons/day and night, and this hot spring has been developed and utilized.

The hot spring is located in the county 6 kilometers northwest of Qingtuzhuang side. Its spring water has a natural outcrop of 5, spring water temperature 24 ℃, is a low-temperature hot water springs. Single spring flow is very small, the estimated total flow of 4 liters / s, spring water chemical type for SO4, Cl-Na type water. Mineralization 1.5 g / liter, PH value greater than 7, alkaline. Its spring water has a soluble SiO2 content of 25 mg/liter and an F content greater than 4 mg/liter. At present, its water output is proven to be 350 tons/day and night, which is not utilized.

The hot spring is located 3 kilometers east of Yigangchuan Town. Its springs have natural outcrop 1, artificial outcrop 2, spring mouth water temperature 25 ℃, is a low-temperature hot water springs. Single spring flow is small, the total flow of 0.7 liters / second, its recharge conditions of poor water quality. The current proven water output of 60 tons / day and night, not used.